List of birds of Palestine
This is a list of the bird species recorded in Palestine. The
Orders containing the largest numbers of species are:
The types of avifauna are not equally diffused over the whole area. The Palearctic species are found largely near the coast of the
Ostriches
Order: Struthioniformes Family: Struthionidae
- Common ostrich, Struthio camelus extirpated
- Arabian ostrich, Struthio camelus syriacus extinct
Buzzards, eagles, harriers, hawks, kites and vultures
Order: Falconiformes Family: Accipitridae
- Cinereous vulture/Eurasian black vulture (Aegypius monachus)
- Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) extirpated[6]
- Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)[5]
- Lappet-faced vulture (Torgos tracheliotos)[4]
- Short-toed eagle (Circaetus gallicus)[3]
- Eastern marsh harrier (Circus spilonotus)[3]
- Hen harrier (Circus cyaneus)[3]
- Pallid harrier (Circus macrourus)[3]
- Montague's harrier (Circus pygargus)[3]
- Arabic: الباشق)
- Levant sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes)[3]
- Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
- Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)
- Long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus)[3][5]
- Steppe buzzard (Buteo buteo)[3]
- Arabic: صقر العسل المقنزع, صقر العسل المقنزع بوحقب)
- Greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga)[4][7]
- Lesser spotted eagle (Clanga pomarina)[3]
- Steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis)[3]
- Eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca)[4][5][8]
- Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)[5][9]
- Booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)[3]
- Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata)[3]
- Black kite (Milvus migrans)[3][5]
- Red kite (Milvus milvus)[5]
Cranes
Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae
- Common crane (Grus grus)[3]
Rails, crakes, gallinules and coots
Order:
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the
- Spotted crake (Porzana porzana)[10]
- Little crake (Porzana parva)[10]
- Corn crake (Crex crex)
- Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus)
- Coot (Fulica atra)
Bustards
Order: Gruiformes Family: Otidae
- Little bustard (Tetrax tetrax)[10]
- MacQueen's bustard, (Chlamydotis macqueenii)[4][5][10]
Cormorants
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Pelicans
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
- Great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus)[3]
- Pink-backed pelican (Pelecanus rufescens)[10]
Falcons
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
- Lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni)[3][4][11][12]
- Sooty falcon (Falco concolor)[citation needed]
- Barbary falcon (Falco pelegrinoides)[10]
- Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae)
- Lanner falcon (Falco biarmicus)
- Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus)[10]
- Red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus)
- Saker falcon (Falco cherrug)[10]
- Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)[5][11][13]
- Hobby (Falco subbuteo)
- Merlin (Falco columbarius)
Osprey
Order:
Quails and partridges
Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of
- Chukar (Alectoris chukar)[5]
- Sand partridge (Ammoperdix heyi)
- Arabic: الفر)
Bittern, herons and egrets
Order:
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills, members of this family fly with their necks retracted.
- Bittern (Botaurus stellaris)
- Little bittern (Ixobrychus minutus)
- Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)
- Squacco heron (Ardeola ralloides)
- Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis)
- Little egret (Egretta garzetta)
- Great white egret (Egretta alba)[citation needed]
- Grey heron (Ardea cinerea)
- Purple heron (Ardea purpurea)
Ibises and spoonbills
Order:
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which comprises the ibises and spoonbills. Its members have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary flight feathers. They are strong fliers and, despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
- Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus)[citation needed]
- Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia)
Ducks, geese and swans
Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. There are 131 species worldwide.
- Arabic: البجع الصاخب) Occasional rare wander
- Arabic: الإوز الأوروبي) Occasional rare wander
- Common shelduck (Tadorna tadorna)[10]
- Ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea).[10]
- Marbled teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris).[10]
- Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope)
- Gadwall (Anas strepera)
- Garganey (Anas querquedula)
- Eurasian teal (Anas crecca)
- Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)[citation needed]
- Northern pintail (Anas acuta)
- Northern shoveler (Anas clypeata)
- Ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca)[10]
- Tufted duck (Aythya fuligula)[10]
- Red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator)[10]
- White-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala)[10]
Storks
.jpg)
Order:
- Black stork (Ciconia nigra)[3]
Tropicbirds
Order:
- Red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus)[citation needed]
Flamingoes
Order:
- Greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)[11][14]
Kingfishers
Order:
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
- Common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)
Bee-eaters
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, southern Asia, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long down-turned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. There are 26 species worldwide.
- Arabian green bee-eater (Merops cyanophrys)[citation needed]
- Blue-cheeked bee-eater (Merops persicus)[11][14]
- European bee-eater (Merops apiaster)[citation needed]
Typical rollers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. There are 12 species worldwide.
- Arabic: أبو زريق)
Hoopoe
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Upupidae
Hoopoes have black, white and pink plumage and a large erectile crest on the head. There are two species worldwide.
- Hoopoe (Upupa epops)
Woodpeckers
Order:
- Syrian woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus); common resident.<ref=Safadi2>Al- Safadi, M.M. (2004). On the breeding biology of the Syrian woodpecker, Dendrocopos syriacus syriacus in the Gaza Strip. Zoology in the Middle East. 32: 5-10.</ref>
- Eurasian wryneck (Jynx torquilla)[10]
Thrushes
Order:
- Common blackbird (Turdus merula); common winter visitor (WV) and locally common resident[9]
- Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris); occasional WV[9]
- Mistle thrush (Turdus viscivorus); occasional WV[9]
- Redwing (Turdus iliacus)[10]
- Song thrush (Turdus philomelos); very common WV[9]
- Blue thrush (Monticola solitarius); common WV and locally common resident[9]
- Rock thrush (Monticola saxatilis); uncommon migrant, common in some years[9]
Old World flycatchers
Order:
- Arabian wheatear (Oenanthe fins chi); common WV and resident in the south[9]
- Black-eared wheatear (Oenanthe hispanica); very common[9]
- Common wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe); common migrant[9]
- Desert wheatear (Oenanthe deserti); uncommon resident[9]
- Eastern pied wheatear (Oenanthe pleschanka); once recorded from Rafah[9]
- Hooded wheatear (Oenanthe monacha); rare resident[9]
- Isabelline wheatear (Oenanthe isabellina); common migrant and locally common resident[9]
- Tristram's wheatear (Oenanthe moesta); rare resident[9]
- Mourning wheatear/pied wheatear (Oenanthe lugens); locally common resident[5][7][9][12]
- White rumped wheatear (Oenanthe leucopyga); uncommon resident near Dead Sea[9]
- African stonechat (Saxicola torquata); common WV[9]
- Whinchat (Saxicola rubetra); uncommon migrant[9]
- Black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros); common WV[9]
- Common redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus); common migrant[9]
- Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica svecica); fairly common WV[9]
- Nightingale (Luscinia megarhyncha); migrant (Tristram states that it breeds in Palestine)[9]
- Arabic: العندليب, العندليب الأرقط)
- White-spotted bluethroat (Luscinia s. volgae); WV less common[9]
- Robin (Erithacus rubecula); common WV[5][9]
- Spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa striata)
- Collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis)
- European pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca)
- Red-breasted flycatcher (Ficedula parva)
- Semi-collared flycatcher(Ficedula semitorquata)
Old World warblers
Order:
- Barred warbler (Sylvia nisoria); rare migrant[9]
- Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla); common WV, a few remain to breed[9]
- Bowman's warbler (Sylvia melanocephala momus) subspecies of Sardinian warbler; common resident[9]
- Desert warbler (Sylvia nana); only recorded from south end of Dead Sea[9]
- Garden warbler (Sylvia borin); common migrant that Tristram states breeds in Palestine[9]
- Lesser whitethroat (Sylvia curruca); common migrant that perhaps breeds in Palestine[9][10]
- Menetries's warbler (Sylvia mystacea)
- Orphean warbler (Sylvia hortensis); common migrant and summer visitor (SV)[9]
- Palestine warbler (Sylvia melanothorax); one pair obtained by Tristram near the Dead Sea[9]
- Red Sea warbler(Sylvia leucomelaena)
- Rüppell's warbler (Sylvia ruppeli); uncommon migrant[9]
- Sardinian warbler (Sylvia melanocephala); fairly common resident[9]
- Spectacled warbler (Sylvia conspicillata); fairly common resident[9][10]
- Subalpine warbler (Sylvia cantillans); uncommon migrant and SV[9]
- Whitethroat (Sylvia communis); common migrant and SV (summer visitor)[9][10]
- Icterine warbler (Hippolais icterina)[10]
- Olive-tree warbler (Hypolais olivetorum); common migrant and a few remain to breed[9]
- Upcher's warbler (Hypolais languida); common SV in the hills[9]
- Jordan valley[9]
- River warbler (Locustella fluviatilis)
- Savi's warbler (Locustella luscinioides)[10]
- Cetti's warbler (Cettia cetti)[10]
- Clamorous reed warbler (Acrocephalus stentoreus); common SV in Hula marshes[9][10]
- Reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus); common migrant[9]
- Great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinacea); common SV[9][10]
- Marsh warbler (Acrocephalus palustris); migrant[9]
- Moustached warbler (Acrocephalus melanopogon)[10]
- Sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus)
Cisticolas and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae
- Fan-tailed warbler (Cisticola cisticola); locally common resident[9]
- Graceful warbler (Prinia gracilis); common resident[9]
- Yellow-browed warbler (Phylloscopus superciliosus); one obtained by Tristram at Jericho in 1864[9]
- Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita); common WV[9]
- Willow warbler (Phylloscopus irochilus); common migrant[9]
- Wood warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix); common migrant in the plains[9]
- Bonelli's warbler (Phylloscopus bonellii); common migrant and uncommon SV[9]
Streaked scrub warbler
Order:
- Streaked scrub warbler (Scotocerca inquieta); uncommon resident[9]
Crows and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
- Brown-necked raven (Corvus ruficollis)
- Common raven (Corvus corax)
- Fan-tailed raven (Corvus rhipidurus)
- Hooded crow (Corvus cornix)[5]
- House crow (Corvus splendens)
- Jackdaw (Corvus monedula)[5]
Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
- European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)[5]
- Rosy starling (Pastor roseus)
- Tristram's starling/Tristram's grackle (Onychognathus tristramii)[7]
Larks
Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
- Thick-billed lark (Ramphocoris clotbey)
- Bimaculated lark (Melanocorypha bimaculata)
- Calandra lark (Melanocorypha calandra)
- Lesser short-toed lark (Alaudala rufescens)
- Greater short-toed lark (Calandrella brachydactyla)
- Crested lark (Galerida cristata)[5]
- Woodlark (Lullula arborea)
- Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis)
- Oriental skylark (Alauda gulgula)
- Temminck's horned lark(Eremophila bilopha)
- Desert lark (Ammomanes deserti)[5]
Swallows and martins
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. There are 75 species worldwide.
- Common house martin(Delichon urbica)
- Sand martin (Riparia riparia)
- Crag martin (Ptyonoprogne rupestris)[5][10]
- Rock martin (Ptyonoprogne fuligula)[5][10]
- Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)[5] and the sub-species Egyptian barn swallow (Hirundo rustica savignii)[5]
- Red-rumped swallow (Hirundo daurica)[5]
Shrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for the habit of some species of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.
- Isabelline shrike (Lanius isabellinus)
- Great grey shrike (Lanius excubitor)[7][15][16]
- Lesser grey shrike (Lanius minor)
- Masked shrike (Lanius nubicus)[13][15]
- Red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio)
- Woodchat shrike (Lanius senator)
Finches
Order:
Finches are passerine birds known for their stout conical bills adapted for eating seeds and which often have colourful plumage. Some finches, particularly, the goldfinch, are known for their pleasant to cacophonous song, which changes in pitch and in tone, from trills into twitters.
- European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis)
Bulbuls
Order:
Bulbuls are renowned for their melodious tunes, hence its name in Arabic: (بلبل),
- White-spectacled bulbul (Pycnonotus xanthopygos)
Avocets and stilts
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. There are nine species worldwide
- Pied avocet (Recurvrostra avosetta)[19]
- Black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus)[citation needed]
Thick-knees
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the
- Stone curlew(Burhinus oedicnemus)
Oystercatchers
Order:
- Eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus)[10]
Plovers and lapwings
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae
- Little ringed plover (Charadrius dubius)
- Ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula)[citation needed]
- Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus)
- Caspian plover (Charadrius asiaticus)
- Spur-winged plover (Vanellus spinosus)[20]
- White-tailed plover (Vanellus leucurus)[citation needed]
- Northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus)[citation needed]
- Sociable lapwing (Vanellus gregarius)[4]
- Pacific golden plover (Pluvialis fulva)[citation needed]
- Eurasian golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria)[citation needed]
- Grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola)[citation needed]
Pratincoles and coursers
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long pointed bills which curve downwards.
- Cream-coloured courser (Cursorius cursor)[10]
- Collared pratincole (Glareola pratincola)[10]
- Black-winged pratincole (Glareola nordmanni)[10]
Gulls
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls and kittiwakes. They are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet.
- Arabic: النورس اسود الرأس)[citation needed]
- Great black-headed gull (Larus ichthyaetus)[citation needed]
- Baltic gull/lesser black-headed gull (Larus fuscus)[10]
- White-eyed gull (Larus leucophthalmus)[citation needed]
- Armenian gull (Larus armenicus)[10]
Skuas
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. There are seven species worldwide.
- Pomarine skua (Stercorarius pomarinus)[10]
Terns
Order: Charadriiformes Family: Sternidae
Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
- Gull-billed tern (Gelochelidon nilotica)
- Common tern (Sterna hirundo)[10]
- Little tern (Sterna albifrons)
- Whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybridus)
- White-winged tern/white–winged black tern (Chlidonias leucopterus)[10]
Sandpipers and allies
Order:
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
- Little stint (Calidris minuta)
- Temminck's stint (Calidris temminckii)[10]
- Curlew sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea)
- Dunlin (Calidris alpina)[10]
- Ruff (Philomachus pugnax)
- Jack snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus)[10]
- Eurasian woodcock (Scolopax rusticola), vagrant recorded in the Gaza Strip[21]
- Snipe (Gallinago gallinago)
- Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata)
- Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus)[10]
- Spotted redshank (Tringa erythropus)[10]
- Redshank (Tringa totanus)
- Greenshank(Tringa nebularia)
- Green sandpiper (Tringa ochropus)
- Wood sandpiper (Tringa glareola)[10]
- Common sandpiper (Tringa hypoleucos)
- Sanderling (Calidris alba)[10]
- Black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa)[10]
- Bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica)[10]
- Terek sandpiper (Xenus cinereus)[10]
- Turnstone (Arenaria interpres)[10]
Pigeons and doves
Order:
- Columba livia schimperi[22]
- Stock dove (Columba oenas)
- Wood pigeon (Columba palumbus)[10]
- Eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto)[22]
- Arabic: اليمام القمري)[22]
- Oriental turtle dove (Streptopelia orientalis)[22]
- Laughing dove (Spilopelia senegalensis)[22]
- Namaqua dove (Oena capensis)[22]
- African collared dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea)[22]
- Barbary dove (Streptopelia risoria)[22]
Cuckoos
Order:
The family Cuculidae includes
- Great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius)
- Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus)[5]
Sandgrouse
Order:
- Crowned sandgrouse (Pterocles coronatus)
- Black-bellied sandgrouse (Pterocles orientalis)[citation needed]
Barn owls
Order:
Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. There are 16 species worldwide.
- Barn owl (Tyto alba)
Typical owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
The
- Brown fish-owl(Bubo zeylonensis semenowi)
- Eagle owl(Bubo bubo)
- Pharaoh eagle-owl (Bubo ascalaphus); resident in the southern desert.
- Striated scops owl(Otus brucei)
- Scops owl (Otus scops)
- Little owl (Athene noctua)[5]
- Long-eared owl (Asio otus)
- Short-eared owl (Asio flammeus)[5]
Nightjars
Order:
Nightjars are medium-sized ground-nesting nocturnal birds with long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. There are 86 species worldwide.
- European nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) common migrant.[9]
- Nubian nightjar (Caprimulgus nubicus)[9]
- Red-necked nightjar (Caprimulgus ruficollis); once recorded from Jerusalem.[9]
Swifts
Order:
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. There are 98 species worldwide.
- Alpine swift (Apus melba)[5]
- Arabic: السمامة)[5]
- Little swift (Apus affinis)
- Pallid swift (Apus pallidus)
Other
- Hedge sparrow (Prunella modularis); fairly common WV[9]
- Arabic: تمير فلسطيني)
- Yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava)[citation needed]
References
- ^ Hastings, 2004, p. 762.
- ^ a b H. B. Tristam (1885). "The survey of Western Palestine: The Fauna and Flora of Palestine". The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Migratory Soaring Birds". Palestine Wildlife Society. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g BirdLife International in partnership with Palestine Wildlife Society (PWLS); Globally threatened species in Palestinian Authority Territories
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac R. W. Sheppard (1933) Notes on The Birds of Jerusalem.
- . Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d A Day in Wadi Qelt By Sami Backleh This week in Palestine
- ^ BirdLife Species Factsheet, Eastern Imperial Eagle
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg Harry Charles Luke; Edward Keith Roach, eds. (1922). "The Handbook of Palestine". MacMillan and Co. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Birds of Gaza Strip and their threats Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e Palestine Wildlife Society Archived 2009-08-25 at the Wayback Machine, Palestine Wildlife Society; Birds Archived 2009-01-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b PWLS Jerusalem Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b PWLS, Jerusalem Mountains Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c PWLS Wadi Gaza Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Palestine Wildlife Society Archived 2009-08-25 at the Wayback Machine and Palestine Wildlife Society; Birds Archived 2009-01-31 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ PWLS, Jordan valley Archived 2010-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kordova, Shoshana (July 13, 2014). "Word of the Day / Bulbul: Just Don't Confuse the Bird With the Man". haaretz.com. Haaretz. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
- ^ Klein, Ernest (1987). "A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of Hebrew Language" (PDF). Retrieved December 31, 2017.
- ^ "Wadi Gaza one of the Important Bird areas in Gaza Strip". Palestine Wildlife Society. Archived from the original on 2011-08-25. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
- ^ Al- Safadi, M.M. (1997). On the breeding biology of the Spur - winged Plover, Hoplopterus spinosus, in Gaza Strip. Zoology in the Middle East. 14:47-52
- ^ "Gaza Strip birds=18 November 2023". scrip.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Abd Rabou, Abdel Fattah N.; Abd Rabou, Mohammed A. (2019). "Notes on the Pigeons and Doves (Family Columbidae) Occurring in the Gaza Strip, Palestine" (PDF). Jordan Journal of Natural History. 6: 30–38.
Bibliography
- Hastings, James (2004). A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume II: (Part II: I -- Kinsman) (Illustrated ed.). The Minerva Group, Inc. ISBN 9781410217257.
External links
- Bird Life in the Valley by the Brighton Tubas Friendship and Solidarity Group
- Bird links to the world: Palestine by BirdLife International
- Bird Migration Festival by Visit Palestine: Your Guide to Palestine
- Bird ringing by the Palestine Wildlife Society