List of color spaces and their uses
This is a list of color spaces, grouped by the color model that is used for part of their specification.
Models
Human perception
Instead of being based on color mixture, they are based on human experience or phenomenology.
CIE 1931 XYZ
CIE 1931 XYZ was the first attempt to produce a color space based on measurements of human color perception and the basis for almost all other color spaces.
CIEUVW
Measurements over a larger field of view than the "CIE 1931 XYZ" color space which produces slightly different results.
Uniform color spaces
As human vision has three components, the space is necessarily 3D; it is generally assigned such that one is the
CIELUV
A modification of "CIE 1931 XYZ" to display color differences more conveniently. The CIELUV space is useful for additive mixtures of lights, due to its linear addition properties (human hue perception does not respect light addition, however).[2]
CIELAB
CIELAB produces a color space that is more perceptually linear than other color spaces. Perceptually linear means that a change of the same amount in a color value should produce a change of about the same visual importance. CIELAB has almost entirely replaced an alternative related Lab color space called “Hunter Lab”. This space is commonly used for surface colors, but not for mixtures of (transmitted) light.[2]
HSLuv
HSLuv preserves the lightness and hue components of CIELUV LCh and stretches its chroma so that every color has the same range, defined as a percentage.
Newer models
CIELAB and CIELUV are soon recognized to be insufficient to explain the entire range of color phenomena. A range of increasingly complex color appearance models appeared to model the behavior of human vision under different viewing conditions, but ended up less used due to the added inputs required and overall algorithmic complexity.
In addition, the performance of the 1976 color spaces under different viewing conditions is not their only problem. Even under the default reference viewing condition, CIELAB is known to poorly work in blue hues. For a standard dynamic range and a fixed viewing condition, it turns out that CIELAB's simple structure suffices as long as better coefficients are used.
The IPT color space of 1998 uses new data about hue to greatly improve on CIELAB's non-constant lines of hue,[3] although it still leaves much to be desired in its prediction of colorfulness and lightness. OKLab[4][5] uses IPT data for hue and a modern CAM (CAM16) to generate lightness and colorfulness data, resulting in an improved fit over human perception under the same structure.[6]
RGB primaries
RGB (red, green, blue) describes the chromaticity component of a given color, when excluding luminance. RGB itself is not a color space, it is a color model. There are many different color spaces that employ this color model to describe their chromaticities because the R/G/B chromaticities are one facet for reproducing color in CRT & LED displays.
sRGB
The sRGB color space (standard red, green, blue) was created jointly by
sRGB is intended as a common color space for the creation of images for viewing on the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW). The resultant color space closely approximates a Gamma correction of 2.2,[7] the average response of a CRT display to linear voltage levels.
Adobe RGB
The Adobe RGB color space was developed by
Adobe Wide Gamut RGB
The Adobe Wide Gamut RGB color space was developed by
One of the downsides to this color space is that approximately 8% of the colors representable are
Rec. 2100
Others with RGB primaries
- ProPhoto RGB color space
- scRGB
- DCI-P3, used primarily for digital movie projection
- SMPTE 240M / SMPTE "C", used in NTSC and MUSE analog television systems
- Rec. 601, used for SDTV
- Rec. 709, used for HDTV[11]
- Rec. 2020, used for UHDTV[12]
- Academy Color Encoding System (ACES)
YCbCr and YUV
The analogue
YUV: as human eyes have lower resolution in their color perception, it is more economic to put more of the bandwidth in encoding Luma. The same principle is used in YCC. In YCC, separating also has the added benefit of removing most of the correlation between the input channels, therefore providing better compression.
YCoCg is a version of YCbCr with extremely simple coefficients. It results in faster computation, lossless conversion, and apparently better decorrelation.
ICtCp is used similarly to YCC in video compression, but is more appropriately described as a high dynamic range uniform color space.
Other similar color spaces:
Cylindrical transformations
Cylindrical transformations seek to turn a color model into three components: the lightness, the colorfulness, and the hue.
HSV and HSL
HSV and HSL are transformations of Cartesian RGB primaries (usually sRGB), and their components and colorimetry are relative to the colorspace from which they are derived. HSV (hue, saturation, value), also known as HSB (hue, saturation, brightness), is often used by artists because it is often more natural to think about a color in terms of hue and saturation than in terms of additive or subtractive color components. HSL (hue, saturation, lightness or luminance), also known as HSI (hue, saturation, intensity) or HSD (hue, saturation, darkness), is quite similar to HSV, with "lightness" replacing "brightness". The difference is that a perfectly light color in HSL is pure white; but a perfectly bright color in HSV is analogous to shining a white light on a colored object. I.e. shining a bright white light on a red object causes the object to still appear red, just brighter and more intense. Shining a dim light on a red object causes the object to appear darker and less bright.
The issue with both HSV and HSL is that these approaches do not effectively separate colour into their three value components according to human perception of color.[citation needed] This can be seen when the saturation settings are altered — it is quite easy to notice the difference in perceptual lightness despite the "V" or "L" setting being fixed.
LCh: uniform color space
For uniform color spaces that already have a lightness component, the transformation only involves rearranging the two chroma values into colorfulness (C) and hue (h).
CIELChab and CIELChuv are cylindrical transformations of the
The newer UCS systems can also be applied to a similar transform. In fact, both IPT and OKLab/OKLCH are designed for hue uniformity, a feature that is only explicitly shown after a cylindrical transformation.
Subtractive
CMYK and CMY
CMYK is used in the printing process, because it describes what kinds of
Commercial color spaces
- Munsell color system – early perceptually-uniform color space
- Natural Color System (NCS) – perceptual
- Pantone Matching System (PMS) – standardized color reproduction (and color list)
- RAL – standardized color matching (and color list)
- Aerospace Material Specification - Standard 595A (Supersedes (US) Federal Standard 595C)[13]
- (US) Federal Standard 595C
- British Standard Colour (BS)
- HKS – standardized color reproduction (and color list)
Special-purpose color spaces
- The rg chromaticity space is used in computer vision applications, and shows the color of light (red, yellow, green, etc.), but not its intensity (dark, bright).
- LMS color space (long, medium, short), a perceptual color space based on the response functions of the cones in the retina of the eye. It is mostly used in psychophysical research.
- TSL color space is used in face and skin detection.
Obsolete color spaces
Early color spaces had two components. They largely ignored blue light because the added complexity of a three-component process provided only a marginal increase in fidelity when compared to the jump from monochrome to two-component color.
- RG for early Technicolorfilm
- RGKfor early color printing
References
- S2CID 33425148. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ a b Keith McLaren; "Dyes, General Survey" in: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry; Wiley-VCH; 15 June 2000.
- ^
Ebner; Fairchild (1998), Development and Testing of a Color Space with Improved Hue Uniformity, Proc. IS&T 6th Color Imaging Conference, Scottsdale, AZ, pp. 8–13
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Ottosson, Björn (2020-12-23), A perceptual color space for image processing, retrieved 2021-01-18
- ^ "OKLab and OKLCH". CSS Color Module Level 4 (Working draft). World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
- ^ Ottosson, Björn (23 December 2020). "A perceptual color space for image processing".
- ^ "The Importance of Terminology and sRGB Uncertainty". Colour Science. 5 December 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Welcome to Bruce Lindbloom's Web Site".
- ^ a b "BT.2100 : Image parameter values for high dynamic range television for use in production and international programme exchange". www.itu.int. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
- ^ "BT.1886 : Reference electro-optical transfer function for flat panel displays used in HDTV studio production". www.itu.int. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
- ^ a b "BT.709 : Parameter values for the HDTV standards for production and international programme exchange". www.itu.int. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
- ^ a b "BT.2020 : Parameter values for ultra-high definition television systems for production and international programme exchange". www.itu.int. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
- ^ "AMS STANDARD 595A COLOR". www.ams-std-595-color.com. SAE and Harzen. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
External links
- Precise Color Communication—Konica Minolta Sensing