List of artiodactyls
Artiodactyla is divided into four suborders:
Conventions
Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera or species listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".
Classification
The order Artiodactyla consists of 349 extant species belonging to 132 genera. This does not include
Suborder
- Infraorder Pecora
- Family Antilocapridae (pronghorn): 1 genus, 1 species
- Family Bovidae
- Subfamily Aepycerotinae(impala): 1 genus, 1 species
- Subfamily Alcelaphinae (wildebeest, hartebeest, bonteboks): 4 genera, 6 species
- Subfamily Antilopinae (antelope, gazelles): 15 genera, 37 species
- Subfamily Bovinae (cattle, buffalos, bison): 9 genera, 30 species (1 extinct)
- Subfamily Caprinae (goats, sheep, ibex, serows): 14 genera, 35 species
- Subfamily Cephalophinae(duikers): 3 genera, 20 species
- Subfamily Hippotraginae(addax, oryx): 3 genera, 8 species (1 extinct)
- Subfamily Nesotraginae(dwarf antelope): 1 genus, 2 species
- Subfamily Reduncinae (reedbuck and kob antelope): 3 genera, 9 species
- Subfamily
- Family Cervidae(deer)
- Subfamily Capreolinae (New World deer): 10 genera, 23 species
- Subfamily Cervinae (Old World deer): 9 genera, 32 species (1 extinct)
- Family Giraffidae (okapi and giraffes): 2 genera, 5 species
- Family Moschidae (musk deer): 1 genus, 7 species
- Infraorder Tragulina
- Family Tragulidae(chevrotains): 3 genera, 10 species
- Family
Suborder Suina
- Family Suidae (pigs): 6 genera, 17 species
- Family Tayassuidae(peccaries): 3 genera, 3 species
Suborder Tylopoda
- Family Camelidae (camels and llamas): 2 genera, 7 species
Suborder Whippomorpha
- Infraorder Cetacea
- Parvorder Mysticeti(baleen whales)
- Family Balaenidae (right whales): 2 genera, 4 species
- Family Balaenopteridae(rorquals): 3 genera, 11 species
- Family Cetotheriidae (pygmy right whale): 1 genus, 1 species
- Parvorder Odontoceti(toothed whales)
- Family Delphinidae(oceanic dolphins)
- Subfamily Delphininae (dolphins): 6 genera, 15 species
- Subfamily Lissodelphininae (smooth dolphins): 2 genera, 6 species
- Subfamily Globicephalinae (round-headed whales)
- Subfamily Orcininae (killer whale): 7 genera, 9 species
- Subfamily incertae sedis (white-beaked dolphin and Atlantic white-sided dolphin): 1 genera, 6 species
- Family Iniidae (Amazonian river dolphins): 1 genus, 4 species
- Family Kogiidae (dwarf and pygmy sperm whales): 1 genus, 2 species
- Family Lipotidae (Chinese river dolphins): 1 genus, 1 species
- Family Monodontidae (narwhal and beluga): 2 genera, 2 species
- Family Phocoenidae(porpoises): 3 genera, 8 species
- Family Physeteridae(sperm whale): 1 genus, 1 species
- Family Platanistidae (South Asian river dolphins): 1 genus, 2 species
- Family Pontoporiidae (brackish river dolphins): 1 genus, 1 species
- Family Ziphiidae(beaked whales)
- Subfamily Berardiinae (four-toothed whales): 1 genus, 3 species
- Subfamily Hyperoodontinae (bottlenose whales and mesoplodont whales): 3 genera, 18 species
- Subfamily Ziphiinae (Cuvier's beaked whale and Shepherd's beaked whale): 2 genera, 2 species
- Family
- Parvorder
- Family Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses): 2 genera, 2 species
Artiodactyls
The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.[2]
Suborder Ruminantia
Infraorder Pecora
Family Antilocapridae
Members of the Antilocapridae family are called antilocaprids; the family is composed of a single extant species, the pronghorn.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Antilocapra | Ord, 1818
One species
|
Western North America (former range in yellow) |
Size: 130–140 cm (51–55 in) long, plus 9–11 cm (4–4 in) tail[3] Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[4] Diet: Shrubs and forbs, as well as grass[4] |
Family Bovidae
Members of the
antelopes.Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Aepyceros | Sundevall, 1847
One species
|
Southern Africa (Common impala in green) |
Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[5] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[6] Diet: Grass and shrubs[6][7] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Alcelaphus
|
Blainville, 1816
One species
|
Scattered sub-Saharan Africa |
Size: 150–245 cm (59–96 in) long, plus 30–70 cm (12–28 in) tail[8] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[9] Diet: Grass[9] |
Beatragus | Heller, 1912
One species
|
Border between Kenya and Somalia |
Size: 120–205 cm (47–81 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[10] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[11] Diet: Grass, as well as forbs[10][11] |
Connochaetes (wildebeest) |
Lichtenstein, 1812
Two species
|
Southern Africa |
Size range: 170 cm (67 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (blue wildebeast) to 242 cm (95 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail (black wildebeast)[12] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[13] Diets: Grass[13] |
Damaliscus (tsessebe) |
P. L. Sclater, Thomas, 1894
|
Southern Africa |
Size range: 140 cm (55 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (bontebok) to 230 cm (91 in) long, plus 42 cm (17 in) tail (common tsessebe)[14] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[15] Diets: Grass and burnt veldt shrubs[15] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Ammodorcas
|
Thomas, 1891
One species
|
Horn of Africa |
Size: 152–168 cm (60–66 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[16] Habitats: Shrubland and grassland[17] Diet: Leaves and shoots[16][17] |
Antidorcas | Sundevall, 1847
One species
|
Southwestern Africa | Size: 120–150 cm (47–59 in) long, plus 14–28 cm (6–11 in) tail[18] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[19] Diet: Shrubs and grass[19] |
Antilope | Pallas, 1766
One species
|
India (former range in light green) |
Size: Up to 120 cm (47 in) long[20] Habitats: Forest, grassland, and desert[21] Diet: Grass, as well as leaf litter, flowers, and fruit[21] |
Dorcatragus
|
Noack, 1894
One species
|
Horn of Africa |
Size: 76–87 cm (30–34 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[22] Habitats: Shrubland, and rocky areas[23] Diet: Shrubs[23] |
Eudorcas | Fitzinger, 1869
Five species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size range: 55 cm (22 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Heuglin's gazelle) to 120 cm (47 in) long, plus 27 cm (11 in) tail (Mongalla gazelle, Red-fronted gazelle, Thomson's gazelle)[24] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[25] Diets: Grass and shrubs, as well as forbs and fruit[25] |
Gazella (gazelle) |
Blainville, 1816
Ten species
|
North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Asia | Size range: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (Dorcas gazelle) to 125 cm (49 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Erlanger's gazelle)[26] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, desert, and coastal marine[27] Diets: Grass, forbs, leaves, crops, fruit, and low plants[27] |
Litocranius
|
Kohl, 1886
One species
|
Horn of Africa |
Size: 140–160 cm (55–63 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[28] Habitats: Savanna and shrubland[29] Diet: Shrubs[29] |
Madoqua (dik-dik) |
(Ogilby, 1837)
Four species
|
Eastern and southwestern Africa | Size range: 45 cm (18 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (silver dik-dik) to 67 cm (26 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (Kirk's dik-dik, Salt's dik-dik) sedges[31]
|
Nanger | Lataste, 1885
Three species
|
Eastern Africa and scattered Saharan Desert | Size range: 125 cm (49 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail (Soemmerring's gazelle) to 168 cm (66 in) long (Dama gazelle)[32] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[33] Diets: Leaves, grass, stems, shrubs, and herbs[33] |
Neotragus | H. Smith, 1827
One species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size: 38 cm (15 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail[34] Habitats: Forest and shrubland[35] Diet: Leaves and shoots, as well as fruit and fungi[35] |
Oreotragus
|
A. Smith, 1834
One species
|
Southern and Eastern Africa |
Size: 75–115 cm (30–45 in) long[36] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[37] Diet: Shrubs[37] |
Ourebia
|
Laurillard, 1842
One species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
Size: 92–110 cm (36–43 in) long[38] Habitats: Savanna and grassland[39] Diet: Grass and shrubs[38] |
Procapra | Hodgson, 1846
Three species
|
Central Asia | Size range: 91 cm (36 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (goa) to 130 cm (51 in) long (Mongolian gazelle)[40] Habitats: Grassland, inland wetlands, and desert[41] Diets: Grass, onions, forbs, legumes, sedges, and shrubs[41] |
Raphicerus | H. Smith, 1827
Three species
|
Southern Africa | Size range: 65 cm (26 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Sharpe's grysbok) to 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (steenbok)[42] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[43] Diets: Shrubs, grass, geophytes, berries, flowers, and fruit[43] |
Saiga
|
J. E. Gray, 1843
One species
|
Central Asia (historical range in white) |
Size: 108–146 cm (43–57 in) long, plus 6–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[44] Habitats: Grassland and desert[45] Diet: Grass[45] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Bison (bison) |
H. Smith, 1827
Two species
|
Scattered North America and Europe | Size range: 210–380 cm (83–150 in) long, plus 43–90 cm (17–35 in) tail (American bison)[46] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and desert[47] Diets: Grass, leaves, sedges, herbs, and roots, as well as trees, shrubs, and sagebrush[47] |
Bos | Linnaeus, 1758
|
Central, southern, and southeastern Asia, plus worldwide distribution of cattle | Size range: 145 cm (57 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (yak), to 385 cm (152 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail (wild yak)[48] Habitats: Forest, savanna, grassland, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[49] Diets: Grass, sedges, shrubs, forbs, herbs, and bamboo, as well as leaves, fruit, flowers, lichen, moss, bark, and young branches of shrubs and trees[49] |
Boselaphus | Blainville, 1816
One species
|
Indian subcontinent |
Size: 180–200 cm (71–79 in) long[50] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[51] Diet: Grass and shrubs[51] |
Bubalus | H. Smith, 1827
Five species
|
Scattered southeast Asia, as well as scattered Asia, Egypt, and South America | Size range: 122 cm (48 in) long (mountain anoa) to 300 cm (118 in) long, plus 100 cm (39 in) tail (water buffalo, wild water buffalo)[52] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[53] Diets: Grass, shrubs, sedges, and young bamboo shoots, as well as herbs, fruit, and leaves[53] |
Pseudoryx
|
Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander, MacKinnon, 1993
One species
|
Annamite Range of Vietnam and Laos |
Size: 143–150 cm (56–59 in) long, plus up to 25 cm (10 in) tail[54] Habitats: Forest[55] Diet: Leaves as well as shrubs[55] |
Syncerus | Hodgson, 1847
One species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
Size: 240–340 cm (94–134 in) long, plus 75–110 cm (30–43 in) tail[5] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[56] Diet: Grass[5] |
Taurotragus (eland) |
Wagner, 1855
Two species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size range: 200 cm (79 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (common eland), to 345 cm (136 in) long, plus 70 cm (28 in) tail (giant eland)[57] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[58] Diets: Leaves, shrubs, shoots, herbs, and fruit, as well as grass[58] |
Tetracerus
|
Leach, 1825
One species
|
Indian subcontinent |
Size: 80–110 cm (31–43 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[59] Habitats: Forest and shrubland[60] Diet: Grass and shrubs[60] |
Tragelaphus | (Blainville, 1816)
Seven species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size range: 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 19 cm (7 in) tail (harnessed bushbuck) to 260 cm (102 in) long (mountain nyala)[61] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, desert, and inland wetlands[62] Diets: Grass, sedges, herbs, leaves, fruit, and shrubs[62] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Ammotragus
|
(Blyth, 1840)
One species
|
Northern Africa | Size: 130–165 cm (51–65 in) long, plus 12–25 cm (5–10 in) tail[63] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[64] Diet: Grass, shrubs, and forbs[64] |
Arabitragus
|
Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005
One species
|
Eastern Arabia |
Size: 93–95 cm (37–37 in) long, plus up to 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail[65] Habitats: Shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[66] Diet: Grass, forbs, shrubs, and trees[66] |
Budorcas | Hodgson, 1850
One species
|
Eastern Himalayas |
Size: 170–220 cm (67–87 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail[67] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[68] Diet: Grass, bamboo shoots, forbs, and leaves[68] |
Capra (goat) |
Linnaeus, 1758
Nine species
|
Scattered Europe, Northeast Africa, and western and central Asia |
Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Iberian ibex) to 185 cm (73 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (markhor)[69] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, desert, and rocky areas[70] Diets: Grass, shrubs, trees, herbs, lichens, and a variety of other plants[70] |
Capricornis (serow) |
Ogilby, 1836
Four species
|
Eastern Asia | Size range: 80 cm (31 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (Taiwan serow) to 155 cm (61 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (mainland serow)[71] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[72] Diets: Grass, shoots, leaves, shrubs, acorns, and twigs[72] |
Hemitragus | (Hodgson, 1841)
One species
|
Himalayas |
Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long[73] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[74] Diet: Herbaceous plants and shrubs, grass, and sedges[74] |
Naemorhedus (goral) |
H. Smith, 1827
Four species
|
Himalayas and Eastern Asia | Size range: 81 cm (32 in) long (long-tailed goral) to 130 cm (51 in) long (Himalayan goral)[75] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[76] Diets: Grass, herbs, shoots, leaves, nuts, fruit, and lichen[76] |
Nilgiritragus
|
Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005
One species
|
Southern India |
Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail[77] Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[78] Diet: Grass and forbs[78] |
Oreamnos | Rafinesque, 1817
One species
|
Western North America |
Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 8–20 cm (3–8 in) tail[5] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[79] Diet: Grass, forbs, sedges, ferns, moss, lichen, twigs, and leaves[79] |
Ovibos
|
Blainville, 1816
One species
|
The Arctic (reintroduced in blue) |
Size: 190–270 cm (75–106 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[5] Habitats: Grassland[80] Diet: Sedges and grass, as well as shrubs and some forbs[80] |
Ovis (sheep) |
Linnaeus, 1758
Seven species
|
Asia and western North America, plus worldwide domesticated sheep | Size range: 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail (mouflon) to 190 cm (75 in) long (argali)[81] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, savanna, and desert[82] Diets: Grass and shrubs, as well as a wide variety of vegetation[82] |
Pantholops
|
Hodgson, 1834
One species
|
Tibetan Plateau |
Size: 120–130 cm (47–51 in) long[83] Habitats: Grassland[84] Diet: Grass and herbs[83] |
Pseudois
|
Hodgson, 1846
One species
|
Himalayas |
Size: 120–140 cm (47–55 in) long[85] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[86] Diet: Grass, alpine herbs, and lichens[86] |
Rupicapra | Blainville, 1816
Two species
|
Europe and western Asia |
Size range: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (Pyrenean chamois) to 135 cm (53 in) long (chamois)[87] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[88] Diets: Grass, herbs, tree leaves, flowers, buds, shoots, and fungi, as well as lichen, moss, and young pine shoots[88] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Cephalophus | H. Smith, 1827
Sixteen species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size range: 60 cm (24 in) long (red-flanked duiker) to 150 cm (59 in) long, plus 16 cm (6 in) tail (Jentink's duiker)[89] Habitats: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[90] Diets: Leaves, fruit, flowers, twigs, nuts, and tree stems, as well as shrubs, grass, insects, and eggs[90] |
Philantomba | Blyth, 1840
Three species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size range: 36 cm (14 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail (Maxwell's duiker) to 72 cm (28 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (blue duiker)[91] Habitats: Forest and shrubland[92] Diets: Leaves, fruit, seeds, flowers, and fungi[92] |
Sylvicapra
|
Ogilby, 1837
One species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size: 70–105 cm (28–41 in) long, plus 10–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[93] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[94] Diet: Variety of foliage, herbs, fruit, seeds, and cultivated crops[94] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Addax | Laurillard, 1841
One species
|
Scattered western Africa |
Size: 150–170 cm (59–67 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[95] Habitats: Savanna, grassland, and desert[96] Diet: Grass and shrubs[95] |
Hippotragus | Sundevall, 1846
Three species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size range: 190 cm (75 in) long, plus 37 cm (15 in) tail (roan antelope) to 300 cm (118 in) long (bluebuck)[97] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[98] Diets: Grass, as well as forbs and leaves[98] |
Oryx (oryx) |
Blainville, 1816
Four species
|
Eastern and southern Africa and Arabian Peninsula | Size range: 153 cm (60 in) long, plus 45 cm (18 in) tail (East African oryx) to 235 cm (93 in) long, plus 90 cm (35 in) tail (Arabian oryx)[99] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[100] Diets: Grass, shrubs, herbs, roots, and buds, as well as fruit and vegetables[100] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Nesotragus | von Düben (de), 1846
Two species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size range: 50 cm (20 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Bates's pygmy antelope) to 62 cm (24 in) long (suni)[34] Habitats: Forest, brush and riparian reed scrub[35] Diets: Leaves and shoots, as well as fruit and fungi[35] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Kobus | Smith, 1840
Five species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size range: 126 cm (50 in) long (puku) to 235 cm (93 in) long (waterbuck)[101] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, forest, and inland wetlands[102] Diets: Grass, shrubs, and water plants[102] |
Pelea
|
Gray, 1851
One species
|
Southern Africa | Size: 115–125 cm (45–49 in) long[103] Habitats: Savanna and grassland[104] Diet: Shrubs and forbs[104] |
Redunca (reedbuck) |
H. Smith, 1827
Three species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (mountain reedbuck) to 167 cm (66 in) long (southern reedbuck)[105] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and inland wetlands[106] Diets: Grass, as well as herbs and shrubs[106] |
Family Cervidae
Members of the
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Alces
|
J. E. Gray, 1821
One species
|
North America, Europe, and Asia |
Size: 230–340 cm (91–134 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[107] Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands[108] Diet: Vegetative parts of trees, as well as shrubs, herbs, and aquatic plants[108] |
Blastocerus
|
Wagner, 1844
One species
|
Scattered parts of central South America (former range in red) |
Size: 153–191 cm (60–75 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[109] Habitats: Savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[110] Diet: Grasses, reeds and aquatic plants, as well as shrubs and vines[110] |
Capreolus (roe deer) |
J. E. Gray, 1821
Two species
|
Europe and Asia |
Size range: 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (Siberian roe deer) to 124 cm (49 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (roe deer)[111] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[112] Diets: Wide variety of plants[112] |
Hippocamelus | Leuckart, 1816
Two species
|
Western South America | Size range: 69–77 cm (27–30 in) tall at shoulder (taruca) to 156 cm (61 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail; 80–90 cm (31–35 in) tall at shoulder (South Andean deer)[113] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, and desert[114] Diets: Sedges, grass, and other plants[114] |
Hydropotes
|
H. Milne-Edwards, 1872
One species
|
East China and Korean peninsula | Size: 89–103 cm (35–41 in) long, plus 6–7 cm (2–3 in) tail; 45–57 cm (18–22 in) tall at shoulder[115] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[116] Diet: Reeds, coarse grasses, vegetables, and beets[116][117] |
Mazama (brocket deer) |
Rafinesque, 1817
Nine species
|
South America and Central America | Size range: 70 cm (28 in) long (dwarf brocket) to 146 cm (57 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail (red brocket)[118] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and rocky areas[119] Diets: Wide variety of plants and fruit[119] |
Odocoileus | Rafinesque, 1832
Three species
|
North America and northern South America | Size range: 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (Yucatan brown brocket) to 203 cm (80 in) long (mule deer)[120] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[121] Diets: Wide variety of vegetation and grasses[121] |
Ozotoceros
|
Ameghino, 1891
One species
|
Scattered central South America |
Size: 110–140 cm (43–55 in) long; 70–75 cm (28–30 in) tall at shoulder[122] Habitats: Savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[123] Diet: Grasses and shrubs[122][123] |
Pudu (pudú) |
J. E. Gray, 1852
Two species
|
Western South America | Size range: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[124] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[125] Diets: Leaves of ferns, trees, vines, herbs and shrubs[125] |
Rangifer
|
H. Smith, 1827
One species
|
Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia |
Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long; up to 120 cm (47 in) tall at shoulder[126] Habitats: Forest and grassland[127] Diet: Lichen, forbs, sedges, grasses, and shrubs[127] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Axis | H. Smith, 1827
Four species
|
Southern and southeast Asia | Size range: 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (chital) to 175 cm (69 in) long, plus 38 cm (15 in) tail (Calamian deer)[128] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[129] Diets: Wide variety of grasses as well as fallen leaves, flowers, and fruit[129] |
Cervus | Linnaeus, 1758
Five species
|
Southern and southeast Asia | Size range: 95 cm (37 in) long, plus 7 cm (3 in) tail (sika deer) to 280 cm (110 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (elk)[130] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and inland wetlands[131] Diets: Shrub and tree shoots and branches, as well as grass, sedges, shrubs, fruit, and seeds[131] |
Dama
|
Frisch, 1775
Two species
|
Europe and west Asia; introduced scattered areas worldwide | Size range: 130–175 cm (51–69 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail[132] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[133] Diets: Grasses, mast, and shrubs, as well as leaves, buds, shoots, and bark[133] |
Elaphodus
|
H. Milne-Edwards, 1872
One species
|
Central China and northeastern Myanmar | Size: 110–160 cm (43–63 in) long, plus 7–16 cm (3–6 in) tail[134] Habitats: Forest and shrubland[135] Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs, fruits, bamboo, and herbs[135] |
Elaphurus | Milne-Edwards, 1866
One species
|
China | Size: 183–216 cm (72–85 in) long, plus 22–36 cm (9–14 in) tail[136] Habitats: Grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[137] Diet: Grass, reeds, and bush leaves[137] |
Muntiacus (muntjac) |
Rafinesque, 1815
Twelve species
|
South and southeast Asia; introduced to Britain |
Size range: 70 cm (28 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Reeves's muntjac) to 135 cm (53 in) long, plus 23 cm (9 in) tail (Northern red muntjac)[138] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[139] Diets: Fruit and a range of plant materials[139] |
Panolia
|
McClelland, 1842
One species
|
Scattered parts of south and southeast Asia | Size range: 140–170 cm (55–67 in) long, plus 22–25 cm (9–10 in) tail[140] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[141] Diets: A variety of grass, fruit, and herbaceous and wetland plants[141][142] |
Rucervus | Hodgson, 1838
Two species
|
Scattered parts of south and southeast Asia | Size range: 140 cm (55 in) long, plus 22 cm (9 in) tail (Eld's deer) to 180 cm (71 in) long (barasingha)[143] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[144] Diets: A variety of grass, fruit, and herbaceous and wetland plants[144] |
Rusa | H. Smith, 1827
Four species
|
South and Southeast Asia | Size range: 100 cm (39 in) long (Philippine deer) to 270 cm (106 in) long, plus 30 cm (12 in) tail (sambar deer)[145] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[146] Diets: Wide variety of plants[146] |
Family Giraffidae
Members of the Giraffidae family are giraffids, and are the giraffes and the okapi. Giraffidae comprises five extant species in two genera.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Giraffa (giraffe) |
Brisson, 1762
Four species
|
Scattered Sub-Saharan Africa (species shown as subspecies) |
Size range: 380–470 cm (150–185 in) long, plus 78–100 cm (31–39 in) tail; 600–1,800 kg (1,323–3,968 lb)[147] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland[148] Diets: Leaves, stems, flowers, and fruit[148] |
Okapia
|
Lankester, 1901
One species
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa |
Size: 200–220 cm (79–87 in) long, plus 30–42 cm (12–17 in) tail; 200–350 kg (441–772 lb)[147] Habitats: Forest[149] Diet: Leaves[149] |
Family Moschidae
Members of the Moschidae family are moschids, or colloquially musk deer. Moschidae contains seven extant species in a single genus.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Moschus (musk deer) |
Linnaeus, 1758
Seven species
|
Southern Asia | Size range: 80–100 cm (31–39 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2–2 in) tail[150][151] Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[152] Diets: Leaves, flowers, shoots, and grass, as well as twigs, moss, and lichen[151] |
Family Tragulidae
Members of the
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Hyemoschus
|
Brisson, 1762
One species
|
Central and western Africa |
Size: 45–85 cm (18–33 in) long, plus 7–17 cm (3–7 in) tail[153] Habitats: Forest[154] Diet: Tree and shrub leaves, fruit, and buds[153] |
Moschiola (spotted chevrotain) |
J. E. Gray, 1845
Three species
|
Southern Asia | Size range: 50–56 cm (20–22 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1–1 in) tail[155] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and marine[156] Diets: Herbs, shrubs, and fruit[156] |
Tragulus (mouse-deer) |
J. E. Gray, 1845
Six species
|
Southeast Asia | Size range: 40–58 cm (16–23 in) long, plus 6–10 cm (2–4 in) tail[157] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[158] Diets: Fruit, as well as shoots and young leaves[158] |
Suborder Suina
Family Suidae
Members of the Suidae family are suids, or colloquially pigs, hogs, or boars. Suidae comprises 17 extant species, divided into 6 genera, and is not split into subfamilies.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Babyrousa (deer-pig) |
Perry, 1811
Three species
|
Indonesia | Size range: 85–110 cm (33–43 in) long, plus 20–32 cm (8–13 in) tail (Buru babirusa and North Sulawesi babirusa)[159] Habitats: Forest, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[160] Diets: Fruit and browse, as well as rhizomes, tamarinds, cacao, herbs, and vegetables[160] |
Hylochoerus
|
Thomas, 1904
One species
|
Scattered central Africa |
Size: 130–210 cm (51–83 in) long, plus 25–45 cm (10–18 in) tail[161] Habitats: Forest[162] Diet: Large variety of plants, particularly herbaceous plants[162] |
Phacochoerus (warthog) |
F. Cuvier, 1826
Two species
|
Sub-saharan Africa | Size range: 90–150 cm (35–59 in) long (common warthog)[163] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[164] Diets: Grass, shrubs, and tubers, as well as fruit, insects, roots, berries, bark, and carrion[164] |
Porcula
|
Hodgson, 1847
One species
|
Southern Bhutan and northwest India | Size: 55–71 cm (22–28 in) long, plus tail[165] Habitats: Grassland[166] Diet: Roots, grass, tubers, and invertebrates[167][166] |
Potamochoerus (bushpig) |
J. E. Gray, 1854
Two species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa | Size range: 100–150 cm (39–59 in) long, plus 30–40 cm (12–16 in) tail (red river hog)[168] Habitats: Forest and shrubland[169] Diets: Roots, tubers, fruit, seeds, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion[169] |
Sus (pig) |
Linnaeus, 1758
Eight species
|
Southeast Asia, with wild boar in Eurasia and North Africa and introduced to parts of United States, South America, and Oceania | Size range: 80 cm (31 in) long (Celebes warty pig) to 200 cm (79 in) long, plus 40 cm (16 in) tail (wild boar)[170] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and desert[171] Diets: Omnivorous; wide variety of plants and small vertebrates[171] |
Family Tayassuidae
Members of the Tayassuidae family are tayassuids, or colloquially peccaries. Tayassuidae comprises 3 extant species in 3 genera, and is not split into subfamilies.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Catagonus | Ameghino, 1904
One species
|
Gran Chaco region of central South America |
Size: 96–118 cm (38–46 in) long[172] Habitats: Savanna and shrubland[173] Diet: Cacti, as well as roots, fruit, and forbs[173] |
Dicotyles
|
Linnaeus, 1758
One species
|
South America, Central America, Trinidad in the Caribbean, and southern North America |
Size: 80–100 cm (31–39 in) long[174] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[175] Diet: Roots, tubers, fruits, seeds, as well as green plants, insects, and small animals[175] |
Tayassu
|
Fischer von Waldheim, 1814
One species
|
South America and Central America |
Size: 75–100 cm (30–39 in) long, plus 1–6 cm (0–2 in) tail[176] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[177] Diet: Fruit, as well as a variety of plants, invertebrates, fungi and fish[177] |
Suborder Tylopoda
Family Camelidae
Members of the Camelidae family are camelids, and include camels, llamas, and alpacas. Camelidae contains 7 extant species in 2 genera.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Camelus (camel) |
Linnaeus, 1758
Three species
|
Northern Africa, Middle East, central Asia, central Australia | Size range: 220 cm (87 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail (dromedary) to 320 cm (126 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (wild Bactrian camel)[178] Habitats: Desert[178] Diets: Wide variety of plants, as well as carrion[178] |
Lama | Cuvier, 1800
|
Western and southern South America | Size range: 90 cm (35 in) long, plus 24 cm (9 in) tail (guanaco) to 225 cm (89 in) long, plus 25 cm (10 in) tail (alpaca)[179] Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert[180] Diets: Grass, forbs, shrubs, and lichen[180] |
Suborder Whippomorpha
Infraorder Cetacea
Parvorder Mysticeti
Family Balaenidae
Members of the Balaenidae family are balaenids, or colloquially right whales. Balaenidae contains four species in two genera.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Balaena | Linnaeus, 1758
One species
|
Arctic and subarctic ocean |
Size: 18–20 m (59–66 ft) long; 98 tons[181] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[182] Diet: Small crustaceans and other zooplankton[182] |
Eubalaena (right whale) |
J. E. Gray, 1864
Three species
|
Subarctic and Antarctic ocean (southern right whale in yellow, North Atlantic right whale in green, North Pacific right whale in blue) |
Size range: 11–18 m (36–59 ft) long; 54–73 tons[183] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[184] Diets: Copepods and krill, as well as other zooplankton[184] |
Family Balaenopteridae
Members of the
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Balaenoptera | Linnaeus, 1758
Nine species
|
Worldwide oceans | Size range: 7 m (23 ft) long and 5 tons (common minke whale) to 27 m (89 ft) long and 120 tons (blue whale)[185] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[186] Diets: Fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods[185] |
Eschrichtius | J. E. Gray, 1846
One species
|
Northern Pacific oceans |
Size: 12–14 m (39–46 ft) long; 15–35 tons[187] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[188] Diet: Mysids, tube-dwelling amphipods, and Polychaete tube worms, as well as other crustaceans and zooplankton[188] |
Megaptera
|
J. E. Gray, 1864
One species
|
Worldwide oceans |
Size: 11.5–15 m (38–49 ft) long; 25–30 tons[189] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[190] Diet: Krill and crustaceans, as well as fish[190] |
Family Cetotheriidae
Members of the Cetotheriidae family are cetotheriids; the only extant species is the pygmy right whale.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Caperea
|
J. E. Gray, 1864
One species
|
Sub-Antarctic oceans |
Size: 5.5–6.5 m (18–21 ft) long; 3–3.5 tons[191] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[192] Diet: Copepods as well as other zooplankton[192] |
Parvorder Odontoceti
Family Delphinidae
Members of the Delphinidae family are delphinids, or colloquially oceanic dolphins. Delphinidae contains 37 species in 19 genera, which are grouped into four named subfamilies: Delphininae, Lissodelphininae, Globicephalinae, and Orcininae, as well as one unnamed group.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Delphinus
|
Linnaeus, 1758
One species
|
Tropical and temperate Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans |
Size: 170–240 cm (67–94 in) long; 70–110 kg (154–243 lb)[193] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[194] Diet: Epipelagic and mesopelagic fish as well as squid[194] |
Lagenodelphis
|
Fraser, 1956
One species
|
Tropical and temperate Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans |
Size: 200–260 cm (79–102 in) long; 160–210 kg (353–463 lb)[195] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[196] Diet: Mesopelagic fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[196] |
Sotalia | J. E. Gray, 1866
Two species
|
Northern and eastern South American coast and Amazon basin rivers |
Size range: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long; 35–45 kg (77–99 lb)[197] Habitats: Neritic marine, coastal marine, and inland wetlands[198] Diets: Fish, cephalopods, and shrimp[198] |
Sousa (humpback dolphin) |
J. E. Gray, 1866
Four species
|
Western African coast; Indian Ocean coasts; western Pacific Ocean | Size range: 200 cm (79 in) long and 100 kg (220 lb) (Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin) to 280 cm (110 in) long and 200 kg (441 lb) (Atlantic humpback dolphin)[199] Habitats: Neritic marine, coastal marine, intertidal marine, oceanic marine, and inland wetlands[200] Diets: Wide variety of coastal fish, as well as cephalopods[200] |
Stenella (spotted dolphin) |
J. E. Gray, 1866
Five species
|
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans | Size range: 130 cm (51 in) long and 45 kg (99 lb) (spinner dolphin) to 250 cm (98 in) long and 150 kg (331 lb) (striped dolphin)[201] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[202] Diets: Small fish, squid, and shrimp[202] |
Tursiops (bottlenose dolphin) |
Gervais, 1855
Two species
|
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans |
Size range: 190–390 cm (75–154 in) long; 150–650 kg (331–1,433 lb)[203] Habitats: Neritic marine, coastal marine, oceanic marine, and inland wetlands[204] Diets: Wide variety of fish and cephalopods, as well as shrimp and crustaceans[204] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Cephalorhynchus | J. E. Gray, 1846
Four species
|
Southern South American coast, southwestern African coast, New Zealand coast, and Kerguelen Islands in Indian Ocean | Size range: 120 cm (47 in) long and 30 kg (66 lb) (Chilean dolphin) to 170 cm (67 in) long and 75 kg (165 lb) (Heaviside's dolphin)[205] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[206] Diets: Small fish, cephalopods, crustaceans, and benthic invertebrates[206] |
Lissodelphis (right whale dolphin) |
Gloger, 1841
Two species
|
Temperate north Pacific Ocean and temperate to sub-Antarctic Pacific and Atlantic Oceans |
Size range: 180 cm (71 in) long and 60 kg (132 lb) (southern right whale dolphin) to 300 cm (118 in) long and 100 kg (220 lb) (Northern right whale dolphin)[207] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[208] Diets: Squid and fish[208] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Feresa
|
J. E. Gray, 1870
One species
|
Worldwide tropical and subtropical oceans |
Size: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 110–170 kg (243–375 lb)[209] Habitats: Oceanic marine[210] Diet: Fish and cephalopods[210] |
Globicephala (pilot whale) |
Lesson, 1828
Two species
|
Worldwide oceans (short-finned in blue, long-finned in green) |
Size range: 360–650 cm (142–256 in) long; 1–4 tons[211] Habitats: Oceanic marine[212] Diets: Squid, as well as small and medium fish and shrimp[212] |
Grampus
|
J. E. Gray, 1828
One species
|
Worldwide tropical and temperate ocean continental shelves |
Size: 260–380 cm (102–150 in) long; 300–500 kg (661–1,102 lb)[213] Habitats: Oceanic marine[214] Diet: Cephalopods[214] |
Orcaella (snubfin dolphin) |
Lesson, 1866
Two species
|
Southeast Asian and northern Australian coasts |
Size range: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 90–150 kg (198–331 lb)[215] Habitats: Neretic marine, coastal marine, and inland wetlands[216] Diets: Fish, as well as squid and shrimp[215] |
Peponocephala
|
Nishiwaki, Norris, 1966
One species
|
Worldwide tropical and subtropical oceans |
Size: 210–270 cm (83–106 in) long; about 160 kg (353 lb)[217] Habitats: Oceanic marine[218] Diet: Mesopelagic fish, squid, and shrimp[218] |
Pseudorca | Reinhardt, 1862
One species
|
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans |
Size: 430–600 cm (169–236 in) long; 1.1–2.2 tons[219] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[220] Diet: Large fish and cephalopods[220] |
Steno
|
J. E. Gray, 1846
One species
|
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans |
Size: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) long; 100–150 kg (220–331 lb)[221] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[222] Diet: Fish and cephalopods[222] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Orcinus | Fitzinger, 1860
One species
|
Worldwide oceans |
Size: 550–980 cm (217–386 in) long; 2.6–9 tons[223] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[224] Diet: Wide variety of prey, including marine mammals, seabirds, sea turtles, many species of fish, sharks, rays, and cephalopods[224] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Lagenorhynchus | Cope, 1866
Six species
|
Temperate and subarctic northern Atlantic Ocean, Sub-Antarctic Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, temperate north Pacific Ocean, and scattered southern hemisphere coasts | Size range: 150 cm (59 in) long and 50 kg (110 lb) (dusky dolphin) to 270 cm (106 in) long and 275 kg (606 lb) (White-beaked dolphin)[225] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[226] Diets: Wide variety of fish and cephalopods[226] |
Family Iniidae
Members of the Iniidae family are inniids, and are part of a grouping colloqially termed river dolphins along with Lipotidae, Platanistidae and Pontoporiidae. Iniidae contains four species in one genus.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Inia | d'Orbigny, 1834
Four species
|
Amazon rivers in South America (Araguaian river dolphin in blue, Amazon and Orinoco river dolphins in green, and Bolivian river dolphin in purple) |
Size range: 180–250 cm (71–98 in) long; 85–160 kg (187–353 lb)[227] Habitats: Inland wetlands[228] Diets: Fish, as well as shrimp[227] |
Family Kogiidae
Members of the Kogiidae family are kogiids, and are part of the sperm whale superfamily Physeteroidea; the family contains two species in one genus.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Kogia | G. R. Gray, 1864
Two species
|
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans | Size range: 210 cm (83 in) long and 135 kg (298 lb) (dwarf sperm whale) to 340 cm (134 in) long and 400 kg (882 lb) (pygmy sperm whale)[229] Habitats: Oceanic marine[230] Diets: Cephalopods, as well as fish, shrimp, and crabs[230] |
Family Lipotidae
Members of the Lipotidae family are lipotids and are part of the river dolphin grouping along with Iniidae, Platanistidae and Pontoporiidae; the only extant species is the baiji.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Lipotes
|
Miller, 1918
One species
|
Yangtze river in China |
Size: 140–250 cm (55–98 in) long; 100–160 kg (220–353 lb)[231] Habitats: Inland wetlands[232] Diet: Fish[232] |
Family Monodontidae
Members of the Monodontidae family are monodontids and comprises two living whale species in two genera, the narwhal and the beluga whale.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Delphinapterus
|
Lacépède, 1804
One species
|
Arctic and subarctic oceans |
Size: 300–500 cm (118–197 in) long; 0.4–1.5 tons[233] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[234] Diet: Fish, as well as mollusks and benthic crustaceans[234] |
Monodon
|
Lacépède, 1804
One species
|
Arctic ocean |
Size: 380–500 cm (150–197 in) long; 0.8–1.6 tons[235] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[236] Diet: Fish, squid, and shrimp[236] |
Family Phocoenidae
Members of the
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Neophocaena (finless porpoise) |
Palmer, 1899
Three species
|
Asian coasts |
Size range: 120–190 cm (47–75 in) long; 30–45 kg (66–99 lb)[237] Habitats: Inland wetlands, neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[238] Diets: Small fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[238] |
Phocoena | Cuvier, 1816
Four species
|
North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Antarctic oceans, Black Sea, and South American coast | Size range: 130–220 cm (51–87 in) long; 60–84 kg (132–185 lb) (spectacled porpoise)[239] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[240] Diets: Fish, shrimp, squid, and crustaceans[240] |
Phocoenoides
|
(Andrews, 1911)
One species
|
North Pacific ocean |
Size: 170–220 cm (67–87 in) long; 135–220 kg (298–485 lb) (spectacled porpoise)[241] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[242] Diet: Wide variety of fish, squid[242] |
Family Physeteridae
Members of the
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Physeter | Linnaeus, 1758
One species
|
Worldwide oceans (concentrations in black) |
Size: 11–18 m (36–59 ft) long; 20–50 tons[243] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[244] Diet: Deep-water squid[244] |
Family Platanistidae
Members of the Platanistidae family are platanistids, and are part of a grouping colloqially termed river dolphins along with Iniidae, Lipotidae, and Pontoporiidae. Platanistidae contains two species in one genus.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Platanista (South Asian river dolphin) |
Wagler, 1830
Two species
|
Ganges river (dark blue) and Indus river (light blue) |
Size range: 150–250 cm (59–98 in) long; 70–90 kg (154–198 lb)[245] Habitats: Neritic marine and inland wetlands[246] Diets: Fish and shrimp[245] |
Family Pontoporiidae
Members of the Pontoporiidae family are pontoporiids, and are part of a grouping colloqially termed river dolphins along with Iniidae, Lipotidae, and Platanistidae. The only extant species is the La Plata dolphin.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Pontoporia | J. E. Gray, 1846
One species
|
Southeastern South American coast |
Size: 130–170 cm (51–67 in) long; 30–53 kg (66–117 lb)[247] Habitats: Neritic marine and oceanic marine[248] Diet: Fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[248] |
Family Ziphiidae
Members of the Ziphiidae family are ziphiids, or colloquially beaked whales. Ziphiidae contains 23 species in 6 genera, which are grouped into three named subfamilies: Berardiinae, Hyperoodontinae, and Ziphiinae.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Berardius (four-toothed whale) |
Duvernoy, 1851
Three species
|
Antarctic, subantarctic, and north Pacific oceans | Size range: 7.8 m (26 ft) long and 7 tons (Arnoux's beaked whale) to 12.8 m (42 ft) long and 16 tons (Baird's beaked whale)[249] Habitats: Oceanic marine[250] Diets: Deepwater and pelagic fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans[250] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Hyperoodon (bottlenose whale) |
Lacépède, 1804
Two species
|
Antarctic, subantarctic, and north Atlantic oceans | Size range: 6–9 m (20–30 ft) long; 5.8–8 tons[251] Habitats: Oceanic marine[252] Diets: Squid, as well as fish, sea cucumbers, starfish, and prawns[252] |
Indopacetus
|
Moore, 1968
One species
|
Small ocean regions near Horn of Africa and Australia |
Size: 7–7.5 m (23–25 ft) long[253] Habitats: Oceanic marine[254] Diet: Squid[254] |
Mesoplodon (mesoplodont whale) |
Gervais, 1850
Fifteen species
|
Worldwide tropical and temperate oceans | Size range: 3.4 m (11 ft) long (pygmy beaked whale) to 6.2 m (20 ft) long and 3 tons (strap-toothed whale)[255] Habitats: Oceanic marine[256] Diets: Squid, fish, and crustaceans[256] |
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Tasmacetus
|
Oliver, 1937
One species
|
Sub-Antarctic ocean |
Size: 6–7 m (20–23 ft) long; 2–3 tons[257] Habitats: Oceanic marine[258] Diet: Fish, as well as squid and crabs[258] |
Ziphius
|
Cuvier, 1823
One species
|
Worldwide tropical and temperate ocean |
Size: 5.5–7 m (18–23 ft) long; 2–3 tons[259] Habitats: Oceanic marine[260] Diet: Deep-sea squid, as well as fish and crustaceans[260] |
Family Hippopotamidae
Members of the Hippopotamidae family are hippopotamids, or colloquially hippopotamuses or hippos. Hippopotamidae contains 2 species in 2 genera.
Name | Authority and species | Range | Size and ecology |
---|---|---|---|
Choeropsis
|
Leidy, 1853
One species
|
Scattered western Africa |
Size: 150–175 cm (59–69 in) long, plus a tail of about 20 cm (8 in); 160–275 kg (353–606 lb)[261] Habitats: Forest, savanna, inland wetlands[262] Diet: Variety of terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants[262] |
Hippopotamus | Linnaeus, 1758
One species
|
Sub-Saharan Africa and Nile River (current range in green, historical in red) |
Size: 209–505 cm (82–199 in) long, including a tail of about 35 cm (14 in); 1,300–3,200 kg (2,866–7,055 lb)[263] Habitats: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, neritic marine, coastal marine[264] Diet: Grass[264] |
See also
References
- PMID 8015431.
- ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 637–743
- ^ Burnie, p. 227
- ^ .
- ^ a b c d e Harris, pp. 122–131
- ^ .
- ^ Lundrigan, Barbara; Sproull, Karen (2000). "Aepyceros melampus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
- ^ Batty, Kristin (2002). "Alcelaphus buselaphus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Olney, Hannah (2002). "Beatragus hunteri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Connochaetes sizes:
- Black wildebeest: "Black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- Blue wildebeest: Harris, pp. 122–131
- ^ a b Connochaetes habitats and diets:
- Black wildebeest: Vrahimis, S.; Grobler, P.; Brink, J.; Viljoen, P.; Schulze, E. (2017). "Connochaetes gnou".
- Blue wildebeest: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Connochaetes taurinus". .
- ^ Damaliscus sizes:
- Common tsessebe: Kingdon 2013, ch. Topi, Tiang, Tsessebe
- Bontebok: Csomos, Rebecca Ann (2001). "Damaliscus pygargus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ a b Damaliscus habitats and diets:
- Common tsessebe: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Damaliscus lunatus".
- Bontebok: Dalton, D.; Birss, C.; Cowell, C.; Gaylard, A.; Kotze, A.; Parrini, F.; Peinke, D.; Radloff, F.; Viljoen, P. (2019). "Damaliscus pygargus". .
- ^ a b Derrig, Jim Bob (2003). "Ammodorcas clarkei". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Kingdon 2013, ch. Springbok
- ^ .
- ^ "Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Kingdon 2020, ch. Beira
- ^ .
- ^ Eudorcas sizes:
- Mongalla gazelle: Castelló, p. 108
- Red-fronted gazelle: Kingdon 2020, ch. Red-fronted gazelle
- Thomson's gazelle: Auman, Amy; Fye, Rachael; Dewey, Tanya (2009). "Eudorcas thomsonii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- Heuglin's gazelle: Castelló, p. 112
- ^ a b Eudorcas habitats and diets:
- Mongalla gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Eudorcas albonotata".
- Red-fronted gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Eudorcas rufifrons". .
- Red gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). "Eudorcas rufina". .
- Thomson's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Eudorcas thomsonii". .
- Heuglin's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Eudorcas tilonura". .
- ^ Gazella sizes:
- Arabian gazelle: Castelló, p. 132
- Chinkara: McCart, Dylan (2012). "Gazella bennettii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
- Cuvier's gazelle: Kingdon 2020, ch. Cuvier's gazelle
- Dorcas gazelle: Kingdon 2020, ch. Dorcas gazelle
- Erlanger's gazelle: Castelló, p. 134
- Mountain gazelle: Castelló, p. 128
- Rhim gazelle: Castelló, p. 146
- Arabian sand gazelle: Castelló, p. 156
- Speke's gazelle: Kingdon 2013, ch. Speke's gazelle
- Goitered gazelle: Castelló, p. 150
- ^ a b Gazella habitats and diets:
- Arabian gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella arabica".
- Chinkara: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella bennettii". .
- Cuvier's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Gazella cuvieri". .
- Dorcas gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella dorcas". doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8969A50186334.en.; Stoolman, Joshua (2006). "Gazella dorcas". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
- Erlanger's gazelle: Castelló, p. 134
- Mountain gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella gazella". doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8989A50186574.en.; Lee, Kari (2003). "Gazella gazella". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
- Rhim gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Gazella leptoceros". .
- Arabian sand gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella marica". .
- Speke's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Gazella spekei". .
- Goitered gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Gazella subgutturosa". doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T8976A50187422.en.; Cichon, Catherine; Woo, Yangshin; Woo, Krystal (2011). "Gazella subgutturosa". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
- ^ Payne, Jamie (2003). "Litocranius walleri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Madoqua sizes:
- Günther's dik-dik: Jacques, Kristi (2000). "Madoqua guentheri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
- Kirk's dik-dik: Scheibe, Elizabeth (1999). "Madoqua kirkii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- Silver dik-dik: Castelló, p. 214
- Salt's dik-dik: Lundrigan, Barbara; Kapheim, Karen (2000). "Madoqua saltiana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ a b Madoqua habitats and diets:
- Günther's dik-dik: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua guentheri".
- Kirk's dik-dik: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua kirkii". .
- Silver dik-dik: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua piacentinii". .
- Salt's dik-dik: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Madoqua saltiana". .
- ^ Nanger sizes:
- Dama gazelle: Villarreal, Lisa (2006). "Nanger dama". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- Grant's gazelle: Kingdon 2013, ch. Grant's gazelle;
- Soemmerring's gazelle: Kingdon 2013, ch. Soemmerring's gazelle
- ^ a b Nanger habitats and diets:
- Dama gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Nanger dama".
- Grant's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Nanger granti". doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T8971A50186774.en.; Khankari, Nikhil (2006). "Nanger granti". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- Soemmerring's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Nanger soemmerringii". .
- ^ a b Neotragus sizes:
- Bates's pygmy antelope: Randall, Adam (2001). "Neotragus batesi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- Suni: Bora, Suhani (2002). "Neotragus moschatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
- Royal antelope: Kingdon 2020, ch. Royal antelope
- ^ a b c d Neotragus habitats and diets:
- Bates's pygmy antelope: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Neotragus batesi".
- Suni: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Neotragus moschatus". .
- Royal antelope: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Neotragus pygmaeus". .
- ^ Ewacha, Michelle (2013). "Oreotragus oreotragus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Frey, Dayna (2000). "Ourebia ourebi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
- .
- ^ Procapra sizes:
- Mongolian gazelle: Wick, Jill (2004). "Procapra gutturosa". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
- Goa: Castelló, p. 164
- Przewalski's gazelle: Li, Binbin (2011). "Procapra przewalskii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
- ^ a b Procapra habitats and diets:
- Mongolian gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Procapra gutturosa".
- Goa: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Procapra picticaudata". .
- Przewalski's gazelle: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Procapra przewalskii". .
- ^ Raphicerus sizes:
- Steenbok: Newell, Toni Lynn (1999). "Raphicerus campestris". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
- Cape grysbok: Kingdon 2020, ch. Cape grysbok
- Sharpe's grysbok: Hocking, Scott (2004). "Raphicerus sharpei". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ a b Raphicerus habitats and diets:
- Steenbok: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Raphicerus campestris".
- Cape grysbok: Palmer, G.; Birss, C.; Kerley, G.; Feely, J.; Peinke, D.; Castley, G. (2017). "Raphicerus melanotis". .
- Sharpe's grysbok: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Raphicerus sharpei". .
- ^ Castelló, p. 170
- ^ .
- ^ Bison sizes:
- American bison: Harris, pp. 122–131
- European bison: Semenov, U. A. (2014). "The Wisents of Karachay-Cherkessia". Proceedings of the Sochi National Park. KMK Scientific Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-5-87317-984-8.
- ^ a b Bison habitats and diets:
- American bison: Aune, K.; Jørgensen, D.; Gates, C. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Bison bison".
- European bison: Plumb, G.; Kowalczyk, R.; Hernandez-Blanco, J. A. (2020). "Bison bonasus". doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T2814A45156279.en.; Hendricks, Kassondra (2013). "Bison bonasus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
- ^ Bos sizes:
- Gayal: Lundrigan, Barbara; Zachariah, Trevor (2000). "Bos frontalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- Gaur: Castelló, p. 624
- Yak: Castelló, p. 638
- Banteng: Saari, Jason (2002). "Bos javanicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- Wild yak: Castelló, p. 636
- Kouprey: Winker, Jill (2004). "Bos sauveli". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- Cattle: Castelló, p. 642
- ^ a b Bos habitats and diets:
- Gayal: Lundrigan, Barbara; Zachariah, Trevor (2000). "Bos frontalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- Gaur: Duckworth, J. W.; Sankar, K.; Williams, A. C.; Samba Kumar, N.; Timmins, R. J. (2016). "Bos gaurus".
- Yak: Oliphant, Matthew (2003). "Bos grunniens". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
- Banteng: Gardner, P.; Hedges, S.; Pudyatmoko, S.; Gray, T. N. E.; Timmins, R. J. (2016). "Bos javanicus". .
- Wild yak: Buzzard, P.; Berger, J. (2016). "Bos mutus". .
- Kouprey: Timmins, R. J.; Burton, J.; Hedges, S. (2016). "Bos sauveli". .
- Cattle: Dewey, Tanya; Ng, Jessica (2001). "Bos taurus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
- ^ Benton, Melody (2000). "Boselaphus tragocamelus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Bubalus sizes:
- Wild water buffalo: Castelló, p. 596
- Water buffalo: Roth, Jason (2004). "Bubalus bubalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- Lowland anoa: Castelló, p. 606
- Tamaraw: Gesch, Peter (2004). "Bubalus mindorensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
- Mountain anoa: Castelló, p. 607
- ^ a b Bubalus habitats and diets:
- Wild water buffalo: Kaul, R.; Williams, A. C.; Rithe, K.; Steinmetz, R.; Mishra, R. (2019). "Bubalus arnee".
- Water buffalo: Roth, Jason (2004). "Bubalus bubalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- Lowland anoa: Burton, J.; Wheeler, P.; Mustari, A. (2016). "Bubalus depressicornis". .
- Tamaraw: Boyles, R.; Schutz, E.; de Leon, J. (2016). "Bubalus mindorensis". .
- Mountain anoa: Burton, J.; Wheeler, P.; Mustari, A. (2016). "Bubalus quarlesi". .
- ^ Castelló, p. 648
- ^ .
- .
- ^ Taurotragus sizes:
- Giant eland: Kingdon 2013, ch. Giant eland; Altan, Berke (2000). "Taurotragus derbianus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- Common eland: Kingdon 2013, ch. Common eland
- ^ a b Taurotragus habitats and diets:
- Giant eland: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Tragelaphus derbianus".
- Common eland: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus oryx". .
- ^ Lundeen, Brooks (2003). "Tetracerus quadricornis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Tragelaphus sizes:
- Nyala: Kingdon 2013, ch. Nyala
- Mountain nyala: Aleman, Maria (2003). "Tragelaphus buxtoni". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
- Bongo: "Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- Lesser kudu: Paschka, Nick (2000). "Tragelaphus imberbis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
- Harnessed bushbuck: Kingdon 2020, ch. Bushbuck
- Sitatunga: Kingdon 2013, ch. Sitatunga
- Greater kudu: Harris, pp. 122–131
- ^ a b Tragelaphus habitats and diets:
- Nyala: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus angasii".
- Mountain nyala: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus buxtoni". . IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus angasii". .
- Bongo: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus eurycerus". .
- Lesser kudu: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus imberbis". .
- Harnessed bushbuck: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus scriptus". .
- Sitatunga: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus spekii". .
- Greater kudu: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus strepsiceros". .
- ^ "Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Castelló, p. 310
- ^ .
- ^ Marceau, Jonathan (2000). "Budorcas taxicolor". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Capra sizes:
- Wild goat: Mileski, Adam (2004). "Capra hircus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
- West Caucasian tur: Castelló, p. 326
- East Caucasian tur: Eule, David (2002). "Capra cylindricornis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
- Alpine ibex: Sippl, John (2003). "Capra ibex". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
- Markhor: Cothran, Nora (2005). "Capra falconeri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
- Nubian ibex: Tomsen, Jan (2007). "Capra nubiana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
- Iberian ibex: Blaha, Dillon (2003). "Capra pyrenaica". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
- Siberian ibex: Williams, Jeffrey (2007). "Capra sibirica". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
- Walia ibex: Kingdon 2020, ch. Walia ibex
- ^ a b Capra habitats and diets:
- Wild goat: Weinberg, P.; Ambarli, H. (2020). "Capra aegagrus".
- West Caucasian tur: Weinberg, P. (2020). "Capra caucasica". .
- East Caucasian tur: Lortkipanidze, B.; Weinberg, P. (2020). "Capra cylindricornis". .
- Alpine ibex: Toïgo, C.; Brambilla, A.; Grignolio, S.; Pedrotti, L. (2020). "Capra ibex". .
- Markhor: Michel, S.; Rosen Michel, T. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Capra falconeri". .
- Nubian ibex: Ross, S.; Elalqamy, H.; Al Said, T.; Saltz, D. (2020). "Capra nubiana". .
- Iberian ibex: Herrero, J.; Acevedo, P.; Arnal, M. C.; Fernández de Luco, D.; Fonseca, C.; García-González, R.; Pérez, J. M.; Sourp, E. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Capra pyrenaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T3798A195855497.
- Siberian ibex: Reading, R.; Michel, S.; Suryawanshi, K.; Bhatnagar, Y. V. (2020). "Capra sibirica". .
- Walia ibex: Ejigu, D. (2020) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Capra walie". doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T3797A178652661.en.; "Walia ibex (Capra walie)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the originalon May 17, 2018. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
- ^ Capricornis sizes:
- Japanese serow: Mori, Kensuke (2006). "Capricornis crispus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
- Red serow: Castelló, pp. 435, 437
- Mainland serow: Castelló, p. 428
- Taiwan serow: Smith, Xie, p. 370
- ^ a b Capricornis habitats and diets:
- Japanese serow: Tokida, K. (2020). "Capricornis crispus".
- Red serow: Duckworth, J. W.; Than Zaw. (2008). "Capricornis rubidus". .
- Mainland serow: Phan, T. D.; Nijhawan, S.; Li, S.; Xiao, L. (2020). "Capricornis sumatraensis". .
- Taiwan serow: Chiang, P. J.; Pei, K. J-C. (2008). "Capricornis swinhoei". .
- ^ Kennedy, Sara (2002). "Hemitragus jemlahicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Naemorhedus sizes:
- Red goral: Castelló, p. 442
- Long-tailed goral: Castelló, p. 451
- Himalayan goral: Cohen, Eric (2009). "Naemorhedus goral". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- Chinese goral: Smith, Xie, p. 374
- ^ a b Naemorhedus habitats and diets:
- Red goral: Nijhawan, S. (2020) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Naemorhedus baileyi".
- Long-tailed goral: Bragina, E.; Kim, S.; Zaumyslova, O.; Park, Y.-S.; Lee, W. (2020). "Naemorhedus caudatus". .
- Himalayan goral: Duckworth, J. W.; MacKinnon, J. (2008). "Naemorhedus goral". .
- Chinese goral: Duckworth, J. W.; Steinmetz, R.; Chaiyarat, R. (2008). "Naemorhedus griseus (This concept is no longer recognised)". .
- ^ Herman, Adam (2004). "Hemitragus hylocrius". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ .
- ^ .
- ^ Ovis sizes:
- Argali: Tonda, John (2002). "Ovis ammon". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- Sheep: Reavill, Chris (2000). "Ovis aries". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- Bighorn sheep: Dewey, Tanya; Ballenger, Liz (1999). "Ovis canadensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- Dall sheep: Gozdzik, Agnes (2001). "Ovis dalli". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- Mouflon: Castelló, p. 397
- Snow sheep: Castelló, p. 367
- Urial: Castelló, pp. 390, 391
- ^ a b Ovis habitats and diets:
- Argali: Reading, R.; Michel, S.; Amgalanbaatar, S. (2020). "Ovis ammon".
- Sheep: Reavill, Chris (2000). "Ovis aries". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- Bighorn sheep: Festa-Bianchet, M. (2020). "Ovis canadensis". .
- Dall sheep: Festa-Bianchet, M. (2020). "Ovis dalli". .
- Mouflon: Michel, S.; Ghoddousi, A. (2020). "Ovis gmelini". .
- Snow sheep: Harris, R. B.; Tsytsulina. K. (2008). "Ovis nivicola". .
- Urial: Michel, S.; Ghoddousi, A. (2021) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Ovis vignei". .
- ^ a b Castelló, pp. 405, 407
- .
- ^ Smith, Mary Alice (2000). "Pseudois nayaur". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Rupicapra sizes:
- Pyrenean chamois: Haack, Matthew (2002). "Rupicapra pyrenaica". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- Chamois: Gunderson, Dan (2003). "Rupicapra rupicapra". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- ^ a b Rupicapra habitats and diets:
- Pyrenean chamois: Herrero, J.; Lovari, S.; Nores, C.; Toigo, C. (2020). "Rupicapra pyrenaica".
- Chamois: Anderwald, P.; Ambarli, H.; Avramov, S.; Ciach, M.; Corlatti, L.; Farkas, A.; Jovanovic, M.; Papaioannou, H.; Peters, W.; Sarasa, M.; Šprem, N.; Weinberg, P.; Willisch, C. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Rupicapra rupicapra". .
- ^ Cephalophus sizes:
- Aders's duiker: "Aders' duiker (Cephalophus adersi)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- Brooke's duiker: Castelló, p. 269
- Peters's duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Peters's duiker
- White-legged duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Ogilby's duiker
- Bay duiker: "Bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- Jentink's duiker: Kingdon 2013, ch. Jentink's duiker
- White-bellied duiker: Kingdon 2013, ch. White-bellied duiker
- Red forest duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Red duiker
- Black duiker: Milich, Krista (2002). "Cephalophus niger". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- Black-fronted duiker: "Black-fronted duiker (Cephalophus nigrifrons)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- Ogilby's duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Ogilby's duiker
- Red-flanked duiker: Hanson, Benjamin (2006). "Cephalophus rufilatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- Yellow-backed duiker: DeWitt, Kristina (2006). "Cephalophus silvicultor". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 3, 2021.
- Abbott's duiker: "Abbott's duiker (Cephalophus spadix)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- Weyns's duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Weyns's duiker
- Zebra duiker: Kingdon 2020, ch. Zebra duiker
- ^ a b Cephalophus habitats and diets:
- Aders's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Cephalophus adersi".
- Brooke's duiker: Castelló, p. 269
- Peters's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus callipygus". .
- White-legged duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus ogilbyi ssp. crusalbum". .
- Bay duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Cephalophus dorsalis". .
- Jentink's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus jentinki". .
- White-bellied duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus leucogaster". .
- Red forest duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus natalensis". .
- Black duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus niger". .
- Black-fronted duiker: .
- Ogilby's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus ogilbyi". .
- Red-flanked duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus rufilatus". .
- Yellow-backed duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus silvicultor". .
- Abbott's duiker: Moyer, D.; Jones, T.; Rovero, F. (2016). "Cephalophus spadix". .
- Weyns's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus weynsi". .
- Zebra duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Cephalophus zebra". .
- ^ Philantomba sizes:
- Maxwell's duiker, Walter's duiker: Skrzynski, Justin (2006). "Philantomba maxwellii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
- Blue duiker: Siciliano, Leila (2014). "Philantomba monticola". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
- ^ a b Philantomba habitats and diets:
- Maxwell's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Philantomba maxwellii".
- Blue duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Philantomba monticola". .
- Walter's duiker: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Philantomba walteri". .
- ^ Castelló, p. 244
- ^ .
- ^ a b Altan, Berke (2000). "Addax nasomaculatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- .
- ^ Hippotragus sizes:
- Roan antelope: Kingdon 2020, ch. Roan antelope
- Bluebuck: "Bluebuck (Hippotragus leucophaeus)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- Sable antelope: Kingdon 2020, ch. Sable antelope
- ^ a b Hippotragus habitats and diets:
- Roan antelope: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Hippotragus equinus".
- Bluebuck: Kerley, G.; Child, M. F. (2017). "Hippotragus leucophaeus". .
- Sable antelope: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Hippotragus niger". .
- ^ Oryx sizes:
- East African oryx: Kingdon 2013, ch. Beisa oryx
- Scimitar oryx: Kingdon 2020, ch. Scimitar oryx
- Gemsbok: Sanders, Sheri (2005). "Oryx gazella". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- Arabian oryx: Leu, Heather (2001). "Oryx leucoryx". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- ^ a b Oryx habitats and diets:
- East African oryx: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2018). "Oryx beisa".
- Scimitar oryx: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Oryx dammah". doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15568A50191470.en.; Johnson, Hugh (2001). "Oryx dammah". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
- Gemsbok: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Oryx gazella". .
- Arabian oryx: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Oryx leucoryx". .
- ^ Kobus sizes:
- Waterbuck: Newell, Toni Lynn (1999). "Kobus ellipsiprymnus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- Kob: Kingdon 2020, ch. Kob
- Lechwe: Kingdon 2020, ch. Lechwe
- Nile lechwe: Kingdon 2020, ch. Nile lechwe
- Puku: Francis, Catlin; Neitzey, Zack (2012). "Kobus vardonii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- ^ a b Kobus habitats and diets:
- Waterbuck: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Kobus ellipsiprymnus".
- Kob: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Kobus kob". .
- Lechwe: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Kobus leche". .
- Nile lechwe: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Kobus megaceros". doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T11034A50189177.en.; "Nile lechwe (Kobus megaceros)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the originalon December 12, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
- Puku: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Kobus vardonii". .
- ^ Dewey, Stephen (2002). "Pelea capreolus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Redunca sizes:
- Southern reedbuck: Shanklin, Amber (2004). "Redunca arundinum". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- Mountain reedbuck: Castelló, p. 76
- Bohor reedbuck: "Bohor reedbuck (Redunca redunca)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
- ^ a b Redunca habitats and diets:
- Southern reedbuck: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Redunca arundinum".
- Mountain reedbuck: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Redunca fulvorufula". .
- Bohor reedbuck: IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Redunca redunca". .
- ^ De Bord, Daniel (2009). "Alces alces". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 3), p. 340
- ^ .
- ^ Capreolus sizes:
- Roe deer: Jacques, Kristi (2000). "Capreolus capreolus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
- Siberian roe deer: Smith, Xie, p. 347
- ^ a b Capreolus habitats and diets:
- Roe deer: Lovari, S.; Herrero, J.; Masseti, M.; Ambarli, H.; Lorenzini, R.; Giannatos, G. (2016). "Capreolus capreolus".
- Siberian roe deer: Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Lorenzini, R. (2016). "Capreolus pygargus". .
- ^ Hippocamelus sizes:
- Taruca: Putz, Brian (2003). "Hippocamelus antisensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- South Andean deer: Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 2), p. 241
- ^ a b Hippocamelus habitats and diets:
- Taruca: Barrio, J.; Nuñez, A.; Pacheco, L.; Regidor, H. A.; Fuentes-Allende, N. (2017). "Hippocamelus antisensis".
- South Andean deer: Black-Decima, P. A.; Corti, P.; Díaz, N.; Fernandez, R.; Geist, V.; Gill, R.; Gizejewski, Z.; Jiménez, J.; Pastore, H.; Saucedo, C.; Wittmer, H. (2016). "Hippocamelus bisulcus". .
- ^ Smith, Xie, p. 359
- ^ .
- ^ Katopodes, Demetra (1999). "Hydropotes inermis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ Mazama sizes:
- Red brocket: Kossel, Kyle (2013). "Mazama americana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- Dwarf brocket: "Dwarf brocket (Mazama chunyi)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on August 11, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- Pygmy brocket, Little red brocket: Eisenberg, Redford, Reid, Bonner (vol. 3), p. 346
- Mérida brocket, Small red brocket, Gray brocket, Amazonian brown brocket, Central American red brocket: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 441–443
- ^ a b Mazama habitats and diets:
- Red brocket: Duarte, J. M. B; Vogliotti, A. (2016). "Mazama americana".
- Mérida brocket: Lizcano, D. J.; Alvarez, S. J. (2016). "Mazama bricenii". .
- Small red brocket: Vogliotti, A.; Oliveira, M. L.; Duarte, J. M. B. (2016). "Mazama bororo". .
- Dwarf brocket: Rumiz, D. I.; Barrio, J. (2016). "Mazama chunyi". .
- Gray brocket: Black-Decima, P. A.; Vogliotti, A. (2016). "Mazama gouazoubira". .
- Pygmy brocket: Duarte, J. M. B; Vogliotti, A.; Cartes, J. L.; Oliveira, M. L. (2015). "Mazama nana". .
- Amazonian brown brocket: Rossi, R. V.; Duarte, J. M. B (2016). "Mazama nemorivaga". .
- Little red brocket: Lizcano, D. and Alvarez; S. J. (2016). "Mazama rufina". .
- Central American red brocket: Bello, J.; Reyna, R.; Schipper, J. (2016). "Mazama temama". .
- ^ Odocoileus sizes:
- Mule deer: Misuraca, Michael (1999). "Odocoileus hemionus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- Yucatan brown brocket: Reid, p. 291
- White-tailed deer: Dewey, Tanya (2003). "Odocoileus virginianus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
- ^ a b Odocoileus habitats and diets:
- Mule deer: Sanchez Rojas, G. and Gallina Tessaro; S. (2016). "Odocoileus hemionus".
- Yucatan brown brocket: Weber, M.; de Grammont, P. C.; Cuarón, A. D. (2016). "Mazama pandora". .
- White-tailed deer: Gallina, S. and Lopez Arevalo; H. (2016). "Odocoileus virginianus". .
- ^ a b D'Elia, Guillermo (1999). "Ozotoceros bezoarticus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Pudu sizes:
- Northern pudú, Southern pudú: Geist, p. 120; "Southern Chili". World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
- ^ a b Pudu habitats and diets:
- Northern pudú: Barrio, J.; Tirira, D. G. (2019). "Pudu mephistophiles".
- Southern pudú: Silva-Rodríguez, E; Pastore, H.; Jiménez, J. (2016). "Pudu puda". .
- ^ Joly, Kyle C.; Shefferly, Nancy (2000). "Rangifer tarandus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Axis sizes:
- Chital: Schaller, p. 38; Waring, G. H. (1996). "Preliminary study of the behavior and ecology of axis deer on Maui, Hawaii". Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
- Calamian deer: "Calamian deer (Axis calamianensis)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- Bawean deer: Emanoil, p. 325
- Indian hog deer: Smith, Xie, p. 349
- ^ a b Axis habitats and diets:
- Chital: Duckworth, J. W.; Kumar, N. S.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Axis axis".
- Calamian deer: Widmann, P.; Lastica, E. (2015). "Axis calamianensis". .
- Bawean deer: Semiadi, G.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Axis kuhlii". .
- Indian hog deer: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W.; Samba Kumar, N.; Anwarul Islam, M.; Sagar Baral, H.; Long, B.; Maxwell, A. (2015). "Axis porcinus". .
- ^ Cervus sizes:
- Thorold's deer: Smith, Xie, p. 356
- Elk: Armstrong, Fitzgerald, Meaney, p. 446; Burt, p. 149
- Red deer: Senseman, Rachel Lesley (2002). "Cervus elaphus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- Sika deer: Landesman, Nathan (1999). "Cervus nippon". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ^ a b Cervus habitats and diets:
- Thorold's deer: Harris, R. B. (2015). "Cervus albirostris".
- Elk: Brook, S. M.; Pluháček, J.; Lorenzini, R.; Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Mattioli, S. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Cervus canadensis". .
- Red deer: Lovari, S.; Lorenzini, R.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Carden, R. F.; Brook, S. M.; Mattioli, S. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Cervus elaphus". .
- Central Asian red deer: Brook, S. M.; Donnithorne-Tait, D.; Lorenzini, R.; Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Ahmad, K.; Thakur, M. (2017) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Cervus hanglu". .
- Sika deer: Harris, R. B. (2015). "Cervus nippon". .
- ^ Dama sizes:
- European fallow deer, Persian fallow deer: Dharmani, Aarti (2000). "Dama dama". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
- ^ a b Dama habitats and diets:
- European fallow deer: Masseti, M.; Mertzanidou, D. (2008). "Dama dama".
- Persian fallow deer: Werner, N. Y.; Rabiei, A.; Saltz, D.; Daujat, J.; Baker, K. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Dama mesopotamica". .
- ^ Lundrigan, Barbara; Oas, Rebecca (2003). "Elaphodus cephalophus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Jacobson, Erin (2003). "Elaphurus davidianus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Muntiacus sizes:
- Bornean yellow muntjac: Jetzer, Ashley (2007). "Muntiacus atherodes". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- Hairy-fronted muntjac: Wood, Aaron (2006). "Muntiacus crinifrons". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- Fea's muntjac: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 409–412
- Gongshan muntjac: Smith, Xie, p. 355
- Indian muntjac: Jackson, Adria (2002). "Muntiacus muntjak". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- Pu Hoat muntjac: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 409–412
- Leaf muntjac: Gigliotti, Deanna (2013). "Muntiacus putaoensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- Reeves's muntjac: Deuling, Sara (2004). "Muntiacus reevesi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- Roosevelt's muntjac: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 409–412
- Truong Son muntjac: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 409–412
- Giant muntjac: Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 409–412
- ^ a b Muntiacus habitats and diets:
- Bornean yellow muntjac: Timmins, R. J.; Belden, G.; Brodie, J.; Ross, J.; Wilting, A.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus atherodes".
- Hairy-fronted muntjac: Timmins, R.; Chan, B. (2016). "Muntiacus crinifrons". .
- Fea's muntjac: Timmins, R.; Steinmetz, R.; Chutipong, W. (2016). "Muntiacus feae". .
- Gongshan muntjac: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus gongshanensis". .
- Indian muntjac: Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Hedges, S. (2016). "Muntiacus muntjak". .
- Pu Hoat muntjac: Timmins, J; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus puhoatensis". .
- Leaf muntjac: Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus putaoensis". .
- Reeves's muntjac: Timmins, J; Chan, B. (2020) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Muntiacus reevesi". .
- Roosevelt's muntjac: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus rooseveltorum". .
- Truong Son muntjac: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2016). "Muntiacus truongsonensis". .
- Giant muntjac: Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Robichaud, W.; Long, B.; Gray, T. N. E.; Tilker, A. (2016). "Muntiacus vuquangensis". .
- ^ Wilson, Mittermeier, p. 425–426
- ^ .
- ^ "Eld's deer (Cervus eldii)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- ^ Rucervus sizes:
- Barasingha: "Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on February 6, 2019. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- Schomburgk's deer: Duckworth, J. W.; Robichaud, W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus schomburgki".
- ^ a b Rucervus habitats and diets:
- Barasingha: Duckworth, J. W.; Kumar, N. S.; Pokharel, C. P.; Sagar Baral, H.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus duvaucelii".
- Schomburgk's deer: Duckworth, J. W.; Robichaud, W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus schomburgki". .
- ^ Rusa sizes:
- Visayan spotted deer: "Visayan spotted deer (Rusa alfredi)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- Philippine deer: "Philippine brown deer Deer (Rusa marianna)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on November 14, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- Javan deer: John, p. 430
- Sambar deer: "Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- ^ a b Rusa habitats and diets:
- Visayan spotted deer: Brook, S. M. (2016). "Rusa alfredi".
- Philippine deer: MacKinnon, J. R.; Ong, P.; Gonzales, J. (2015). "Rusa marianna". .
- Javan deer: Hedges, S.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Semiadi, G.; Dryden, G. (2015). "Rusa timorensis". .
- Sambar deer: Timmins, R.; Kawanishi, K.; Giman, B; Lynam, A.; Chan, B.; Steinmetz, R.; Sagar Baral, H.; Samba Kumar, N. (2015) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Rusa unicolor". .
- ^ a b Burnie, p. 228
- ^ .
- ^ .
- ^ Burnie, p. 225
- ^ a b Macdonald, p. 518
- ^ Moschus habitats and diets:
- Anhui musk deer: Wang, Y.; Harris, R. B. (2015). "Moschus anhuiensis".
- Dwarf musk deer: Wang, Y.; Harris, R. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Moschus berezovskii". .
- Alpine musk deer: Harris, R. (2016). "Moschus chrysogaster". .
- Kashmir musk deer: Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Moschus cupreus". .
- Black musk deer: Wang, Y.; Harris, R. (2015). "Moschus fuscus". .
- White-bellied musk deer: Timmins, R. J.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Moschus leucogaster". .
- Siberian musk deer: Nyambayar, B.; Mix, H.; Tsytsulina, K. (2015). "Moschus moschiferus". .
- ^ a b Edwards, Helen (2000). "Hyemoschus aquaticus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
- .
- ^ Wijeyeratne, ch. White-spotted mouse deer
- ^ a b
- Indian spotted chevrotain: Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Moschiola indica".
- Yellow-striped chevrotain: Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Moschiola kathygre". .
- Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain: Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Moschiola meminna". .
- ^ Francis, pp. 340–341
- ^ a b Tragulus habitats and diets:
- Java mouse-deer: Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R.; Semiadi, G. (2015). "Tragulus javanicus".
- Lesser mouse-deer: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Tragulus kanchil". .
- Greater mouse-deer: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W. (2015). "Tragulus napu". .
- Philippine mouse-deer: Widmann, P. (2015). "Tragulus nigricans". .
- Vietnam mouse-deer: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W.; Meijaard, E. (2015). "Tragulus versicolor". .
- Williamson's mouse-deer: Timmins, R.; Duckworth, J. W.; Meijaard, E. (2015). "Tragulus williamsoni". .
- ^ Babyrousa sizes:
- Bola Batu babirusa: Meijaard, E.; Groves, C. (2002). "Upgrading three subspecies of babirusa (Babyrousa sp.) to full species level". Asian Wild Pig News (2): 33–39.
- North Sulawesi babirusa: Burnie, p. 219
- Togian babirusa: Wilson, Mittermeier, pp. 275–276; Melletti, Meijaard, p. 77
- ^ a b Babyrousa habitats and diets:
- Bola Batu babirusa: Meijaard, E.; Groves, C. (2002). "Upgrading three subspecies of babirusa (Babyrousa sp.) to full species level". Asian Wild Pig News (2): 33–39.
- North Sulawesi babirusa: Leus, K.; Macdonald, A.; Burton, J.; Rejeki, I. (2016). "Babyrousa celebensis".
- Togian babirusa: Macdonald, A.; Leus, K.; Masaaki, I.; Burton, J. (2016). "Babyrousa togeanensis". .
- ^ Melletti, Meijaard, p. 115
- ^ .
- ^ Phacochoerus sizes:
- Desert warthog: Winkelstern, Ian (2009). "Phacochoerus aethiopicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- Common warthog: Creel, Eileen (2005). "Phacochoerus africanus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ^ a b Phacochoerus habitats and diets:
- Desert warthog: de Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M.; d'Huart, J.-P. (2016) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Phacochoerus aethiopicus".
- Common warthog: de Jong, Y. A.; Cumming, D.; d'Huart, J.; Butynski, T. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Phacochoerus africanus". .
- ^ Oliver, pp. 108–109
- ^ .
- ^ Saha, Mazumdar, p. 18
- ^ Potamochoerus sizes:
- Bushpig: Carter, Neil (2006). "Potamochoerus larvatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- Red river hog: Wund, Matthew (2000). "Potamochoerus porcus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ^ a b Potamochoerus habitats and diets:
- Bushpig: Seydack, A. H. W. (2016). "Potamochoerus larvatus".
- Red river hog: Reyna, R.; Jori, F.; Querouil, S.; Leus, K. (2016) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Potamochoerus porcus". .
- ^ Sus sizes:
- Palawan bearded pig: Wilson, Mittermeier, pp. 283–290; Melletti, Meijaard, p. 171–172
- Bornean bearded pig: Knibbe, Nicole (2000). "Sus barbatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- Visayan warty pig: Melletti, Meijaard, p. 151–153
- Celebes warty pig: Noel, Nicole (2004). "Sus celebensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- Oliver's warty pig: Melletti, Meijaard, p. 163
- Philippine warty pig: Melletti, Meijaard, p. 159
- Javan warty pig: McMahon, Sara (2002). "Sus verrucosus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- Wild boar: "Eurasian Wild Pig (Sus scrofa)". IUCN Wild Pig Specialist Group. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ a b Sus habitats and diets:
- Palawan bearded pig: Meijaard, E.; Widmann, P. (2017). "Sus ahoenobarbus".
- Bornean bearded pig: Luskin, M.; Ke, A.; Meijaard, E.; Gumal, M.; Kawanishi, K. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Sus barbatus". .
- Visayan warty pig: Meijaard, E.; Oliver, W. R. T.; Leus, K. (2017). "Sus cebifrons". .
- Celebes warty pig: Burton, J.; Mustari, A.; Rejeki, I. (2020). "Sus celebensis". .
- Oliver's warty pig: Schütz, E. (2016). "Sus oliveri". .
- Philippine warty pig: Heaney, L.; Meijaard, E. (2017). "Sus philippensis". .
- Javan warty pig: Semiadi, G.; Rademaker, M.; Meijaard, E. (2016). "Sus verrucosus". .
- Wild boar: Keuling, O.; Leus, K. (2019). "Sus scrofa". .
- ^ "Catagonus Wagneri – Chacoan Peccary". Vertebrate Collection. University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Ingmarsson, Lisa (1999). "Pecari tajacu". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Csomos, Rebecca Ann (2001). "Tayassu pecari". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ a b c Burnie, p. 222
- ^ Lama sizes:
- Llama: Portman, Charles (2004). "Lama glama". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- Guanaco: Burnie, p. 222
- Alpaca: Castillo-Ruiz, Alexandra (2007). "Lama pacos". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- Vicuña: Burnie, p. 222
- ^ a b Lama habitats and diets:
- Llama: Portman, Charles (2004). "Lama glama". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- Guanaco: Baldi, R. B.; Acebes, P.; Cuéllar, E.; Funes, M.; Hoces, D.; Puig, S.; Franklin, W. L. (2016). "Lama guanicoe".
- Alpaca: Castillo-Ruiz, Alexandra (2007). "Lama pacos". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- Vicuña: Acebes, P.; Wheeler, J.; Baldo, J.; Tuppia, P.; Lichtenstein, G.; Hoces, D.; Franklin, W. L. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Vicugna vicugna". .
- ^ Burnie, p. 247
- ^ .
- ^ Perrin; Wursig; Thewissen, pp. 962–969
- ^ a b Eubalaena habitats and diets:
- Southern right whale: Cooke, J. G.; Zerbini, A. N. (2018). "Eubalaena australis".
- North Atlantic right whale: Cooke, J. G. (2020) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Eubalaena glacialis". .
- North Pacific right whale: Cooke, J. G.; Clapham, P. J. (2018). "Eubalaena japonica". .
- ^ a b Carwardine, pp. 57–75
- ^ Balaenoptera habitats and diets:
- Common minke whale: Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Balaenoptera acutorostrata".
- Antarctic minke whale: Cooke, J. G.; Zerbini, A. N.; Taylor, B. L. (2018). "Balaenoptera bonaerensis". .
- Sei whale: Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Balaenoptera borealis". .
- Eden's whale, Bryde's whale, Rice's whale: Cooke, J. G.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2018). "Balaenoptera edeni". .
- Blue whale: Cooke, J. G. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Balaenoptera musculus". .
- Fin whale: Cooke, J. G. (2018). "Balaenoptera physalus". .
- Omura's whale: Cooke, J. G.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2019) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. "Balaenoptera omurai". .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 51
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 77
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 49
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 165
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 209
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 173
- ^ a b Sotalia habitats and diets:
- Tucuxi: da Silva, V.; Martin, A.; Fettuccia, D.; Bivaqua, L.; Trujillo, F. (2020). "Sotalia fluviatilis".
- Guiana dolphin: Secchi, E.; Santos, M. C. de O.; Reeves, R. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Sotalia guianensis". .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 175–177
- ^ a b Sousa habitats and diets:
- Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin: Jefferson, T. A.; Smith, B. D.; Braulik, G. T.; Perrin, W. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Sousa chinensis".
- Indian Ocean humpback dolphin: Braulik, G. T.; Findlay, K.; Cerchio, S.; Baldwin, R.; Perrin, W. (2017). "Sousa plumbea". .
- Australian humpback dolphin: Parra, G.; Cagnazzi, D.; Perrin, W.; Braulik, G. T. (2017). "Sousa sahulensis". .
- Atlantic humpback dolphin: Collins, T.; Braulik, G. T.; Perrin, W. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Sousa teuszii". .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 179–187
- ^ a b Stenella habitats and diets:
- Pantropical spotted dolphin: Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Stenella attenuata".
- Clymene dolphin: Jefferson, T. A.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Stenella clymene". .
- Striped dolphin: Braulik, G. (2019). "Stenella coeruleoalba". .
- Atlantic spotted dolphin: Braulik, G.; Jefferson, T. A. (2018). "Stenella frontalis". .
- Spinner dolphin: Braulik, G.; Reeves, R. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Stenella longirostris". .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 193
- ^ a b Tursiops habitats and diets:
- Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin: Braulik, G.; Natoli, A.; Kiszka, J.; Parra, G.; Plön, S.; Smith, B. D. (2019). "Tursiops aduncus".
- Common bottlenose dolphin: Wells, R. S.; Natoli, A.; Braulik, G. (2019) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Tursiops truncatus". .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 199–205
- ^ a b Cephalorhynchus habitats and diets:
- Commerson's dolphin: Crespo, E.; Olavarria, C.; Dellabianca, N.; Iñíguez, M.; Ridoux, V.; Reeves, R. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Cephalorhynchus commersonii".
- Chilean dolphin: Heinrich, S.; Reeves, R. (2017). "Cephalorhynchus eutropia". .
- Heaviside's dolphin: Elwen, S.; Gopal, K. (2018). "Cephalorhynchus heavisidii". .
- Hector's dolphin: Reeves, R. R.; Dawson, S. M.; Jefferson, T. A.; Karczmarski, L.; Laidre, K.; O’Corry-Crowe, G.; Rojas-Bracho, L.; Secchi, E. R.; Slooten, E.; Smith, B. D.; Wang, J. Y.; Zhou, K. (2013). "Cephalorhynchus hectori". .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 169–171
- ^ a b Lissodelphis habitats and diets:
- Northern right whale dolphin: Braulik, G.; Jefferson, T. A. (2018). "Lissodelphis borealis".
- Southern right whale dolphin: Braulik, G. (2018). "Lissodelphis peronii". .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 147
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 149–151
- ^ a b Globicephala habitats and diets:
- Short-finned pilot whale: Minton, G.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Globicephala macrorhynchus".
- Long-finned pilot whale: Minton, G.; Reeves, R.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Globicephala melas". .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 207
- ^ .
- ^ a b Carwardine, p. 223
- ^ Orcaella habitats:
- Irrawaddy dolphin: Minton, G.; Smith, B. D.; Braulik, G. T.; Kreb, D.; Sutaria, D.; Reeves, R. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Orcaella brevirostris".
- Australian snubfin dolphin: Parra, G.; Cagnazzi, D.; Beasley, I. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Orcaella heinsohni". .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 157
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 159
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 191
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 153
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 211–221
- ^ a b Lagenorhynchus habitats and diets:
- White-beaked dolphin: Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Lagenorhynchus albirostris".
- Atlantic white-sided dolphin: Braulik, G. (2019). "Lagenorhynchus acutus". .
- ^ a b Carwardine, p. 227
- .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 83–85
- ^ a b Kogia habitats and diets:
- Pygmy sperm whale: Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2020). "Kogia breviceps".
- Dwarf sperm whale: Kiszka, J.; Braulik, G. (2020). "Kogia sima". .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 229
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 93
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 97
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 239
- ^ a b Neophocaena habitats and diets:
- Yangtze finless porpoise: Wang, D.; Turvey, S. T.; Zhao, X.; Mei, Z. (2013). "Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp. asiaeorientalis".
- Indo-Pacific finless porpoise: Wang, J. Y.; Reeves, R. (2017). "Neophocaena phocaenoides". .
- East Asian finless porpoise: Wang, J. Y.; Reeves, R. (2017). "Neophocaena asiaeorientalis". .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 241–247
- ^ a b Phocoena habitats and diets:
- Spectacled porpoise: Dellabianca, N.; Pitman, R. L.; Braulik, G. (2018). "Phocoena dioptrica".
- Harbour porpoise: Braulik, G.; Minton, G.; Amano, M.; Bjørge, A. (2020). "Phocoena phocoena". .
- Vaquita: Rojas-Bracho, L.; Taylor, B. L. (2017). "Phocoena sinus". .
- Burmeister's porpoise: Félix, F.; Alfaro, J.; Reyes, J.; Mangel, J.; Dellabianca, N.; Heinrich, S.; Crespo, E. (2018). "Phocoena spinipinnis". .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 249
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 87
- ^ .
- ^ a b Carwardine, p. 231
- ^ Platanista habitats and diets:
- Ganges river dolphin: Smith, B. D.; Braulik, G. T.; Sinha, R. (2012). "Platanista gangetica ssp. gangetica".
- Indus river dolphin: Braulik, G. T.; Smith, B. D.; Chaudhry, S. (2012). "Platanista gangetica ssp. minor". .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 235
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 105–107
- ^ a b Berardius habitats and diets:
- Arnoux's beaked whale: Brownell Jr., R. L.; Taylor, B. L. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Berardius arnuxii".
- Baird's beaked whale: Taylor, B. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Berardius bairdii". .
- Sato's beaked whale: Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Berardius minimus". .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 109–111
- ^ a b Hyperoodon habitats and diets:
- Northern bottlenose whale: Whitehead, H.; Reeves, R.; Feyrer, L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2021). "Hyperoodon ampullatus".
- Southern bottlenose whale: Taylor, B. L.; Baird, R.; Barlow, J.; Dawson, S. M.; Ford, J.; Mead, J. G.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Wade, P.; Pitman, R. L. (2008). "Hyperoodon planifrons". .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 135
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, pp. 113–139
- ^ a b Mesoplodon habitats and diets:
- Sowerby's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon bidens".
- Andrews' beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon bowdoini". .
- Hubbs' beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon carlhubbsi". .
- Blainville's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon densirostris". .
- Gervais' beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon europaeus". .
- Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon ginkgodens". .
- Gray's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Taylor, B. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon grayi". .
- Hector's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon hectori". .
- Deraniyagala's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon hotaula". .
- Strap-toothed whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon layardii". .
- True's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon mirus". .
- Perrin's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Taylor, B. L.; Barlow, J.; Cooke, J. G. (2020). "Mesoplodon perrini". .
- Pygmy beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Taylor, B. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon peruvianus". .
- Stejneger's beaked whale: Pitman, R. L.; Brownell Jr., R. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon stejnegeri". .
- Spade-toothed whale: Pitman, R. L.; Taylor, B. L. (2020). "Mesoplodon traversii". .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 141
- ^ .
- ^ Carwardine, p. 143
- ^ .
- ^ Fredrickson, Daniel (2009). "Hexaprotodon liberiensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ Mason, Kassandra (2013). "Hippopotamus amphibius". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
- ^ .
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