List of book-burning incidents
Notable book burnings – the public burning of books for ideological reasons – have taken place throughout history.
Antiquity
A scroll written by the Hebrew prophet Jeremiah (burnt by King Jehoiakim)
About 600 BC, Jeremiah of Anathoth wrote that the King of Babylon would destroy the land of Judah. As recounted in Jeremiah 36, Jeremiah's scroll was read before Jehoiakim, King of Judah, in the presence of important officials; King Jehoiakim destroyed the scroll in a fire, and then sought to have Jeremiah arrested.[1]
Protagoras' "On the Gods" (by Athenian authorities)
The Classical Greek philosopher
Democritus' writings (by Plato)
The philosopher Plato is said to have greatly disliked fellow-philosopher Democritus and wanted all of Democritus' books burned. Aristoxenus in his Historical Notes affirms that "Plato wished to burn all the writings of Democritus that he could collect".[a] In his own lifetime, Plato was not in a position to destroy all copies of his rival's writings, but Plato's purpose was largely achieved through the choices made by scribes in later Classical times. Plato's own writings were frequently copied, and unlike nearly all of his philosophical contemporaries, Plato's entire work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years.[6] Conversely, none of Democritus' writings have survived, and only fragments are known from his vast body of work.[7] Still, these fragments are enough to let many consider Democritus to be "The Father of Modern Science".[8]
Chinese philosophy books (by Emperor Qin Shi Huang and anti-Qin rebels)
During the Warring States period, China was divided into various states – each of which had its own historians, writing over centuries their version of the history of their state and its relations with neighbors and rivals. Following Qin's conquest of all the others, Emperor Qin Shi Huang – on the advice of his minister Li Si – ordered the burning of all philosophy books and history books from states other than Qin – beginning in 213 BC. This was followed by the live burial of a large number of intellectuals who did not comply with the state dogma.[citation needed]
Li Si is reported to have said: "I, your servant, propose that all historian's records other than those of
The damage to Chinese culture was compounded during the revolts which ended the short rule of Qin Er Shi, Qin Shi Huang's son. The imperial palace and state archives were burned, destroying many of the remaining written records that had been spared by the father.[citation needed]
Several other large book burnings also occurred in Chinese history.[10] It appears they occurred in every dynasty following the Qin, but it is unknown how often.[11]
Books of pretended prophecies (by Roman authorities)
In 186 BC, in an effort to suppress the
Jewish holy books (by the Seleucid monarch Antiochus IV)
In 168 BC the
Roman history book (by the aediles)
In 25 AD Senator Aulus Cremutius Cordus was forced to commit suicide and his History was burned by the aediles, under the order of the senate. The book's praise of Brutus and Cassius, who had assassinated Julius Caesar, was considered an offence under the lex majestatis. A copy of the book was saved by Cordus' daughter Marcia, and it was published again under Caligula. However, only a few fragments survived to the present.[14][15][16]
Greek and Latin prophetic verse (by the emperor Augustus)
Suetonius tells us that, at the death of Marcus Lepidus (about 13 BC), Augustus assumed the office of Chief Priest, and burned over two thousand copies of Greek and Latin prophetic verse then current, the work of anonymous or unrespected authors (preserving the Sibylline Books).[17]
Torah scroll (by a Roman soldier)
Sorcery scrolls (by early converts to Christianity at Ephesus)
About the year 55 according to the New Testament book of Acts, early converts to Christianity in Ephesus who had previously practiced sorcery burned their scrolls: "A number who had practised sorcery brought their scrolls together and burned them publicly. When they calculated the value of the scrolls, the total came to fifty thousand drachmas." (Acts 19:19, NIV)[20]
Rabbi Haninah ben Teradion burned with a Torah scroll (under Hadrian)
Under the emperor
Burning of the Torah by Apostomus (precise time and circumstances debated)
Among five catastrophes said to have overtaken the Jews on the Seventeenth of Tammuz, the Mishnah[23] includes "the burning of the Torah by Apostomus". Since no further details are given and there are no other references to Apostomus in Jewish or non-Jewish sources, the exact time and circumstances of this traumatic event are debated, historians assigning to it different dates in Jewish history under Seleucid or Roman rule, and it might be identical with one of the events noted above.[24]
Epicurus' book (in Paphlagonia)
The book Established beliefs of Epicurus was burned in a Paphlagonian marketplace by order of the charlatan Alexander of Abonoteichus, supposed prophet of Glycon, the son of Asclepius ca 160[25]
Manichaean and Christian scriptures (by Diocletian)
The
Books of Arianism (after Council of Nicaea)
The books of Arius and his followers, after the first Council of Nicaea (325 C.E.), were burned for heresy by the Roman emperors Constantine, Honorius, and Theodosius I, who published a decree commanding that, "the doctrine of the Trinity should be embraced by those who would be called catholics; that all others should bear the infamous name of heretics".[30][31]
Library of Antioch (by Jovian)
In 364, the Roman Catholic
"Unacceptable writings" (by Athanasius)
The Sibylline books (various times)
The
Writings of Priscillian (by Roman authorities)
In 385, the theologian
Etrusca Disciplina (by Roman authorities)
Etrusca Disciplina, the Etruscan books of cult and divination, were collected and burned in the 5th century.[38][39]
Books on astrology (by Roman authorities)
In 409, the emperors Theodosius II and Honorius ordered that astrologers burn their books on pain of expulsion.[40]
Nestorius' books (by Theodosius II)
The books of Nestorius, declared to be heresy, were burned under an edict of Theodosius II(435).[41][42] The Greek originals of most writings were irrevocably destroyed, surviving mainly in Syriac translations.[citation needed]
Middle Ages
"Book of the Miracles of Creation" (reportedly destroyed by Saint Brendan)
According to the Dutch
Patriarch Eutychius' book (by Emperor Tiberius II Constantine)
Repeated destruction of Alexandria libraries (multiple people)
The so-called "Daughter Library"
Iconoclast writings (by Byzantine authorities)
Following the "
Qur'anic texts with varying wording (ordered by the 3rd Caliph, Uthman)
Competing prayer books (at Toledo)
After the conquest of
Abelard forced to burn his own book (at Soissons)
The provincial synod held at Soissons (in France) in 1121 condemned the teachings of the famous theologian Peter Abelard as heresy; he was forced to burn his own book before being shut up inside the convent of St. Medard at Soissons.[52]
The writings of Arnold of Brescia (in France and Rome)
The rebellious monk Arnold of Brescia – Abelard's pupil and colleague – refused to abjure his views after they were condemned at the Synod of Sens in 1141, and went on to lead the Commune of Rome in direct opposition to the Pope, until he was executed in 1155.[citation needed]
The Church ordered the burning of all his writings; this was done so thoroughly than none of them survives and it is unknown even what they were – except for what can be inferred from polemics against him.
Nalanda University (by Bakhtiyar Khilji)
The library of
Samanid dynasty library (by Turks)
The Royal Library of the
Buddhist writings in the Maldives (by royal dynasty converted to Islam)
Following the conversion of the
Buddhist writings in the Gangetic plains region of India (by Turk-Mongol raiders)
According to William Johnston, as part of the
Alamut Castle (by Mongols)
The famous library of the
Ismaili Shite writings at Al-Azhar (by Saladin)
Between 120,000 and 2,000,000 were destroyed under
Destruction of Cathar texts (Languedoc region of France, by the Catholic Church)
During the 13th century, the Catholic Church waged a brutal campaign against the
Maimonides' philosophy (at Montpellier)
The Talmud (at Paris), first of many such burnings over the next centuries (by Royal and Church authorities)
In 1242, The French crown burned all copies of the
The Church's original stance alleged that the Talmud contained blasphemous writings towards Jesus Christ and his mother Mary, attacks against the Church and other offensive pronouncements against non-Jews,[64] which led subsequent popes to organize public burnings of Jewish books. The best known of these were Innocent IV (1243–1254), Clement IV (1256–1268), John XXII (1316–1334), Paul IV (1555–1559), Pius V (1566–1572) and Clement VIII (1592–1605).[citation needed]
Once the printing press was invented, the Church found it impossible to destroy entire printed editions of the Talmud and other sacred books.
Rabbi Nachmanides' account of the Disputation of Barcelona (by Dominicans)
In 1263 the
The House of Wisdom library (By Mongols)
The
Lollard books and writings (by English law)
The
Wycliffe's books (at Prague)
On 20 December 1409, Pope
Villena's books (in Castile)
Your Majesty, after the death of
Don Enrique de Villena, as a Christian king, you sent me, your devoted follower, to burn his books, which I executed in the presence of your servants. These actions, and other ones, are a testament to your Majesty's devotion to Christianity. While this is praiseworthy, on the other hand, it is useful to entrust some books to reliable people who would use them solely with the goal of educating themselves to better defend the Christian religion and faith and to bedevil idolaters and practitioners of necromancy.[77]
Codices of the peoples conquered by the Aztecs (by Itzcoatl)
According to the
Gemistus Plethon's Nómoi (by Patriarch Gennadius II)
After the death of the prominent late Byzantine scholar
Early Modern Period (from 1492 to 1650)
Decameron, Ovid and other "lewd" books (by Savonarola)
In 1497, followers of the Italian priest
Arabic and Hebrew books (in Andalucía)
In 1490, a number of
Arabic books and archives in Oran (by Spanish conquerors)
In 1509 Spanish forces commanded by Count
Catholic theological works (by Martin Luther)
At the instruction of Reformer
Lutheran and other Protestant writings (in the Habsburg Netherlands)
In March 1521 Emperor
The works of Galen and Avicenna (by Paracelsus)
In 1527, the innovative physician Paracelsus was licensed to practice in Basel, with the privilege of lecturing at the University of Basel. He published harsh criticism of the Basel physicians and apothecaries, creating political turmoil to the point of his life being threatened. He was prone to many outbursts of abusive language, abhorred untested theory, and ridiculed anybody who placed more importance on traditional medical texts than on practice ('The patients are your textbook, the sickbed is your study. If disease put us to the test, all our splendor, title, ring, and name will be as much help as a horse's tail').[86] In a display of his contempt for conventional medicine, Paracelsus publicly burned editions of the works of Galen and Avicenna – two of the most highly respected traditional medical texts, which established physicians tended to trust without reservations, but which according to Paracelsus contained many serious medical errors.[citation needed]
Books and papers of the Portuguese Order of Christ (By Fra António of Lisbon)
In 1523, Fra António (also known as Antonius of Lisbon) a Spanish-born
Servetus' writings (burned with their author at Geneva, and also burned at Vienne)
In 1553,
The Historie of Italie (In England)
The Historie of Italie (1549), a scholarly and in itself not particularly controversial book by
Religious and other writings of the Saint Thomas Christians (by the Portuguese Church in India)
On June 20, 1599
Maya codices (by Spanish Bishop of Yucatan)
July 12, 1562, Fray
Arabic books in Spain (owners ordered to destroy their own books by King Philip II)
In 1567,
"Obscene" Maltese poetry (by the Inquisition)
In 1584 Pasquale Vassallo, a Maltese Dominican friar, wrote a collection of songs, of the kind known as "canczuni", in Italian and Maltese. The poems fell into the hands of other Dominican friars who denounced him for writing "obscene literature". At the order of the Inquisition in 1585 the poems were burned for this allegedly 'obscene' content.[99]
Arwi books (by Portuguese in India and Ceylon)
With the 16th-century extension of the
Luther's Bible translation (by German Catholics)
Martin Luther's 1534 German translation of the Bible was burned in Catholic-dominated parts of Germany in 1624, by order of the Pope.[100]
Uriel da Costa's book (by Jewish community and city authorities in Amsterdam)
The 1624 book An Examination of the Traditions of the Pharisees, written by the dissident Jewish intellectual
Marco Antonio de Dominis' writings (in Rome)
The theologian and scientist Marco Antonio de Dominis came in 1624 into conflict with the Inquisition in Rome and was declared "a relapsed heretic". He died in prison, which did not end his trial. On December 21, 1624, his body was burned together with his works.[102][103]
Early Modern Period (1650 to 1800)
Books burned by civil, military and ecclesiastical authorities between 1640 and 1660 (in Cromwell's England)
Sixty identified printed books, pamphlets and broadsheets and 3 newsbooks were ordered to be burned during this turbulent period, spanning the English Civil War and Oliver Cromwell's rule.[104]
Socinian and Anti-Trinitarian books (by secular and church authorities in the Dutch Republic)
As noted by
Book criticising Puritanism (in Boston)
The first book burning incident in the
Manuscripts of John Amos Comenius (by anti-Swedish Polish partisans)
During the Northern Wars in 1655, the well-known Bohemian Protestant theologian and educator John Amos Comenius, then living in exile at the city of Leszno in Poland, declared his support for the Protestant Swedish side. In retaliation, Polish partisans burned his house, his manuscripts, and his school's printing press. Notably, the original manuscript of Comenius' Pansophiæ Prodromus was destroyed in the fire; fortunately, the text had already been printed and thus survived.[citation needed]
Quaker books (in Boston)
In 1656 the authorities at Boston imprisoned the
Pascal's "Lettres provinciales" (by King Louis XIV)
As part of his intensive campaign against the
Hobbes books (at Oxford University)
In 1683 several books by
Mythical (and/or mystical) writings of Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (by rabbis)
During the 1720s rabbis in Italy and Germany ordered the burning of the
Protestant books and Bibles (by Archbishop of Salzburg)
In 1731 Count Leopold Anton von Firmian –
Amalasunta (by Carlo Goldoni)
In 1733, Venetian playwright
The writings of Johann Christian Edelmann (by Imperial authorities in Frankfurt)
In 1750, the Imperial Book Commission of the
Works of Voltaire
At first, the French philosopher Voltaire's arrival at the court of King Frederick the Great was a great success. However, in late 1751, king and philosopher quarreled over Voltaire's pamphlet Doctor Akakia (French: Histoire du Docteur Akakia et du Natif de St Malo), a satirical essay of a very biting nature directed against Maupertuis, the president of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin - whom Voltaire considered a pretentious pedant. It so excited the anger of King Frederick, the patron of the academy, that he ordered all copies to be seized and burnt by the common hangman. The order was effective in Prussia, but the King could not prevent some 30,000 copies being sold in Paris. In the aftermath, Voltaire had to leave Prussia, though he and King Frederick were later reconciled.[citation needed]
Voltaire's works were burnt several times in pre-revolutionary France. In his Lettres philosophique, published in Rouen in 1734, he described British attitudes toward government, literature, and religion, and clearly implied that the British constitutional monarchy was better than the French absolute one – which led to the book being burned.[citation needed]
Later, Voltaire's Dictionnaire philosophique, which was originally called the Dictionnaire philosophique portatif, had its first volume, consisting of 73 articles in 344 pages, burnt upon release in June 1764.[117]
An "economic
Books that offended Qianlong Emperor
China's
Anti-Wilhelm Tell tract (Canton of Uri)
The 1760 tract by Simeon Uriel Freudenberger from
Vernacular Catholic hymn books (at Mainz)
In 1787, an attempt by the Catholic authorities at Mainz to introduce vernacular hymn books encountered strong resistance from conservative Catholics, who refused to abandon the old Latin books and who seized and burned copies of the new German language books.[121]
The Libro d'Oro (in the French-ruled Ionian Islands)
With the
Industrial Revolution period
"The Burned Book" (by Rabbi Nachman of Breslov)
In 1808,
Records of the Goa Inquisition (by Portuguese colonial authorities)
In 1812 the Goa Inquisition was suppressed, after hundreds of years in which it had been enacting various kinds of religious persecution in the Portuguese colony of Goa, India. In the aftermath, most of the Goa Inquisition's records were destroyed – a great loss to historians, making it is impossible to know the exact number of the Inquisition's victims.[123]
The Code Napoléon (by German Nationalist students)
On October 18, 1817, about 450 students, members of the newly founded German
William Blake manuscripts (by Frederick Tatham)
The poet William Blake died in 1827, and his manuscripts were left with his wife Catherine. After her death in 1831, the manuscripts were inherited by Frederick Tatham, who burned some that he deemed heretical or politically radical. Tatham was an Irvingite, member of one of the many fundamentalist movements of the 19th century, and opposed to any work that smacked of "blasphemy".[125] At the time, Blake was nearly forgotten, and Tatham could act with impunity. When Blake was re-discovered some decades later and recognized as a major English poet, the damage was already done.[citation needed]
Count István Széchenyi's book (by conservative Hungarian nobles)
In 1825 Count István Széchenyi came to the fore as a major Hungarian reformer. Though himself a noble, a magnate from one of Hungary's most powerful families, Szechenyi published Hitel (Credit), a book arguing that the nobles' privileges were both morally indefensible and economically detrimental to the nobles themselves. In 1831, angry conservative nobles publicly burned copies of Széchenyi's book.[citation needed]
Early braille books (in Paris)
In 1842, officials at the school for the blind in Paris were ordered by its new director, Armand Dufau, to burn books written in the new braille code. After every braille book at the institute that could be found was burned, supporters of the code's inventor, Louis Braille, rebelled against Dufau by continuing to use the code, and braille was eventually restored at the school.[126]
Libraries of Buddhist monasteries (during the Taiping Rebellion)
The
Following the suppression of the Taiping Rebellion, the victorious forces of the Qing dynasty engaged in their own extensive destruction of books and records. It is thought that only a tenth of Taiping-published records survive to this day, as they were mostly destroyed by the Qing in an attempt to rewrite the history of the conflict.[129]
"The Bonnie Blue Flag" (by Union General Benjamin Butler)
During the
On the Ancient Cypriots (by Ottoman Authorities)
Following its publication in 1869, the book On the Ancient Cypriots by
"Lewd" books (by Anthony Comstock and the NYSSV)
Anthony Comstock founded the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV) in 1873 and over the years burned 15 tons of books, 284,000 pounds of plate, and almost 4 million pictures. The NYSSV was financed by wealthy and influential New York philanthropists. Lobbying the United States Congress also led to the enactment of the Comstock laws.[citation needed]
Pedigrees and books of Muslim law and theology (By the Mahdi in Sudan)
After establishing his rule over
Emily Dickinson's correspondence (on her orders)
Following the death of noted American poet Emily Dickinson in 1890, her sister Lavinia Dickinson burned almost all of her correspondences in keeping with Emily's wishes, but as it was unclear whether the forty notebooks and loose sheets all filled with almost 1800 poems were to be included in this, Lavinia saved these and began to publish the poems that year.[131][132] When Dickinson's work gained prominence, scholars greatly regretted the loss of the papers which Lavinia Dickinson did burn, and which might have helped elucidate some puzzling references in the poems.[citation needed]
Ivan Bloch's research on Russian Jews (by Tsarist Russian government)
In 1901 the
Italian Nationalist literature (by Austrian authorities in Trieste)
In the tense period following the
World War I and interwar era
Books in Serbian (by World War I Bulgarian Army)
In the aftermath of the Serbian defeat in the
Valley of the Squinting Windows (at Delvin, Ireland)
In 1918 the
George Grosz's cartoons (by court order in Weimar Germany)
In June 1920 the left-wing German cartoonist George Grosz produced a lithographic collection in three editions entitled Gott mit uns. A satire on German society and the counterrevolution, the collection was swiftly banned. Grosz was charged with insulting the army, which resulted in a court order to have the collection destroyed. The artist also had to pay a 300 German Mark fine.[136]
Margaret Sanger's Family Limitation (by British court order)
In 1923 the anarchist Guy Aldred and his partner and co-worker Rose Witcop, a birth control activist, published together a British edition of Margaret Sanger's Family Limitation – a key pioneering work on the subject. They were denounced by a London magistrate for this "indiscriminate" publication.[137] The two lodged an appeal, strongly supported in their legal struggle by Dora Russell – who, with her husband Bertrand Russell and John Maynard Keynes, paid the legal costs.[138] However, it was to no avail. Despite expert testimony from a consultant to Guy's Hospital and evidence at the appeal that the book had only been sold to those aged over twenty-one, the court ordered the entire stock to be destroyed.[139]
Theodore Dreiser's works (at Warsaw, Indiana)
Trustees of Warsaw, Indiana, ordered the burning of all the library's works by local author Theodore Dreiser in 1935.[140]
Works of Goethe, Shaw, and Freud (by Metaxas dictatorship in Greece)
Ioannis Metaxas, who held dictatorial power in Greece between 1936 and 1941, conducted an intensive campaign against what he considered Anti-Greek literature and viewed as dangerous to the national interest. Targeted under this definition and put to the fire were not only the writings of dissident Greek writers, but even works by such authors as Goethe, Shaw, and Freud.[141]
Books, pamphlets and pictures (by Soviet authorities)
In his Open Letter to Stalin
Pompeu Fabra's library (by Franco's troops)
In 1939, shortly after the surrender of Barcelona, Franco's troops burned the entire library of Pompeu Fabra, the main author of the normative reform of contemporary Catalan language, while shouting "¡Abajo la inteligencia!" (Down with the intelligentsia!)[144]
World War II
Jewish, anti-Nazi and "degenerate" books (by the Nazis)
The works of some Jewish authors and other so-called "degenerate" books were burnt by the Nazis in the 1930s and 1940s. Richard Euringer, director of the libraries in Essen, identified 18,000 works deemed not to correspond with Nazi ideology, which were publicly burned.[citation needed]
On May 10, 1933, on the
As well as destroying the published works of Lion Feuchtwanger, Nazis at the same time broke into his home, stole and destroyed several manuscripts of his works in progress. Luckily for Feuchtwanger, he and his wife were at the time in America, and he survived to continue writing in exile.[citation needed]
In May 1995,[146] Micha Ullman's underground "Bibliotek" memorial [de] was inaugurated on Bebelplatz square in Berlin, where the Nazi book burnings began. The memorial consists of a window on the surface of the plaza, under which vacant bookshelves are lit and visible. A bronze plaque bears a quote by Heinrich Heine: "Where books are burned in the end people will burn."[147]
Jewish books in Alessandria (by pro-Nazi mob)
On December 13, 1943, in
André Malraux's manuscript (by the Gestapo)
During World War II the French writer and anti-Nazi resistance fighter André Malraux worked on a long novel, The Struggle Against the Angel, the manuscript of which was destroyed by the Gestapo upon his capture in 1944. The name was apparently inspired by the Jacob story in the Bible. A surviving opening part named The Walnut Trees of Altenburg, was published after the war.[149]
Manuscripts and books in Warsaw, Poland (by the Nazis)
The
In October 1944, the manuscript collection of the National Library of Poland was burned to erase Polish national history.
Part of the Krasiński Library's building was destroyed in September 1939, leading to its collections, which had almost all survived, being moved in 1941. In September 1944, an original collection of 250,000 items was shelled by German artillery, although many books were saved by being thrown out the windows by library staff. In October, what had survived was deliberately burned by the authorities, including 26,000 manuscripts, 2,500 incunables (printed before 1501), 80,000 early printed books, 100,000 drawings and printmakings, 50,000 note and theatre manuscripts, and many maps and atlases.[citation needed]
The Załuski Library – established in 1747 and thus the oldest public library in Poland and one of the oldest and most important libraries in Europe – was burned down during the Uprising in October 1944. Out of about 400,000 printed items, maps and manuscripts, only some 1800 manuscripts and 30,000 printed materials survived. Unlike earlier Nazi book burnings where specific books were deliberately targeted, the burning of this library was part of the general setting on fire of a large part of the city of Warsaw.[citation needed]
The extensive library of the Polish Museum, Rapperswil, founded in 1870 in Rapperswil, Switzerland, had been created when Poland was not a country and was thus moved to Warsaw in 1927. In September 1939, the National Polish Museum in Rapperswil along with the Polish School at Batignolles, lost almost their entire collection during the German bombardment of Warsaw.[151]
Books in the National Library of Serbia (by World War II German bomber planes)
On April 6, 1941, during World War II, German bomber planes under orders by Nazi Germany specifically targeted the National Library of Serbia in Belgrade. The entire collection was destroyed, including 1,300 ancient Cyrillic manuscripts[152] and 300,000 books.[153]
Cold War era and 1990s
The books of Knut Hamsun (in post-World War II Norway)
Following the liberation of Norway from Nazi occupation in 1945, angry crowds burned the books of Knut Hamsun in public in major Norwegian cities, due to Hamsun's having collaborated with the Nazis.[154]
Post-World War II Germany
On May 13, 1946, the Allied Control Council issued a directive for the confiscation of all media that could supposedly contribute to Nazism or militarism. As a consequence a list was drawn up of over 30,000 titles, ranging from school textbooks to poetry, which were then banned. All copies of books on the list were to be confiscated and destroyed; the possession of a book on the list was made a punishable offence. All the millions of copies of these books were to be confiscated and destroyed. The representative of the Military Directorate admitted that the order was no different in intent or execution from Nazi book burnings.[155] All confiscated literature was reduced to pulp instead of burning. In August 1946 the order was amended so that "In the interest of research and scholarship, the Zone Commanders (in Berlin the Komendantura) may preserve a limited number of documents prohibited in paragraph 1. These documents will be kept in special accommodation where they may be used by German scholars and other German persons who have received permission to do so from the Allies only under strict supervision by the Allied Control Authority.[citation needed]
Books in Kurdish (in north Iran)
Following the suppression of the pro-Soviet Kurdish Republic of Mahabad in north Iran in December 1946 and January 1947, members of the victorious Iranian Army burned all Kurdish-language books that they could find, as well as closing down the Kurdish printing press and banning the teaching of Kurdish.[156]
Comic book burnings, 1948
In 1948, children – overseen by priests, teachers, and parents – publicly burned several hundred comic books in both
Books by Shen Congwen (by Chinese booksellers)
Around 1949, the books that
Judaica collection at Birobidzhan (by Stalin)
As part of
Romanian literature (by the Romanian Workers' Party)
In the 1950s, the Romanian Workers' Party had started purging the libraries of the Romanian People's Republic (Romanian: Republica Populară Romînă, RPR), by burning any books mentioning Bessarabia or the Bukovina and German and Italian translations of Romanian literature. The entire contents of the Casa Școalelor had been emptied, with books on national popular culture and religious works were burned. A librarian of the Academy, Barbu Lăzăreanu, was put in charge of maps, documents, photographs, the unique lexicographical file of the Romanian language, which all were proving the Latin origin of Romanian. Displeasing the Slavic committee that had passed on them, they were burned. 762 Romanian literary works were withdrawn from circulation, including those of Liviu Rebreanu, Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești and Octavian Goga. The purged books and treasures were replaced with millions of books and pamphlets. Cartea Rusă alone issued 3,701,300 copies of Romanian translations of 174 Russian books, with additional 329,050 copies translated in Hungarian, German, Serbian and Turkish. The purging of the books was led by Petre Constantinescu-Iași, Mihai Roller, Barbu Lăzăreanu and Emil Petrovici.[162]
Mordecai Kaplan's publications (by Union of Orthodox Rabbis)
In 1954, the rabbi Mordecai Kaplan was excommunicated from Orthodox Judaism in the United States, and his works were publicly burned at the annual gathering of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis.[163][164][165]
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Communist books were burned by the revolutionaries during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, when 122 communities reported book burnings.[166][167]
Memoirs of Yrjö Leino (by Finnish government, under Soviet pressure)
Brazil, military coup, 1964
Following the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état, General Justino Alves Bastos, commander of the Third Army, ordered, in Rio Grande do Sul, the burning of all "subversive books". Among the books he branded as subversive was Stendhal's The Red and the Black.[169] Stendhal's was written in criticism of the situation in France under the reactionary regime of the Restored Bourbon monarchy (1815-1830). Evidently, General Bastos felt some of this could also apply to life in Brazil under the right-wing military junta.[citation needed]
Religious, anti-Communist and genealogy books (in the Cultural Revolution)
It is the
Also many copies of classical works of Chinese literature were destroyed, though – unlike the
Siné's Massacre (during power struggle in "Penguin Books")
In 1965, the British publishing house Penguin Books was torn by an intense power struggle, with chief editor Tony Godwin and the board of directors attempting to remove the company founder Allen Lane. One of the acts taken by Lane in an effort to retain his position was to steal and burn the entire print run of the English edition of Massacre by the French cartoonist Siné, whose content was reportedly "deeply offensive".[173][174]
Beatles burnings – Southern United States, 1966
John Lennon, member of the popular music group The Beatles, sparked outrage from religious conservatives in the Southern 'Bible Belt' states due to his quote 'The Beatles are more popular than Jesus' from an interview he had done in England five months previous to the Beatles' 1966 US Tour (their final tour as a group). Disc Jockeys, evangelists, and the Ku Klux Klan implored the local public to bring their Beatles records, books, magazines, posters and memorabilia to Beatles bonfire burning events.[citation needed]
Leftist books in Chile during the Pinochet dictatorship
After the victory of
Books burned by at order of school board in Drake, North Dakota, USA
On November 8, 1973, the custodian at Drake's elementary/high school used the school's furnace to burn 32 copies of Kurt Vonnegut's Slaugherhouse Five, at the order of the school board after they "deemed the novel profane and therefore unsuitable for use in class."[178] Other books reported to have been burned were Deliverance by James Dickey, and a short story anthology with stories from Joseph Conrad, William Faulkner, and John Steinbeck.[179]
Book burning caused by Viet Cong in South Vietnam
Following
From the Noble Savage to the Noble Revolutionary (Venezuela, 1976)
In 1976 detractors of Venezuelan liberal writer Carlos Rangel publicly burned copies of his book From the Noble Savage to the Noble Revolutionary in the year of its publication at the Central University of Venezuela.[181][182]
New Testament (Jerusalem, 1980)
On 23 March 1980, Yad L'Achim, an Orthodox Jewish counter-missionary organisation that was at the time a beneficiary of subsidies from the Israeli Ministry of Religion, ceremonially incinerated hundreds of copies of the New Testament publicly in Jerusalem. Some people including Israel Shahak protested against this public burning of Christian books.[183]
The Burning of Jaffna Library
Took place on the night of June 1, 1981, when an organized mob of Sinhalese individuals went on a rampage, burning the library to destroy
Sikh Reference Library (Amritsar, 1984)
The Sikh Reference Library in Amritsar, a collection of rare books, newspapers, manuscripts, and other literary works related to Sikhism and India, was looted and incinerated by Indian troops during the 1984 Operation Blue Star. The missing literature has not been recovered to this day and are presumbed to be lost.[184][185][186][187][188][1] The library hosted a vast collection of an estimated 20,000 literary works just before the destruction, including 11,107 books, 2,500 manuscripts, newspaper archives, historical letters, documents/files, and others.[3] Most of the literature was written in the Punjabi-language and related to Sikhism, but there were also Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Sindhi, English, and French works touching upon various topics.
The Satanic Verses (worldwide)
The 1988 publication of the novel The Satanic Verses, by Salman Rushdie, was followed by angry demonstrations and riots around the world by followers of political Islam who considered it blasphemous. In the United Kingdom, book burnings were staged in the cities of Bolton and Bradford.[189] In addition, five UK bookstores selling the novel were the target of bombings, and two bookstores in Berkeley, California, were firebombed.[190][191] The author was condemned to death by various Islamist clerics and lives in hiding.[citation needed]
Central University Library (Bucharest, 1989)
During the
Oriental Institute in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992)
On 17 May 1992, the Oriental Institute in besieged city of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, was targeted by JNA and Serb nationalists artillery, and repeatedly hit with a barrages of incendiary ammunition fired from positions on the hills overlooking the city center. The Institute occupied the top floors of a large, four-storey office block squeezed between other buildings in a densely built neighborhood, with no other buildings being hit. After catching the fire, the institute was completely burned out and most of its collections destroyed by blaze. The collections of the institute were among the richest of its kind, containing Oriental manuscripts centuries old and written about the subjects in wide varieties of fields, in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Hebrew and local arebica (native Bosnian language written in Arabic script), other languages and many different scripts and in many different geographical location around the world. The losses included 5,263 bound manuscripts, as well as tens of thousands of Ottoman-era documents of various kind. Only about 1% of Institute materials was saved.[194][195][196][197][198]
National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992)
On August 25, 1992, the National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina was firebombed and destroyed by Serbian nationalists. Almost all the contents of the library were destroyed, including more than 1.5 million books that included 4,000 rare books, 700 manuscripts, and 100 years of Bosnian newspapers and journals.[199]
Abkhazian Research Institute of History, Language and Literature and National Library of Abkhazia (by Georgian troops)
Georgian troops entered Abkhazia on August 14, 1992, sparking a 14-month war. At the end of October, the Abkhazian Research Institute of History, Language and Literature named after Dmitry Gulia, which housed an important library and archive, was torched by Georgian troops; also targeted was the capital's public library. It seems to have been a deliberate attempt by the Georgian paramilitary soldiers to wipe out the region's historical record.[200]
The Nasir-i Khusraw Foundation in Kabul (by the Taliban regime)
In 1987, the
Morgh-e Amin publication house in Tehran (by Islamic extremists)
Some days after publishing a novel entitled The Gods Laugh on Mondays by Iranian novelist Reza Khoshnazar, men came at night saying they are Islamic building inspectors and torched the publisher's book shop on or around August 22[203] or 23, 1995.[204][205]
21st century
Abu Nuwas poetry (by Egyptian Ministry of Culture)
In January 2001, the
Iraq's national library, Baghdad 2003
Following the
United Talmund Torah School Library, Montreal 2004
On the morning of April 5, 2004, 18-year-old Sleiman El-Merhebi firebombed a school library of the United Talmud Torahs of Montreal, burning its 10,000 volume collection. Reconstruction and other indirect costs amounted to 600,000 Canadian dollars.[210]
Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code, Italy 2006
On May 20, 2006, at noon, two communal Italian councillors, Stefano Gizzi and Massimo Ruspandini, staged a burning of a copy of The Da Vinci Code after the film of the same name premiered, in the square of Italian town Ceccano.[211][212][213]
The Diary of Anne Frank during a midsummer's party, Germany 2006
On June 24, 2006, a group of men, aged between 24 and 28,[214] threw a United States flag and a copy of The Diary of Anne Frank into a bonfire, first the flag, then the book,[215] during a midsummer's party in German village Pretzien.[216] They were supposedly members of a far-right group called Heimat Bund Ostelbien (East Elbian Homeland Federation),[216] who also organized the party.[214]
Harry Potter books
There have been several incidents of
Inventory of Prospero's Books (by proprietors Tom Wayne and W.E. Leathem)
On May 27, 2007, Tom Wayne and W.E. Leathem, the proprietors of Prospero's Books, a used book store in Kansas City, Missouri, publicly burned a portion of their inventory to protest what they perceived as society's increasing indifference to the printed word. The protest was interrupted by the Kansas City Fire Department on the grounds that Wayne and Leathem had failed to obtain the required permits.[221]
New Testaments in city of Or Yehuda, Israel
In May 2008, a "fairly large" number of New Testaments were burned in
Non-approved Bibles, books and music in Canton, North Carolina
The Amazing Grace Baptist Church of
Bagram Bibles
In 2009 the US military burned Bibles in
On September 11, 2010:
- American flag at the Westboro Baptist Church[229]
- Bob Old and another preacher burned a Qur'an in Nashville, Tennessee[230]
- A
- Burned Qur'ans were found in Knoxville, Tennessee, East Lansing, Michigan, Springfield, Tennessee, and Chicago, Illinois.[232][233][234]
Operation Dark Heart, memoir by Anthony Shaffer (by the U. S. Dept. of Defense)
On September 20, 2010, the Pentagon bought[235] and burned[236] 9,500 copies of Operation Dark Heart, nearly all the first run copies for supposedly containing classified information.[citation needed]
Gaddafi's Green Book
During the
Suspected Colorado City incident
Sometime during the weekend of April 15–17, 2011, books and other items designated for a new public library in the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints polygamous community Colorado City, Arizona, were removed from the facility where they had been stored and burned nearby.[238][239] A lawyer for some FLDS members has stated that the burning was the result of a cleanup of the property and that no political or religious statement was intended, however the burned items were under lock and key and were not the property of those who burned them.[240]
Lawrence Hill books covers in Amsterdam 2011
On June 22, 2011, a group of Dutch activists torched the cover of Lawrence Hill's The Book of Negroes (translated as Het negerboek in Dutch) in front of the National Slavery Monument (Dutch: Slavernijmonument) of Amsterdam[241] over the use of the term negro in the title, which they found to be offensive.[242] On the same day, Greg Hollingshead, chair of the Writers' Union of Canada called the act "censorship at its worst", while recognizing the sensitivity over the use of the word "negro" in book titles.[243]
Qur'ans in Afghanistan
On February 22, 2012, four copies of the Qur'an were burned at Bagram Airfield due to being among 1,652 books slated for destruction. The remaining books, which officials claimed were being used for communication among extremists, were saved and put into storage.[244]
Akram Aylisli’s novels in Azerbaijan
The writings of the Azerbaijani novelist
Anti-climate change book at San Jose State University
In May 2013, two San Jose State University professors, department chair Alison Bridger, PhD and associate professor Craig Clements, PhD, were photographed holding a match to a book they disagreed with, The Mad, Mad, Mad World of Climatism, by Steve Goreham. The university initially posted it on their website, but then took it down.[249][250][251]
Theology library purge in North Carolina
Southwestern Ontario schools book burning
The Conseil scolaire catholique Providence that oversees elementary and secondary schools in Southwestern Ontario held a "flame purification" ceremony in 2019, burning and burying 5,000 books from 30 Southwestern Ontario French-language schools for depicting racist stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Tintin in America and Asterix and the Great Crossing were among the burned books.[253][254]
Harry Potter and other books
On March 31, 2019, a Catholic priest in
Zhenyuan, China
In October 2019, officials at a library in the Gansu Province reportedly burned 65 books that were banned by the regime.[258]
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine by an Iranian cleric
In January 2020, a video of Abbas Tabrizian's ceremony went viral on social media, in which he set a copy of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine on fire with lighter. Tabrizian is an Iranian
Tennessee Global Vision Bible Church book burning
On February 2, 2022, Pastor
Russian-Ukrainian war
In Mariupol, Russians burned all the books from the library of the church of Petro Mohyla.[264] In the temporarily occupied Mariupol, Russian invaders threw away books from the library collections of the Pryazovskyi State Technical University.[265] In 2023 the Ukrainian government removed 19 million Russian and Soviet-era books from libraries.[266]
Quran burnings in Sweden
After a series of Quran burnings in Sweden by right-wing nationalist Rasmus Paludan,[267] more individuals started emulating him (including in the Netherlands),[268] leading to further Quran burnings under police protection. These incidents attracted international attention and ignited a global debate on freedom of expression.[267]
Bibles burned on Easter
On Easter Sunday, March 31, "a trailer with about 200 Bibles had been set on fire blocking the entrance" to Global Vision Bible Church in Wilson Country, TN.[269]
See also
Lists portal
Literature portal
- List of books banned by governments
- List of destroyed libraries
- Book burning
- Censorship
- Fahrenheit 451
- Lost literary work
References
Informational notes
- Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, ix. 40
- ^ The dictionary account is apparently based on Bede, Book II, Chapter 1, who used the expression "...impalpable, of finer texture than wind and air."
- ^ Arnold's life depends for its sources on Otto of Freising and a chapter in John of Salisbury's Historia Pontificalis.
- ^ See the entry "Maimonidean Controversy, under Maimonides, in volume 11 of the Encyclopaedia Judaica, Keter Publishing, and Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought by Menachem Kellner.
- ^ Note that León-Portilla finds Tlacaelel to be the instigator of this burning, despite lack of specific historical evidence.[citation needed]
- Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988, Ch. 47, p.242).
- Warsaw Ghetto uprising (1943), 25% in the 1944 Uprising, and 35% due to systematic German actions after the second Uprising.
Citations
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- ^ "Protagoras (fl. 5th c. B.C.E.)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on February 24, 2004. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
- ^ a b "Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, BOOK IX, Chapter 8. PROTAGORAS (481-411 b.c.)". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved July 6, 2022.
- ^ Cicero. De Natura Deorum. p. 1.23.6.
- OCLC 697902275.[page needed]
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- ^ "Democritus". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. August 15, 2004. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-313-30538-2.[page needed]
- ^ Sima, Qian. "Chapter 6. "The Basic Annals of the First Emperor of Qin," thirty-fourth year (213 BC)". Shiji 史記 (in Chinese).
相李斯曰：「臣請史官非秦記皆燒之。非博士官所職，天下敢有D詩、書、百家語者，悉詣守、尉雜燒之。有敢偶語詩書者棄市。以古非今者族。吏見知不舉者與同罪。令下三十日不燒，黥為城旦。所不去者，醫藥卜筮種樹之書。若欲有学法令，以吏为师」
- doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2004.01.007. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 7, 2011.
- JSTOR 2717839.)
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Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-553-21166-5.
- ISBN 978-0-19-531173-0.
External links
- The books have been burning – World – CBC News
- A Brief History of Book Burning, From the Printing Press to Internet Archives – Smithsonian Magazine
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