List of battleships of the Ottoman Empire
In the aftermath of the
Following the conclusion of the Balkan Wars, a naval race began in the Balkans between Greece and the Ottoman Empire. In order to update the fleet, the Ottoman Navy Foundation purchased larger battleships such as Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel, and ordered three planned Reşadiye-class battleships, including the purchase of one that had already been built, the Reşadiye. The United Kingdom confiscated the ships at the outbreak of World War I though only two were nearing completion, Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel and Reşadiye. Upon confiscation, Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel was renamed HMS Agincourt while Reşadiye was renamed HMS Erin.[4] The seizure of these battleships by the Royal Navy outraged the Ottoman people, since public donations had been the source of most of the funds for the ships. The German Empire took advantage of the situation by sending the battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau to the Ottoman capital of Constantinople in 1914, and handing them over to the Ottoman Navy. These two ships entered service as Yavûz Sultân Selîm and Midilli respectively. The British seizure of these ships as well as the transfer of German ships to the Ottoman Navy significantly contributed to the Ottoman Empire's decision to enter World War I on the side of Germany and the Central Powers a few months later.[5][6]
During World War I, many of the Ottoman battleships saw little or no action.[Note 1] Since many were in a poor condition, they simply remained at their moorings for most of the war. Out of all the battleships legally owned by the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the war, half were either scrapped or were seized by the British in the early days of the conflict. Abdül Kadir was scrapped in 1914,[2] while Barbaros Hayreddin was sunk in 1915.[7] Turgut Reis survived the conflict and was scrapped in the 1950s.[7] Of the three planned Reşadiye-class ships, only one, Reşadiye, was ever built, with the rest being cancelled just before the war. Reşadiye was one of the ships seized by the British in August 1914.[4] Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel, which had been bought from Brazil in 1913, was also seized by Britain in August 1914.[6][8] The last battleship in the Ottoman Navy, Yavûz Sultân Selîm, survived the war and was scrapped in 1973.[9][10]
Key
Main guns | Number and type of the main battery guns |
Displacement | Ship displacement at full combat load |
Propulsion | Number of shafts, type of propulsion system, and top speed generated |
Service | Dates work began and finished on the ship and its ultimate fate |
Laid down | Date the keel began to be assembled |
Launched | Date the ship was launched |
Commissioned | Date the ship was commissioned |
Abdül Kadir
Abdül Kadir was the first Ottoman
Ship | Main guns | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate | ||||
Abdül Kadir | 4 × 11-inch (28 cm)[2] | 8,100 metric tons (8,000 long tons)[2] | 2 shafts, 18 kn (33 km/h; 21 mph)[2] | 1892[2] | — | — | Scrapped in 1914 before launch[2] |
Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis
The Ottoman battleships Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis were originally named SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and SMS Weissenburg, respectively. They were members of the German Brandenburg class, the first class of ocean-going battleships built for the German navy. Two other ships of the class were constructed: Brandenburg and Wörth. Of the four, Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and Weissenburg were more advanced in that their armor was composed of higher-quality steel.[11]
Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and Weissenburg were sold to the Ottoman Navy in 1910 and renamed Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis, respectively. The two battleships saw very little service in the Italo-Turkish War and were mostly used to defend the Dardanelles from any Italian naval attacks.[12] Barbaros Hayreddin and Turgut Reis saw heavy service during the Balkan Wars however, failing in two attempts to break the Greek naval blockade of the Dardanelles in December 1912 and January 1913,[3] and providing artillery support to Ottoman ground forces in Thrace.[13] On 8 August 1915, during World War I, Barbaros Hayreddin was torpedoed and sunk off the Dardanelles by the British submarine HMS E11, with heavy loss of life.[7][14] Turgut Reis was largely inactive during World War I, in part due to her slow speed. By 1924, Turgut Reis was used as a school ship before eventually being scrapped in 1956–1957.[7]
Ship | Main guns | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate | ||||
Barbaros Hayreddin | 6 × 28 centimeters (11 in)[15] | 10,670 metric tons (10,500 long tons)[15] | 2 screws, triple expansion engines, 16.5 kn (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph)[15] | May 1890[16] | 30 June 1891[16] | 29 April 1894[17] | Transferred to the Ottoman Empire on 12 September 1910, sunk 8 August 1915[7] |
Turgut Reis | May 1890[16] | 14 December 1891[16] | 14 October 1894[17] | Transferred to the Ottoman Empire on 12 September 1910, scrapped in 1956–1957[7] |
Reşadiye class
Following the purchase of SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and SMS Weissenburg from Germany, the Ottoman Navy drew up plans for a new class of battleships called the Reşadiye class. The class would have consisted of three ships, Reşadiye,
During World War I, HMS Erin was assigned to the 1st Division of the
Ship | Main guns | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate | ||||
Reşadiye | 10 × 13.5 in (34 cm)[5] | 27,900 metric tons (27,500 long tons)[5] | 4 Parsons steam turbines, 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph)[5]
|
1 August 1911[5] | 3 September 1913[5] | August 1914[5] | Seized by the Royal Navy in August 1914,[18] later scrapped in 1922 in Britain[5] |
Reshad-I-Hamiss | — | — | — | Scrapped on the slipway in 1912[5] | |||
Fatih | Unknown[Note 2] | — | — | — | Scrapped on the slipway in 1914[5] |
Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel
Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel went through three names and legally belonged to three different navies in her career. She was originally intended for the Brazilian Navy as Rio de Janeiro, and was laid down on 14 September 1911 by Armstrong Whitworth in Newcastle upon Tyne. After more than a year of construction her hull was launched on 22 January 1913. Because of an economic crisis in Brazil, the uncompleted battleship was sold to the Ottoman Navy on 28 December 1913.[21][22] She was then renamed Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel. Her sea trials were completed the next August, at the outbreak of World War I. When the war began she was still in British hands. When her Ottoman crew came to collect her, the British government seized the vessel for fear of it being used against Britain in the conflict. This act outraged the Ottoman people and was a major factor in turning Turkish public opinion against Britain, which in turn helped to drive the Ottoman Empire into an alliance with the Central Powers.[6][8] Once she was under British control, the battleship was once again renamed, this time as HMS Agincourt. She served in the Royal Navy for the remainder of the war and was decommissioned and scrapped in 1924.[23]
Ship | Main guns | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Launched | Commissioned (Into the Royal Navy) | Fate | ||||
Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel | 14 × 12 in (30 cm)[24] | 27,500 metric tons (27,100 long tons)[25] | 4 Parsons steam turbines, 22 Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers 22 kn (41 km/h; 25 mph)[26] | 14 September 1911[27] | 22 January 1913[27] | 7 August 1914[27] | Seized by the Royal Navy in August 1914 and subsequently renamed HMS Agincourt; scrapped in 1924[25] |
Yavûz Sultân Selîm
SMS Goeben was originally a German battlecruiser and a member of the
Ship | Main guns | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yavûz Sultân Selîm | 10 × 28 cm (11 in)[32] | 25,400 metric tons (25,000 long tons)[32] | 4 screws, Parsons steam turbines, 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph)[32] | 28 August 1909[33] | 28 March 1911[33] | 2 July 1912[33] | Transferred to the Ottoman Navy on 16 August 1914, scrapped in 1973[10] |
See also
- List of battleships
Notes
- Footnotes
- ironcladand later re-constructed into a pre-dreadnought design. (See Sondhaus, p. 218)
- ^ Fatih would have been slightly larger than her sister hips in weight but her exact tonnage is unknown. (See Hore, p. 145)
- Citations
- ^ Langensiepen, Güleryüz, and Cooper, p. 14
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gardiner, p. 309
- ^ a b Hall, pp. 64–65
- ^ a b c Johnston, p. 76
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hore, p. 145
- ^ a b c Hough, pp. 143–144
- ^ a b c d e f Gardiner and Gray, p. 390
- ^ a b Hough, p. 121
- ^ a b Staff, p. 20
- ^ a b Gröner, p. 55
- ^ Herwig, p. 25
- ^ Langensiepen, Güleryüz, and Cooper, p. 15
- ^ Erickson, p. 264
- ^ Halpern, p. 119
- ^ a b c Gröner, p. 13
- ^ a b c d Gardiner, Chesneau, and Kolesnik, p. 247
- ^ a b Gröner, p. 14
- ^ a b Langensiepen, Güleryüz, and Cooper, p. 17
- ^ a b Gardiner and Gray, p. 79
- ^ Gardiner and Gray, p. 144
- ^ Hough, p. 75
- ^ Langensiepen, Güleryüz, and Cooper, pp. 17–18
- ^ Burt, p. 250
- ^ Gardiner and Grey, p. 37
- ^ a b Sondhaus, p. 220
- ^ Burt, pp. 245, 250
- ^ a b c Burt, p. 245
- ^ a b Hore, p. 72
- ^ Langensiepen, Güleryüz, and Cooper, p. 28
- ^ Brice, p. 277
- ^ Gardiner and Gray, p. 391
- ^ a b c Gröner, p. 54
- ^ a b c Staff, p. 12
Bibliography
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- Burt, R. A. (1986). British Battleships of World War One. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-863-8.
- Erickson, Edward J. (2003). Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-97888-4.
- Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. OCLC 12119866.
- Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
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- Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-790-9.
- Hall, Richard C. (2000). The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22946-3.
- Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-352-4.
- Herwig, Holger (1980). "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Amherst, New York: Humanity Books. ISBN 1-57392-286-2.
- Hore, Peter (2006). The Battleships. London: Southwater Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84476-299-6.
- Hough, Richard (1967). The Great Dreadnought: The Strange Story of H.M.S. Agincourt: The Mightiest Battleship of World War I. New York: Harper & Row. OCLC 914101.
- Johnston, Ian. (2000). The Battleships. London: Channel 4 Books. ISBN 978-0-7603-1018-2.
- Langensiepen, Bernd; Güleryüz, Ahmet; Cooper, James, eds. (1995). The Ottoman steam navy, 1828–1923. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-659-7.
- Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). Naval Warfare, 1815–1914. ISBN 978-0-415-21478-0.
- Staff, Gary (2006). German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918. OCLC 64555761.