List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article is about only carbon dioxide per capita. For all greenhouse gases combined per capita, see List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita.

Land use change is not included.[1]
2022 Worldwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions (per capita; by region; growth). Variwide diagram.
Land use change is not included.[2]

This is a list of sovereign states and territories by per capita carbon dioxide emissions[n 1] due to certain forms of human activity, based on the EDGAR database created by European Commission. The following table lists the 1970, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 annual per capita CO2 emissions estimates (in kilotons of CO2 per year).[3]

The data only consider carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of

bunker fuels are also not included in national figures,[7]
which can make a large difference for small countries with important ports.

The

LULUCF sector offers significant near-term mitigation potential while providing food, wood and other renewable resources as well as biodiversity conservation. Mitigation measures in forests and other natural ecosystems provide the largest share of the LULUCF mitigation potential between 2020 and 2050. Among various LULUCF activities, reducing deforestation has the largest potential to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions, followed by carbon sequestration in agriculture and ecosystem restoration including afforestation and reforestation.[8] Land use change emissions can be negative.[n 2][9]

According to Science for Policy report in 2024 by the Joint Research Centre (JRC – the European Commission's science and knowledge service) and International Energy Agency (IEA), in 2023, global GHG emissions primarily consisted of CO2, resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels (73.7%).[3]

CO2 emissions from the top 10 countries with the highest emissions accounted for almost two thirds of the global total. Since 2006, China has been emitting more CO2 than any other country.[10][11][12] However, the main disadvantage of measuring total national emissions is that it does not take population size into account. China has the largest CO2 emissions in the world, but also the second largest population. Some argue that for a fair comparison, emissions should be analyzed in terms of the amount of CO2 per capita.[13] Their main argument is illustrated by CO2 per capita emissions in 2023, China's levels (9.24) are almost two thirds those of the United States (13.83) and less than a sixth of those of Palau (62.59 – the country with the highest emissions of CO2 per capita).[3][14]

Measures of territorial-based emissions, also known as

production-based emissions, do not account for emissions embedded in global trade, where emissions may be imported or exported in the form of traded goods, as it only reports emissions emitted within geographical boundaries. Accordingly, a proportion of the CO2 produced and reported in Asia and Africa is for the production of goods consumed in Europe and North America.[15]

Greenhouse gases (GHG) – primarily carbon dioxide but also others, including methane and chlorofluorocarbons – trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Higher temperatures then act on the climate, with varying effects. For example, dry regions might become drier while, at the poles, the ice caps are melting, causing higher sea levels. In 2016, the global average temperature was already 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels.[16]

According to the review of the scientific literature conducted by the

anthropogenic greenhouse gases[n 3][18]: 147 [19]) are not included in the following list, nor are humans emissions of water vapor (H2O), the most important greenhouse gases, as they are negligible compared to naturally occurring quantities.[20] Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide should allow independent monitoring in the mid-2020s.[21]

CO2 emissions

Main article: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions

Per capita CO2 emissions by country/territory

The data in the following table is extracted from EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research.[3] Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

Fossil CO2 emissions per capita (tCO2/year)
Country/Territory/Region/Group Fossil CO2 emissions per capita % of Global Average Change
(1990=100%)
1970 1990 2000 2010 2020 2021 2022 2023 2023 2023
tCO2 tCO2 tCO2 tCO2 tCO2 tCO2 tCO2 tCO2 % %
 Aruba 0.43 3.23 2.96 4.74 4.25 4.68 4.70 4.91 101.008% 151.86% Negative increase
 Afghanistan 0.16 0.24 0.05 0.27 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.21 4.409% 89.79% Positive decrease
 Angola 1.32 0.92 1.00 0.97 0.63 0.75 0.78 0.78 16.091% 84.73% Positive decrease
 Anguilla 0.34 0.74 1.40 1.74 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.43 29.529% 195.17% Negative increase
 Albania 2.25 2.03 1.04 1.55 1.55 1.71 1.56 1.56 32.069% 76.94% Positive decrease
 Netherlands Antilles 101.06 18.18 42.90 29.05 12.57 13.67 14.09 14.66 301.801% 80.66% Positive decrease
 United Arab Emirates 82.65 30.58 28.04 20.79 19.92 20.26 20.56 20.22 416.184% 66.12% Positive decrease
 Argentina 3.65 3.06 3.69 4.30 3.74 4.15 4.18 3.93 80.983% 128.54% Negative increase
 Armenia 4.00 5.87 1.16 1.49 2.35 2.55 2.48 2.63 54.099% 44.75% Positive decrease
 Antigua and Barbuda 1.53 2.45 1.62 2.94 2.62 2.88 2.86 2.99 61.575% 121.92% Negative increase
 Australia 12.49 16.30 18.56 18.77 15.45 14.97 14.42 14.21 292.528% 87.22% Positive decrease
 Austria 7.05 7.97 8.26 8.77 7.13 7.52 6.94 6.65 136.921% 83.47% Positive decrease
 Azerbaijan 4.68 7.75 3.54 2.95 3.51 3.68 3.85 4.14 85.291% 53.48% Positive decrease
 Burundi 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 1.332% 174.86% Negative increase
 Belgium 14.46 11.57 12.15 10.51 7.94 8.25 7.66 7.18 147.687% 62.00% Positive decrease
 Benin 0.11 0.08 0.23 0.55 0.71 0.52 0.52 0.49 10.101% 615.35% Negative increase
 Burkina Faso 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.26 5.435% 713.09% Negative increase
 Bangladesh 0.05 0.14 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.68 0.72 0.71 14.681% 512.99% Negative increase
 Bulgaria 8.12 9.05 6.02 6.69 5.69 6.64 7.32 5.86 120.548% 64.69% Positive decrease
 Bahrain 14.01 24.19 26.74 23.24 21.70 21.37 20.38 20.70 426.043% 85.57% Positive decrease
 Bahamas 8.51 4.24 3.35 3.56 3.53 3.88 3.86 4.04 83.103% 95.29% Positive decrease
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.07 5.51 3.79 5.97 6.44 6.58 6.52 6.33 130.283% 114.98% Negative increase
 Belarus 6.69 10.33 5.66 6.98 6.18 6.24 6.06 5.79 119.153% 56.05% Positive decrease
 Belize 0.49 0.67 0.56 0.72 0.55 0.61 0.63 0.66 13.613% 98.76% Positive decrease
 Bermuda 2.65 4.14 2.35 4.83 5.20 5.52 5.54 5.84 120.238% 140.97% Negative increase
 Bolivia 0.67 0.96 0.98 1.49 1.61 1.86 1.92 1.98 40.714% 206.07% Negative increase
 Brazil 1.12 1.52 1.99 2.23 2.09 2.35 2.21 2.20 45.284% 144.83% Negative increase
 Barbados 1.07 2.36 2.18 2.93 2.34 2.63 2.64 2.76 56.704% 116.52% Negative increase
 Brunei 15.62 16.62 18.23 18.99 22.28 21.71 20.81 21.12 434.726% 127.12% Negative increase
 Bhutan 0.12 0.34 0.71 1.23 2.08 2.22 2.26 2.31 47.490% 684.06% Negative increase
 Botswana 0.22 2.05 2.37 1.67 2.52 2.68 2.92 2.93 60.258% 142.92% Negative increase
 Central African Republic 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 1.445% 129.84% Negative increase
 Canada 16.69 15.91 17.67 16.44 14.54 14.81 15.04 14.91 306.942% 93.76% Positive decrease
 Switzerland 6.72 6.71 6.25 5.92 4.14 4.30 3.92 3.87 79.623% 57.63% Positive decrease
 Chile 2.97 2.51 3.53 4.26 4.74 4.79 4.74 4.45 91.673% 177.56% Negative increase
 China 1.10 2.06 2.86 6.72 8.44 8.84 8.75 9.24 190.222% 448.83% Negative increase
 Ivory Coast 0.50 0.24 0.42 0.36 0.50 0.54 0.54 0.51 10.525% 211.09% Negative increase
 Cameroon 0.13 0.41 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.38 7.919% 94.81% Positive decrease
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.15 0.10 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.797% 39.77% Positive decrease
 Republic of the Congo 1.32 0.98 1.40 1.21 1.30 1.20 1.29 1.18 24.317% 120.92% Negative increase
 Cook Islands 0.88 2.24 3.36 4.46 7.09 7.66 8.09 8.37 172.174% 373.55% Negative increase
 Colombia 1.31 1.56 1.55 1.43 1.61 1.74 1.80 1.97 40.512% 126.51% Negative increase
 Comoros 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.23 0.38 0.38 0.35 0.34 7.061% 359.64% Negative increase
 Cape Verde 0.56 0.16 0.65 1.50 1.72 1.73 1.78 1.71 35.225% 1089.27% Negative increase
 Costa Rica 0.78 0.94 1.30 1.59 1.42 1.58 1.58 1.66 34.131% 176.13% Negative increase
 Cuba 2.51 3.65 2.60 2.49 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.92 39.466% 52.49% Positive decrease
 Cayman Islands 2.79 4.60 3.15 4.44 4.78 5.20 5.22 5.42 111.645% 117.93% Negative increase
 Cyprus 3.53 6.05 7.56 7.11 5.63 5.68 5.87 5.83 120.004% 96.36% Positive decrease
 Czech Republic 19.18 16.00 12.86 11.48 8.88 9.32 9.35 8.52 175.267% 53.21% Positive decrease
 Germany 13.80 12.80 10.70 10.08 7.78 8.21 7.99 7.06 145.334% 55.15% Positive decrease
 Djibouti 4.46 1.65 1.03 0.96 0.73 0.78 0.73 0.72 14.813% 43.66% Positive decrease
 Dominica 0.11 0.30 0.80 1.08 0.91 0.99 1.01 1.05 21.626% 349.36% Negative increase
 Denmark 12.56 10.20 9.95 8.74 4.80 5.05 4.82 4.56 93.937% 44.76% Positive decrease
 Dominican Republic 0.86 1.12 2.22 2.11 2.42 2.64 2.62 2.74 56.453% 244.86% Negative increase
 Algeria 1.35 2.78 2.82 3.28 3.97 4.09 4.19 3.99 82.164% 143.36% Negative increase
 Ecuador 0.83 1.72 1.75 2.50 2.06 2.27 2.37 2.51 51.749% 146.36% Negative increase
 Egypt 0.73 1.59 1.83 2.52 2.20 2.39 2.32 2.31 47.464% 144.70% Negative increase
 Eritrea 0.19 0.11 0.20 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.12 2.371% 108.94% Negative increase
 Western Sahara 1.13 0.69 0.81 0.53 0.33 0.39 0.42 0.41 8.514% 60.04% Positive decrease
 Spain 4.25 5.90 7.66 6.22 4.71 5.12 5.07 4.68 96.398% 79.41% Positive decrease
 Estonia 15.63 25.23 12.42 16.18 8.83 9.49 9.74 8.87 182.607% 35.17% Positive decrease
 Ethiopia 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 2.848% 304.38% Negative increase
 Finland 8.94 11.25 11.09 12.27 7.07 7.04 6.44 5.73 117.862% 50.89% Positive decrease
 Fiji 1.37 1.39 1.80 1.97 2.09 2.18 2.28 2.35 48.298% 168.45% Negative increase
 Falkland Islands 1.47 2.86 2.50 5.99 5.89 6.35 6.17 6.48 133.467% 227.03% Negative increase
 France 9.23 6.76 6.73 5.99 4.37 4.84 4.69 4.25 87.536% 62.88% Positive decrease
 Faroe Islands 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.849% 123.59% Negative increase
 Gabon 1.02 6.48 5.36 3.63 2.47 2.34 2.41 2.16 44.417% 33.30% Positive decrease
 United Kingdom 12.10 10.18 9.36 7.91 4.74 5.01 4.81 4.42 90.897% 43.37% Positive decrease
 Georgia 5.08 6.37 1.10 1.49 2.96 3.12 3.26 3.33 68.572% 52.27% Positive decrease
 Ghana 0.27 0.21 0.32 0.46 0.72 0.80 0.77 0.74 15.225% 345.61% Negative increase
 Gibraltar 2.43 4.93 10.94 14.31 18.27 18.48 19.28 19.67 404.925% 398.91% Negative increase
 Guinea 0.11 0.16 0.17 0.23 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 5.150% 159.86% Negative increase
 Guadeloupe 0.58 1.78 1.45 2.25 2.49 2.49 2.49 2.61 53.620% 146.25% Negative increase
 Gambia 0.18 0.13 0.22 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.26 0.24 4.996% 181.98% Negative increase
 Guinea-Bissau 0.06 0.17 0.16 0.20 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 3.322% 96.84% Positive decrease
 Equatorial Guinea 0.14 0.17 4.47 6.01 3.18 3.00 2.78 2.44 50.312% 1467.83% Negative increase
 Greece 3.33 7.60 8.62 7.78 4.72 4.89 4.97 4.69 96.589% 61.74% Positive decrease
 Grenada 0.12 0.53 0.56 1.13 1.11 1.24 1.22 1.29 26.459% 243.79% Negative increase
 Greenland 0.02 0.02 0.02 11.49 9.29 9.62 10.10 10.21 210.232% 49708.73% Negative increase
 Guatemala 0.44 0.42 0.83 0.80 0.99 1.11 1.08 1.13 23.237% 267.20% Negative increase
 French Guiana 1.90 2.22 1.07 1.40 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.17 24.094% 52.65% Positive decrease
 Guyana 2.13 1.58 2.21 2.36 4.21 4.11 4.16 4.11 84.689% 260.60% Negative increase
 Hong Kong 2.46 6.06 6.29 6.01 4.66 4.62 4.27 4.51 92.860% 74.43% Positive decrease
 Honduras 0.45 0.48 0.77 0.97 0.91 1.00 1.03 1.08 22.165% 226.57% Negative increase
 Croatia 4.93 5.22 4.38 4.84 4.19 4.33 4.29 4.31 88.778% 82.60% Positive decrease
 Haiti 0.11 0.16 0.20 0.26 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.30 6.197% 187.28% Negative increase
 Hungary 6.39 6.97 5.82 5.27 5.09 5.24 4.98 4.61 94.798% 66.09% Positive decrease
 Indonesia 0.27 0.89 1.41 1.83 2.18 2.25 2.37 2.41 49.594% 270.24% Negative increase
 India 0.39 0.69 0.95 1.42 1.68 1.82 1.94 2.07 42.678% 300.37% Negative increase
 Ireland 7.00 9.06 11.39 8.84 6.85 7.18 7.00 6.50 133.790% 71.75% Positive decrease
 Iran 2.82 3.71 5.35 7.73 8.52 8.76 8.95 9.10 187.237% 245.37% Negative increase
 Iraq 2.35 3.98 3.77 3.62 4.11 4.10 4.36 4.30 88.477% 108.14% Negative increase
 Iceland 9.47 9.18 10.18 11.67 8.82 9.33 9.34 8.79 180.969% 95.77% Positive decrease
 Israel 3.75 5.34 6.42 6.27 4.38 4.27 4.31 4.13 84.983% 77.38% Positive decrease
 Italy 5.88 7.46 7.94 7.10 5.00 5.66 5.65 5.19 106.871% 69.56% Positive decrease
 Jamaica 4.29 3.16 3.84 2.72 2.02 2.21 2.18 2.34 48.254% 74.13% Positive decrease
 Jordan 1.59 2.83 3.23 2.87 2.11 2.16 2.15 2.25 46.334% 79.59% Positive decrease
 Japan 8.09 9.37 9.79 9.49 8.48 8.60 8.04 7.54 155.238% 80.49% Positive decrease
 Kazakhstan 14.12 15.03 8.78 15.24 11.97 12.92 12.56 12.43 255.837% 82.69% Positive decrease
 Kenya 0.33 0.28 0.28 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.38 7.794% 137.06% Negative increase
 Kyrgyzstan 5.20 5.41 0.98 1.22 1.48 1.65 1.60 1.60 32.961% 29.60% Positive decrease
 Cambodia 0.03 0.05 0.16 0.36 0.99 0.99 1.01 1.03 21.274% 2145.57% Negative increase
 Kiribati 0.37 0.23 0.39 0.59 0.70 0.72 0.75 0.76 15.668% 327.57% Negative increase
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.33 0.51 1.09 1.92 1.79 1.93 1.94 2.05 42.151% 404.07% Negative increase
 South Korea 1.93 6.34 10.01 12.07 11.92 12.21 11.34 11.04 227.182% 174.11% Negative increase
 Kuwait 51.73 15.44 26.56 28.85 22.92 24.34 24.74 24.90 512.403% 161.29% Negative increase
 Laos 0.11 0.06 0.18 0.47 2.71 3.28 3.34 3.49 71.896% 5775.00% Negative increase
 Lebanon 2.36 2.21 4.73 4.76 3.62 2.83 2.87 3.00 61.685% 135.63% Negative increase
 Liberia 0.69 0.18 0.14 0.20 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.30 6.130% 166.72% Negative increase
 Libya 18.54 7.36 9.20 10.32 6.88 8.30 8.36 8.88 182.859% 120.77% Negative increase
 Saint Lucia 0.28 0.51 0.61 1.05 1.40 1.55 1.54 1.62 33.354% 316.48% Negative increase
 Sri Lanka 0.25 0.24 0.61 0.67 1.05 1.07 0.94 0.97 19.864% 394.72% Negative increase
 Lesotho 0.07 0.07 0.19 0.26 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.36 7.504% 538.19% Negative increase
 Lithuania 6.35 9.50 3.33 4.49 5.00 5.05 4.65 4.66 95.921% 49.04% Positive decrease
 Luxembourg 57.94 31.37 20.18 22.08 13.16 13.63 11.73 11.18 230.026% 35.62% Positive decrease
 Latvia 4.77 7.36 3.03 4.19 3.82 3.96 3.58 3.56 73.199% 48.30% Positive decrease
 Macau 1.23 2.76 3.45 3.20 4.40 4.24 4.35 4.42 90.909% 159.80% Negative increase
 Morocco 0.43 0.90 1.16 1.61 1.82 1.95 1.85 1.82 37.522% 202.01% Negative increase
 Moldova 5.37 7.29 1.64 2.08 2.20 2.41 2.37 2.50 51.381% 34.24% Positive decrease
 Madagascar 0.12 0.08 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.14 2.818% 174.94% Negative increase
 Maldives 0.09 0.43 2.27 2.89 5.47 5.66 5.89 6.00 123.590% 1407.69% Negative increase
 Mexico 2.32 3.39 3.90 4.07 3.20 3.35 3.40 3.52 72.477% 103.77% Negative increase
 North Macedonia 5.29 5.61 4.44 4.43 3.63 3.66 4.01 4.19 86.302% 74.80% Positive decrease
 Mali 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.13 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.30 6.188% 798.99% Negative increase
 Malta 2.13 6.37 5.38 6.24 3.73 3.73 4.04 3.85 79.342% 60.51% Positive decrease
 Myanmar 0.18 0.11 0.22 0.17 0.63 0.58 0.58 0.59 12.230% 544.63% Negative increase
 Mongolia 4.36 6.02 3.77 5.49 7.01 7.64 7.86 8.45 173.836% 140.31% Negative increase
 Mozambique 0.34 0.09 0.09 0.15 0.25 0.28 0.29 0.28 5.706% 316.14% Negative increase
 Mauritania 0.29 0.35 0.39 0.59 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.90 18.549% 259.10% Negative increase
 Martinique 0.66 2.01 1.74 2.53 2.02 2.37 2.70 2.83 58.344% 140.99% Negative increase
 Mauritius 0.37 1.12 2.06 2.94 2.95 3.13 3.17 3.29 67.752% 293.05% Negative increase
 Malawi 0.08 0.16 0.27 0.30 0.26 0.30 0.28 0.29 6.020% 179.70% Negative increase
 Malaysia 2.49 3.57 5.64 7.67 7.71 7.78 8.14 8.30 170.851% 232.43% Negative increase
 Namibia 0.95 0.88 1.03 1.47 1.44 1.44 1.52 1.53 31.398% 173.19% Negative increase
 New Caledonia 9.94 9.31 10.22 13.71 22.50 19.27 20.01 20.90 430.247% 224.53% Negative increase
 Niger 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10 2.154% 134.77% Negative increase
 Nigeria 0.51 0.79 0.82 0.60 0.59 0.62 0.60 0.58 11.843% 72.99% Positive decrease
 Nicaragua 0.69 0.47 0.75 0.81 0.74 0.80 0.83 0.87 17.835% 182.86% Negative increase
 Netherlands 10.32 11.02 11.11 11.16 8.26 8.49 7.70 7.09 145.970% 64.38% Positive decrease
 Norway 9.28 8.55 9.28 9.82 8.17 8.20 8.03 7.86 161.838% 91.97% Positive decrease
 Nepal 0.02 0.06 0.14 0.18 0.54 0.54 0.56 0.57 11.828% 990.05% Negative increase
 New Zealand 5.28 7.32 8.52 7.64 7.29 7.23 7.04 7.22 148.683% 98.67% Positive decrease
 Oman 10.16 9.06 11.60 16.93 15.96 16.71 16.96 17.11 352.214% 188.98% Negative increase
 Pakistan 0.31 0.61 0.81 0.91 1.07 1.12 1.01 0.91 18.800% 149.89% Negative increase
 Panama 1.71 1.10 1.71 2.52 2.24 2.50 2.72 3.29 67.704% 299.03% Negative increase
 Peru 1.31 0.95 1.12 1.56 1.43 1.58 1.67 1.70 34.924% 177.70% Negative increase
 Philippines 0.74 0.69 0.95 0.91 1.24 1.31 1.33 1.41 28.993% 204.95% Negative increase
 Palau 173.76 142.89 110.66 103.11 56.87 60.41 60.79 62.59 1288.232% 43.80% Positive decrease
 Papua New Guinea 0.45 0.50 0.53 0.60 0.68 0.62 0.64 0.64 13.216% 127.92% Negative increase
 Poland 9.47 9.79 8.12 8.59 7.82 8.56 8.41 7.63 156.941% 77.90% Positive decrease
 Puerto Rico 10.87 5.41 6.63 3.61 3.42 3.47 3.47 3.80 78.245% 70.32% Positive decrease
 North Korea 5.27 6.50 3.22 2.81 2.67 2.21 2.28 2.46 50.571% 37.78% Positive decrease
 Portugal 1.91 4.42 6.22 5.01 4.01 3.85 3.89 3.58 73.608% 80.83% Positive decrease
 Paraguay 0.26 0.52 0.69 0.84 1.12 1.25 1.13 1.13 23.227% 218.03% Negative increase
 French Polynesia 1.28 4.30 3.03 3.69 3.78 3.94 4.14 4.27 87.838% 99.29% Positive decrease
 Qatar 134.24 35.64 53.61 40.57 41.30 41.54 41.10 43.55 896.347% 122.19% Negative increase
 Réunion 0.80 1.51 2.78 3.19 2.85 2.83 2.81 2.81 57.762% 185.78% Negative increase
 Romania 6.17 7.99 4.40 4.08 3.90 4.17 3.96 3.70 76.224% 46.33% Positive decrease
 Russia 10.05 16.51 11.48 12.20 12.72 13.63 14.12 14.45 297.436% 87.53% Positive decrease
 Rwanda 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.12 2.427% 154.31% Negative increase
 Saudi Arabia 8.08 10.65 12.77 17.75 16.45 16.58 16.91 17.15 353.080% 161.06% Negative increase
 Serbia and Montenegro 3.50 6.53 5.01 6.31 6.31 6.23 6.23 6.08 125.034% 93.05% Positive decrease
 Sudan 0.25 0.22 0.18 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.35 0.34 7.042% 158.45% Negative increase
 Senegal 0.32 0.31 0.40 0.54 0.63 0.69 0.68 0.65 13.300% 206.47% Negative increase
 Singapore 3.18 10.50 11.63 9.64 9.08 9.29 9.23 9.38 193.154% 89.34% Positive decrease
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 0.57 1.72 2.20 2.75 3.78 3.98 4.32 4.44 91.440% 257.78% Negative increase
 Solomon Islands 0.41 0.51 0.57 0.68 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.61 12.603% 119.56% Negative increase
 Sierra Leone 0.13 0.15 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 2.590% 85.91% Positive decrease
 El Salvador 0.44 0.49 0.99 1.09 1.03 1.16 1.21 1.27 26.219% 258.16% Negative increase
 Somalia 0.17 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 1.015% 58.12% Positive decrease
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6.66 14.49 2.80 5.75 5.76 5.53 5.68 5.73 117.921% 39.53% Positive decrease
 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.19 0.34 0.40 0.71 0.80 0.80 0.90 0.92 18.910% 271.67% Negative increase
 Suriname 1.69 2.69 3.13 3.32 4.51 4.47 4.33 4.45 91.541% 165.15% Negative increase
 Slovakia 9.67 11.46 7.72 7.38 5.98 6.72 6.52 6.40 131.726% 55.83% Positive decrease
 Slovenia 6.25 7.47 7.56 8.39 6.45 6.61 6.31 5.81 119.498% 77.73% Positive decrease
 Sweden 11.94 6.67 6.53 5.63 3.73 3.91 3.53 3.43 70.619% 51.45% Positive decrease
 Eswatini 0.50 1.28 1.03 0.71 0.80 0.85 0.91 0.92 18.961% 71.81% Positive decrease
 Seychelles 2.04 3.76 9.38 10.07 11.71 11.80 12.40 12.76 262.527% 339.37% Negative increase
 Syria 1.00 2.65 2.80 2.98 1.35 1.30 1.24 1.19 24.530% 44.95% Positive decrease
 Turks and Caicos Islands 0.58 0.44 0.94 2.36 2.38 2.63 2.57 2.71 55.841% 621.28% Negative increase
 Chad 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.14 2.981% 367.20% Negative increase
 Togo 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.39 0.26 0.29 0.29 0.28 5.705% 139.07% Negative increase
 Thailand 0.49 1.69 2.78 3.66 3.95 3.85 3.97 3.94 81.049% 233.65% Negative increase
 Tajikistan 2.78 2.33 0.45 0.40 0.99 0.97 0.93 0.93 19.133% 39.86% Positive decrease
 Turkmenistan 8.61 12.40 8.71 12.12 11.06 10.67 10.75 10.51 216.299% 84.73% Positive decrease
 Timor-Leste 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.30 0.47 0.47 0.49 0.48 9.821% 20747.27% Negative increase
 Tonga 0.22 0.94 1.03 1.21 1.73 1.80 1.88 1.95 40.070% 206.47% Negative increase
 Trinidad and Tobago 7.33 10.37 15.09 30.89 21.61 20.77 20.23 19.71 405.617% 190.08% Negative increase
 Tunisia 0.84 1.79 2.18 2.61 2.41 2.58 2.51 2.57 52.985% 143.47% Negative increase
 Turkey 1.30 2.88 3.59 4.32 5.04 5.45 5.10 5.13 105.631% 178.36% Negative increase
 Taiwan 2.47 6.43 10.90 12.31 12.15 12.56 12.02 11.68 240.310% 181.51% Negative increase
 Tanzania 0.12 0.08 0.09 0.16 0.27 0.30 0.28 0.28 5.813% 345.11% Negative increase
 Uganda 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.14 2.866% 292.55% Negative increase
 Ukraine 10.13 15.26 7.37 6.86 4.56 4.48 3.21 3.17 65.318% 20.79% Positive decrease
 Uruguay 1.93 1.27 1.68 1.91 1.97 2.43 2.48 2.50 51.439% 197.36% Negative increase
 United States 21.92 19.74 21.03 17.89 13.48 14.25 14.24 13.83 284.661% 70.08% Positive decrease
 Uzbekistan 4.47 6.25 5.26 4.74 3.70 3.97 4.08 4.01 82.440% 64.11% Positive decrease
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.12 0.27 0.39 0.89 0.74 0.82 0.82 0.87 17.853% 319.71% Negative increase
 Venezuela 5.09 5.16 5.62 6.09 2.18 2.12 2.29 2.47 50.745% 47.74% Positive decrease
 British Virgin Islands 0.75 1.11 1.34 2.59 1.97 2.16 2.16 2.21 45.576% 199.47% Negative increase
 Vietnam 0.40 0.30 0.70 1.77 3.58 3.44 3.24 3.69 75.936% 1223.21% Negative increase
 Vanuatu 0.88 0.70 0.46 0.66 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.92 18.952% 131.79% Negative increase
 Samoa 0.46 0.76 1.08 1.41 2.04 2.12 2.23 2.30 47.262% 302.52% Negative increase
 Yemen 0.26 0.59 0.88 1.12 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 6.958% 57.35% Positive decrease
 South Africa 8.13 8.37 7.59 9.00 7.13 7.22 6.82 6.56 134.937% 78.37% Positive decrease
 Zambia 0.89 0.38 0.19 0.21 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.40 8.136% 104.80% Negative increase
 Zimbabwe 1.84 1.71 1.19 0.71 0.51 0.59 0.59 0.62 12.848% 36.51% Positive decrease
United Nations Global Average 4.26 4.26 4.19 4.89 4.64 4.84 4.81 4.86 100.000% 114.17% Negative increase
 European Union 9.12 9.07 8.32 7.75 5.95 6.39 6.21 5.66 116.573% 62.47% Positive decrease

CO2 emissions per capita embedded in global trade

CO2 emissions are typically measured on the basis of ‘production’. This accounting method – which is sometimes referred to as ‘territorial’ emissions – is used when countries report their emissions, and set targets domestically and internationally. In addition to the commonly reported production-based emissions statisticians also calculate ‘consumption-based’ emissions. These emissions are adjusted for trade. To calculate consumption-based emissions, traded goods are tracked across the world, and whenever a good was imported all CO2 emissions that were emitted in the production of that good are also imported, and vice versa to subtract all CO2 emissions that were emitted in the production of goods that were exported.[22]

Consumption-based emissions reflect the consumption and lifestyle choices of a country's citizens.[22] They are national or regional emissions that have been adjusted for trade, calculated as domestic (or ‘production-based’) emissions minus the emissions generated in the production of goods and services that are exported to other countries or regions, plus emissions from the production of goods and services that are imported.[23]

Consumption-based emissions = Production-based – Exported + Imported emissions[23]

This is measured as the net import-export balance in tons of CO2 per year. Positive values represent netimporters of CO2. Negative values represent net exporters of CO2.[24]

The data in the following table is extracted from Our World in Data database.[25] Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

Country / territory Production vs. consumption-based CO2 emissions per capita
(tCO2/cap)		 CO2 emissions
embedded in
global trade
(tCO2/cap)
1990 2005 2017 2020 2021 2020
P C P C P C P C P C C-P (C-P)/P (%) Net
 Aruba 7.413 28.771 8.443 7.307 8.054
 Afghanistan 0.189 0.077 0.277 0.300 0.296
 Angola 0.430 0.977 0.805 0.607 0.619
 Anguilla 6.151 10.556 9.501 8.416 9.173
 Albania 1.675 1.686 1.405 1.923 1.932 2.138 1.649 2.015 1.618 0.365 22.14% importer
 Andorra 7.589 7.205 6.301 5.775 5.729
 United Arab Emirates 27.210 29.460 26.741 33.573 23.616 23.982 21.436 19.848 21.792 −1.588 −7.41% exporter
 Argentina 3.434 3.433 4.132 3.596 4.242 4.337 3.758 3.535 4.118 −0.223 −5.95% exporter
 Armenia 2.515 1.683 1.436 1.915 1.943 2.031 2.292 2.587 2.439 0.295 12.86% importer
 Antigua and Barbuda 3.470 4.679 5.387 4.591 5.027
 Australia 16.316 14.264 19.143 17.051 16.850 15.369 15.579 13.811 15.091 −1.768 −11.35% exporter
 Austria 8.093 11.630 9.612 12.980 7.911 10.458 6.964 9.118 7.243 2.154 30.93% importer
 Azerbaijan 6.910 3.758 3.961 4.091 3.436 3.412 3.647 3.806 3.732 0.159 4.35% importer
 Burundi 0.038 0.021 0.048 0.054 0.055
 Belgium 12.078 15.543 11.946 21.497 8.707 17.642 7.816 15.392 8.244 7.576 96.93% importer
 Benin 0.113 0.181 0.306 0.460 0.587 0.663 0.575 0.654 0.597 0.080 13.84% importer
 Caribbean Netherlands 5.468 4.358 4.206 3.585 3.868
 Burkina Faso 0.064 0.088 0.081 0.123 0.228 0.263 0.250 0.282 0.258 0.032 12.64% importer
 Bangladesh 0.131 0.170 0.267 0.274 0.499 0.749 0.542 0.807 0.550 0.264 48.74% importer
 Bulgaria 8.748 6.999 6.482 6.215 6.623 5.744 5.297 5.229 6.181 −0.067 −1.27% exporter
 Bahrain 23.976 22.449 21.957 8.693 22.539 13.110 25.451 14.775 26.664 −10.676 −41.95% exporter
 Bahamas 7.472 5.478 5.252 5.330 5.850
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.319 3.919 6.441 6.308 4.148
 Belarus 10.389 5.880 5.970 4.328 6.105 6.156 6.082 5.988 6.223 −0.094 −1.55% exporter
 Belize 1.706 1.503 1.643 1.556 1.723
 Bermuda 8.731 9.250 9.957 7.766 8.533
 Bolivia 1.410 1.285 1.191 1.066 2.053 2.066 1.765 1.832 1.931 0.067 3.78% importer
 Brazil 1.451 1.630 1.951 1.871 2.386 2.393 2.075 1.997 2.281 −0.077 −3.73% exporter
 Barbados 4.134 4.895 4.321 3.639 4.002
 Brunei 23.626 16.566 13.278 12.341 21.635 19.522 23.890 22.550 23.532 −1.341 −5.61% exporter
 Bhutan 0.230 0.571 1.639 1.941 1.958
 Botswana 2.013 2.013 2.162 1.393 2.947 4.964 2.458 4.702 2.511 2.244 91.32% importer
 Central African Republic 0.065 0.051 0.043 0.040 0.042
 Canada 16.568 17.464 17.838 18.904 15.635 14.518 14.117 12.950 14.300 −1.166 −8.26% exporter
 Switzerland 6.580 12.774 6.163 14.651 4.517 15.213 3.964 12.356 4.019 8.392 211.73% importer
 Chile 2.465 2.403 3.767 3.770 4.577 4.799 4.344 4.432 4.383 0.089 2.04% importer
 China 2.154 2.012 4.503 3.613 7.099 6.488 7.689 7.041 8.046 −0.648 −8.42% exporter
 Ivory Coast 0.401 0.499 0.395 0.404 0.483 0.615 0.409 0.549 0.426 0.140 34.31% importer
 Cameroon 0.228 0.263 0.208 0.348 0.393 0.462 0.340 0.376 0.342 0.036 10.47% importer
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.118 0.026 0.029 0.027 0.027
 Republic of the Congo 0.423 0.271 1.073 1.321 1.279
 Cook Islands 2.564 4.348 4.628 5.217 5.368
 Colombia 1.745 1.900 1.423 1.505 1.648 2.235 1.679 2.136 1.780 0.457 27.18% importer
 Comoros 0.153 0.241 0.351 0.350 0.363
 Cape Verde 0.492 0.907 1.025 1.073 1.136
 Costa Rica 0.922 1.636 1.558 2.205 1.642 2.498 1.382 2.195 1.517 0.813 58.83% importer
 Cuba 2.790 2.173 2.225 1.746 1.960
 Curaçao 30.768 34.321 26.784 8.841 9.686
 Cyprus 5.901 8.622 7.673 9.290 6.227 6.485 5.874 5.478 6.109 −0.397 −6.75% exporter
 Czech Republic 15.941 14.695 12.226 10.733 10.231 10.549 8.722 9.485 9.242 0.763 8.75% importer
 Germany 13.254 15.017 10.667 12.921 9.508 10.887 7.673 9.234 8.090 1.561 20.35% importer
 Djibouti 0.476 0.498 0.377 0.333 0.343
 Dominica 0.843 2.080 2.289 1.998 2.189
 Denmark 10.416 12.071 9.480 12.301 6.062 8.597 4.855 7.309 5.052 2.454 50.55% importer
 Dominican Republic 1.253 1.314 1.958 3.577 2.256 2.878 2.398 2.863 2.601 0.465 19.38% importer
 Algeria 3.007 3.231 4.045 3.970 3.990
 Ecuador 1.575 1.624 2.176 2.383 2.400 2.738 1.959 2.319 2.322 0.360 18.36% importer
 Egypt 1.315 1.431 2.087 1.865 2.555 2.506 2.194 2.248 2.285 0.054 2.46% importer
 Eritrea 0.000 0.272 0.207 0.220 0.227
 Spain 5.948 6.824 8.471 9.402 5.904 6.341 4.504 5.349 4.920 0.845 18.76% importer
 Estonia 23.507 19.982 12.630 14.286 14.240 12.798 7.028 9.385 7.864 2.357 33.54% importer
 Ethiopia 0.062 0.082 0.064 0.052 0.144 0.186 0.145 0.173 0.148 0.028 19.02% importer
 Finland 11.414 16.183 10.874 15.404 8.093 10.066 6.799 8.681 6.792 1.882 27.68% importer
 Fiji 1.027 1.173 1.423 1.554 1.590
 France 6.974 8.732 6.878 9.105 5.261 6.688 4.343 5.821 4.741 1.478 34.03% importer
 Faroe Islands 14.809 14.940 14.070 13.199 13.198
 Federated States of Micronesia 1.057 1.294 1.380 1.405
 Gabon 4.562 3.332 2.937 2.483 2.440
 United Kingdom 10.522 11.697 9.445 12.445 5.863 8.297 4.865 6.929 5.154 2.064 42.42% importer
 Georgia 2.958 1.825 1.267 2.216 2.697 3.002 2.839 3.472 2.930 0.633 22.30% importer
 Ghana 0.245 0.314 0.302 0.487 0.461 0.676 0.611 0.713 0.649 0.102 16.66% importer
 Guinea 0.158 0.158 0.200 0.189 0.265 0.425 0.343 0.435 0.358 0.092 26.70% importer
 Guadeloupe 3.408 5.929 6.262 5.791 5.785
 Gambia 0.190 0.194 0.249 0.238 0.248
 Guinea-Bissau 0.177 0.154 0.162 0.163 0.171
 Equatorial Guinea 0.134 9.296 5.420 3.126 3.197
 Greece 8.099 9.354 10.248 8.406 7.000 5.396 5.290 5.053 5.391 −0.237 −4.48% exporter
 Grenada 1.073 1.960 2.303 2.312 2.561
 Greenland 11.229 11.318 9.687 8.929 9.076
 Guatemala 0.547 0.748 0.922 0.774 1.045 0.924 1.013 1.235 1.154 0.221 21.84% importer
 French Guiana 6.321 2.965 2.624 2.239 2.190
 Guyana 1.510 2.132 3.039 4.003 3.838
 Hong Kong 4.650 14.767 6.304 12.722 5.687 11.508 4.200 10.771 4.225 6.571 156.44% importer
 Honduras 0.496 0.658 0.904 0.708 1.063 0.843 0.973 0.807 1.060 −0.165 −17.01% exporter
 Croatia 4.715 4.303 5.270 5.856 4.471 5.245 4.118 5.515 4.360 1.397 33.93% importer
 Haiti 0.144 0.189 0.285 0.232 0.251
 Hungary 7.057 8.837 5.984 7.761 5.058 6.718 4.849 6.235 4.990 1.386 28.58% importer
 Indonesia 0.795 0.767 1.525 1.437 2.145 2.163 2.243 2.296 2.262 0.053 2.37% importer
 India 0.664 0.661 1.026 0.949 1.798 1.690 1.751 1.631 1.925 −0.120 −6.88% exporter
 Ireland 9.452 11.350 11.685 17.619 8.189 10.420 7.107 8.815 7.528 1.708 24.03% importer
 Iran 3.763 3.627 6.599 5.638 8.111 7.023 8.363 7.543 8.517 −0.819 −9.80% exporter
 Iraq 2.778 3.929 5.343 4.077 4.263
 Iceland 8.689 9.994 10.481 9.078 9.113
 Israel 7.458 10.324 8.419 11.000 7.081 9.354 6.281 8.419 6.127 2.138 34.04% importer
 Italy 7.744 9.989 8.630 10.591 5.879 7.442 5.080 6.535 5.548 1.454 28.63% importer
 Jamaica 3.147 3.116 3.891 2.604 2.777 2.254 2.462 2.242 2.719 −0.220 −8.93% exporter
 Jordan 3.010 4.647 3.599 4.266 2.489 3.069 2.282 2.668 2.296 0.385 16.89% importer
 Japan 9.363 10.653 10.099 12.080 9.382 10.350 8.321 9.479 8.566 1.157 13.90% importer
 Kazakhstan 16.529 17.148 12.802 8.934 17.515 11.001 14.669 9.774 14.413 −4.895 −33.37% exporter
 Kenya 0.246 0.348 0.233 0.321 0.348 0.524 0.352 0.518 0.375 0.166 47.25% importer
 Kyrgyzstan 4.397 4.545 1.062 1.424 1.527 2.768 1.321 2.587 1.426 1.266 95.82% importer
 Cambodia 0.141 0.207 0.209 0.708 0.790 1.851 1.141 2.350 1.147 1.210 106.06% importer
 Kiribati 0.293 0.634 0.548 0.550 0.555
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 2.613 4.232 5.058 4.528 4.992
 South Korea 5.678 7.257 10.413 12.124 12.707 13.401 11.527 12.721 11.886 1.193 10.35% importer
 Kuwait 22.572 23.354 31.836 29.366 23.258 22.742 22.883 22.232 24.972 −0.651 −2.85% exporter
 Laos 0.119 0.186 0.228 0.395 2.813 3.036 2.799 3.041 2.798 0.241 8.62% importer
 Lebanon 2.189 3.586 4.558 4.322 4.463
 Liberia 0.211 0.199 0.256 0.222 0.230
 Libya 8.618 9.762 8.378 8.802 11.065
 Saint Lucia 1.262 2.348 2.854 2.461 2.705
 Liechtenstein 6.911 6.613 4.108 3.661 3.865
 Sri Lanka 0.223 0.367 0.607 1.035 1.071 1.725 0.999 1.694 0.954 0.694 69.46% importer
 Lesotho 0.819 1.017 1.158 0.971 1.000
 Lithuania 9.448 11.455 4.185 6.393 4.673 7.777 4.841 7.197 4.981 2.356 48.66% importer
 Luxembourg 31.010 31.010 26.003 31.018 15.531 16.291 12.843 12.643 13.068 −0.201 −1.56% exporter
 Latvia 7.311 8.032 3.497 6.008 3.691 7.364 3.687 7.348 3.878 3.661 99.30% importer
 Macau 2.950 3.742 3.018 1.881 1.874
 Morocco 0.907 1.240 1.468 1.543 1.730 1.841 1.764 1.803 1.904 0.039 2.20% importer
 Moldova 8.155 1.234 1.641 1.702 1.830
 Madagascar 0.078 0.117 0.092 0.155 0.157 0.216 0.142 0.193 0.147 0.051 36.13% importer
 Maldives 0.765 1.957 3.203 4.006 4.062
 Mexico 3.880 3.927 4.400 4.656 3.790 4.205 3.109 3.432 3.214 0.323 10.38% importer
 Marshall Islands 2.090 3.105 3.561 3.778
 North Macedonia 6.939 5.378 3.553 3.150 3.257
 Mali 0.047 0.110 0.184 0.185 0.190
 Malta 6.552 9.216 6.447 8.013 3.193 18.459 3.104 16.612 3.273 13.509 435.23% importer
 Myanmar 0.106 0.241 0.452 0.676 0.675
 Montenegro 3.082 2.766 3.325 3.897 2.789
 Mongolia 4.530 4.124 3.327 3.409 11.026 9.817 15.058 13.114 15.030 −1.944 −12.91% exporter
 Mozambique 0.074 0.300 0.088 0.285 0.243 0.455 0.214 0.420 0.223 0.206 96.29% importer
 Mauritania 0.426 0.477 0.822 0.857 0.892
 Montserrat 2.707 8.544 6.206 4.147 4.659
 Martinique 4.587 6.118 6.037 5.670 5.695
 Mauritius 1.341 2.493 2.618 3.573 3.503 4.511 3.243 4.496 3.443 1.254 38.66% importer
 Malawi 0.077 0.160 0.071 0.066 0.076 0.070 0.076 0.128 0.078 0.052 68.36% importer
 Malaysia 3.098 3.741 6.995 5.490 7.762 7.169 7.816 7.321 7.626 −0.495 −6.33% exporter
 Mayotte 0.723 1.204 1.092 0.894 0.865
 Namibia 0.000 0.000 1.178 1.150 1.783 4.111 1.585 3.654 1.587 2.069 130.53% importer
 New Caledonia 8.892 11.603 18.797 18.807 19.097
 Niger 0.072 0.051 0.104 0.102 0.107
 Nigeria 0.408 0.399 0.753 0.690 0.583 0.562 0.625 0.637 0.642 0.013 2.01% importer
 Nicaragua 0.483 0.635 0.783 0.944 0.843 1.121 0.675 0.869 0.739 0.195 28.90% importer
 Niue 2.863 1.948 3.875 5.910 6.092
 Netherlands 10.827 13.468 10.879 13.489 9.443 9.837 7.907 8.713 8.059 0.807 10.20% importer
 Norway 8.274 9.374 9.555 8.383 9.534 7.657 8.756 7.573 1.099 14.35% importer
 Nepal 0.037 0.059 0.114 0.175 0.413 0.387 0.475 0.849 0.472 0.374 78.75% importer
 Nauru 12.950 6.026 4.694 4.701 4.756
 New Zealand 7.507 7.910 9.055 10.103 7.519 8.088 6.808 7.665 6.587 0.857 12.58% importer
 Oman 6.219 6.948 11.716 9.996 15.108 15.260 15.959 12.929 17.917 −3.030 −18.98% exporter
 Kosovo 4.674 5.101 3.396
 Pakistan 0.588 0.626 0.772 0.840 0.999 1.111 0.926 1.006 0.992 0.080 8.59% importer
 Panama 1.074 1.197 2.109 2.740 4.391 2.714 3.706 2.995 0.991 36.53% importer
 Peru 0.968 1.079 1.312 1.336 1.700 1.986 1.426 1.730 1.669 0.304 21.32% importer
 Philippines 0.672 1.019 0.849 1.093 1.266 1.570 1.209 1.504 1.267 0.295 24.40% importer
 Palau 15.309 11.073 12.106 12.891 13.210
 Papua New Guinea 0.557 0.674 0.710 0.854 0.855
 Poland 9.899 8.469 8.384 7.514 8.765 8.289 7.898 7.471 8.577 −0.428 −5.42% exporter
 North Korea 5.691 3.112 2.028 2.139 2.171
 Portugal 4.529 5.185 6.625 12.234 5.356 5.673 4.059 4.655 3.965 0.596 14.68% importer
 Paraguay 0.526 0.931 0.690 1.055 1.270 1.896 1.214 1.843 1.279 0.629 51.82% importer
 Palestine 0.405 0.774 0.695 0.601 0.602
 French Polynesia 2.083 2.893 2.914 3.061 3.124
 Qatar 25.836 24.285 59.726 35.472 36.943 26.760 33.640 25.771 35.587 −7.869 −23.39% exporter
 Réunion 1.913 4.445 4.773 4.284 4.247
 Romania 7.596 7.047 4.753 4.721 4.063 4.350 3.813 4.171 4.104 0.358 9.39% importer
 Russia 17.127 13.795 10.842 8.317 11.372 9.583 11.154 9.341 12.099 −1.813 −16.26% exporter
 Rwanda 0.072 0.072 0.057 0.056 0.095 0.137 0.126 0.165 0.130 0.038 30.21% importer
 Saudi Arabia 13.027 12.100 16.225 14.379 18.824 18.508 18.368 18.278 18.703 −0.090 −0.49% exporter
 Sudan 0.226 0.339 0.551 0.451 0.461
 Senegal 0.417 0.452 0.505 0.609 0.710 0.895 0.775 0.938 0.806 0.162 20.93% importer
 Singapore 14.405 23.549 9.281 30.823 6.446 27.118 5.061 24.238 5.472 19.177 378.93% importer
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 1.105 1.978 1.991 2.297 2.540
 Solomon Islands 0.452 0.585 0.444 0.448 0.449
 Sierra Leone 0.119 0.075 0.137 0.148 0.154
 El Salvador 0.461 0.766 1.043 1.367 0.953 1.252 1.033 1.356 1.141 0.323 31.30% importer
 Somalia 0.104 0.057 0.043 0.035 0.036
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14.437 10.153 11.029 9.496 10.505
 Serbia 7.067 6.594 6.099 6.055 4.230
 South Sudan 0.091 0.119 0.136 0.141 0.147
 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.396 0.476 0.616 0.569 0.592
 Suriname 4.209 3.077 3.593 4.295 4.557
 Slovakia 11.683 13.915 7.959 7.960 6.639 7.537 5.698 6.862 6.481 1.163 20.42% importer
 Slovenia 7.601 8.292 8.446 9.477 6.968 9.469 6.076 8.899 5.921 2.823 46.47% importer
 Sweden 6.736 10.015 5.973 10.106 4.246 7.214 3.522 5.936 3.425 2.414 68.56% importer
 Eswatini 1.124 0.947 0.856 0.898 0.912
 Sint Maarten 20.474 19.127 16.877 13.477 14.705
 Seychelles 2.114 4.436 5.649 5.101 5.337
 Syria 2.985 2.684 1.718 1.259 1.266
 Turks and Caicos Islands 5.313 7.932 8.823 6.992 7.558
 Chad 0.065 0.077 0.131 0.108 0.113
 Togo 0.252 0.331 0.301 0.198 0.275 0.268 0.266 0.835 0.271 0.569 214.24% importer
 Thailand 1.570 2.151 3.453 3.302 4.134 3.721 3.881 3.843 3.890 −0.038 −0.97% exporter
 Tajikistan 2.225 0.952 0.352 0.937 0.880 1.765 0.989 1.354 1.060 0.366 37.00% importer
 Turkmenistan 8.416 9.300 12.291 11.525 13.089
 Timor-Leste 0.181 0.510 0.553 0.557
 Tonga 0.853 1.075 1.286 1.616 1.649
 Trinidad and Tobago 13.408 9.275 27.715 11.002 27.267 16.396 23.553 17.253 23.677 −6.300 −26.75% exporter
 Tunisia 1.555 1.884 2.144 1.467 2.581 1.875 2.268 2.083 2.575 −0.185 −8.14% exporter
 Turkey 2.792 3.970 3.854 4.408 5.241 5.387 4.914 4.779 5.263 −0.134 −2.74% exporter
 Tuvalu 1.195 0.738 0.675 0.697 0.708
 Taiwan 6.027 8.499 11.689 13.240 12.036 12.231 11.094 11.646 11.855 0.552 4.98% importer
 Tanzania 0.081 0.139 0.136 0.222 0.203 0.297 0.199 0.286 0.205 0.087 43.60% importer
 Uganda 0.043 0.086 0.072 0.127 0.134 0.190 0.124 0.168 0.126 0.044 35.70% importer
 Ukraine 13.682 9.704 6.673 5.327 4.996 4.065 4.713 4.332 4.637 −0.380 −8.07% exporter
 Uruguay 1.273 1.575 1.726 2.288 1.801 2.914 1.836 2.953 1.967 1.117 60.83% importer
 United States 20.648 20.348 20.676 22.669 15.801 17.088 14.037 15.471 14.859 1.434 10.21% importer
 Uzbekistan 5.023 4.387 3.410 3.527 3.569
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.716 1.962 2.048 1.853 2.048
 Venezuela 6.168 4.763 6.143 3.859 4.593 2.155 2.684 0.634 2.828 −2.050 −76.37% exporter
 British Virgin Islands 4.215 7.633 5.602 4.652 5.090
 Vietnam 0.318 0.348 1.139 0.883 2.478 1.603 3.403 2.108 3.345 −1.295 −38.06% exporter
 Vanuatu 0.437 0.269 0.480 0.546 0.548 =
 Wallis and Futuna 1.359 2.011 2.144 2.318 2.387
 Samoa 0.523 0.893 1.182 1.331 1.344
 Yemen 0.712 0.928 0.353 0.376 0.378
 South Africa 7.847 5.495 8.485 5.875 7.757 5.580 7.412 5.142 7.340 −2.270 −30.62% exporter
 Zambia 0.313 0.356 0.194 0.362 0.396 0.477 0.385 0.391 0.394 0.006 1.54% importer
 Zimbabwe 1.538 1.780 0.875 0.912 0.651 0.712 0.677 0.741 0.706 0.064 9.48% importer
Africa 1.033 0.923 1.140 0.946 1.092 1.037 1.019 0.976 1.041 −0.043 −4.18% exporter
Asia 2.059 2.042 3.148 2.808 4.363 4.044 4.437 4.126 4.621 −0.311 −7.00% exporter
Asia (excl. China and India) 2.991 3.085 3.595 3.529 4.148 3.899 3.957 3.763 4.036 −0.194 −4.91% exporter
Europe 11.126 10.747 8.800 9.468 7.555 8.091 6.707 7.283 7.112 0.576 8.59% importer
EU-27
)		 13.734 11.086 9.040 8.077 8.315 7.854 7.916 7.396 8.349 −0.520 −6.56% exporter
EU-28
)		 14.481 10.944 8.937 6.963 9.002 7.730 8.787 7.530 9.269 −1.257 −14.31% exporter
 European Union (27) 9.236 10.501 8.635 10.424 7.038 8.253 5.888 7.207 6.276 1.319 22.40% importer
 European Union (28) 9.390 10.645 8.735 10.671 6.886 8.259 5.754 7.171 6.128 1.417 24.62% importer
North America 14.233 14.023 14.253 15.400 11.065 11.731 9.773 10.530 10.283 0.758 7.75% importer
USA
)		 5.036 4.956 5.490 5.483 4.841 4.692 4.223 4.100 4.350 −0.123 −2.91% exporter
Oceania 11.675 10.187 12.944 11.506 11.206 10.021 10.355 9.007 10.021 −1.348 −13.02% exporter
South America 2.019 2.034 2.421 2.178 2.673 2.628 2.274 2.178 2.476 −0.096 −4.20% exporter
Low-income countries (UN) 0.635 0.062 0.398 0.057 0.304 0.109 0.284 0.110 0.287 −0.174 −61.19% exporter
Middle-income countries (UN)
Lower middle income 1.112 0.928 1.263 1.074 1.760 1.580 1.760 1.585 1.847 −0.175 −9.94% exporter
Upper middle income 3.737 3.235 4.655 3.721 6.239 5.508 6.370 5.644 6.672 −0.726 −11.40% exporter
High-income countries 12.107 12.968 12.793 14.579 10.912 12.069 9.689 10.905 10.148 1.216 12.55% importer

Notes

  1. ^ Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colourless, odourless and non-poisonous gas formed by combustion of carbon and in the respiration of living organisms and is considered a greenhouse gas.
    Emissions means the release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time.
    Carbon dioxide emissions or CO2 emissions are emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement; they include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels as well as gas flaring
  2. ^
    land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF), consequently, the exchange of CO2 (carbon cycle) between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is altered.[5]
  3. Greenhouse gases
    (GHG)     constitute a group of gases contributing to global warming and climate change.
    The Kyoto Protocol, an environmental agreement adopted by many of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1997 to curb global warming, nowadays covers seven greenhouse gases:
    • the non-fluorinated gases:
      • carbon dioxide (CO2),
      • methane (CH4),
      • nitrous oxide (N2O),
    • the fluorinated gases:
      • hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
      • perfluorocarbons (PFCs),
      • sulphur hexafluoride (SF6),
      • nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
    Converting them to carbon dioxide (or CO2) equivalents makes it possible to compare them and to determine their individual and total contributions to global warming.

References

  1. ^ "Per capita CO₂ emissions" (map). ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  2. ^ "Annual CO2 emissions by world region" (chart). ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  3. ^
    doi:10.2760/4002897. Retrieved 18 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  4. ^ Global Carbon Project (2022) Supplemental data of Global Carbon Budget 2022 (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Global Carbon Project. https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2022
  5. ^ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. "Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)". unfccc.int. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  6. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac4c3
    . Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  7. S2CID 93958844
    . Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  8. ^ a b c United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. "Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)". unfccc.int. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  9. ^ "Per capita greenhouse gas emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  10. ^ "China's Emissions: More Than U.S. Plus Europe, and Still Rising". The New York Times. 25 January 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  11. ^ "Chinese coal fuels rise in global carbon emissions". The Times. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  12. ^ PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. "China now no. 1 in CO2 emissions; USA in second position". pbl.nl (in English and Dutch). Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  13. ^ Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah (11 May 2017). "CO2 and other Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  14. ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max. "Per capita CO2 emissions". Our World in Data. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  15. ^ Ritchie, Hannah (2019). "How do CO2 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?". Our World in Data. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  16. ^ Klugman, Cornelia. "The EU, a world leader in fighting climate change". European Parliament Think Tank. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  17. ISBN 978-92-9169-158-6
    .
  18. ^ Grubb, M. (July–September 2003). "The economics of the Kyoto protocol" (PDF). World Economics. 4 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011.
  19. ^ Lerner & K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2006). "Environmental issues: essential primary sources". Thomson Gale. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
  20. ^ "Are our water vapour emissions warming the climate?". Physics World. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  21. S2CID 222237434
    . Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  22. ^ a b Hannah, Ritchie. "How do CO2 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?". ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  23. ^ a b "Are consumption-based CO₂ per capita emissions above or below the global average? 2020". ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  24. ^ "CO₂ emissions embedded in global trade". ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  25. ^ "Production vs. consumption-based CO₂ emissions per capita". ourworldindata.org. Our World in Data. Retrieved 18 September 2024.

See also

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita&oldid=1247759022"