List of countries by system of government
Part of the Politics series |
Basic forms of government |
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List of countries by system of government |
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This is a list of
Certain states have been defined as having more than one system of government or a
List of countries
UN member states and observers
Name | Constitutional form | Head of state | Basis of executive legitimacy |
---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | Provisional | N/A | No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime[note 1] |
Albania | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Algeria | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Andorra | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Angola | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Antigua and Barbuda | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Argentina | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Armenia | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Australia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Austria | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence[note 2] |
Azerbaijan | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Bahamas, The | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Bahrain | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
Bangladesh | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Barbados | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Belarus | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Belgium | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Belize | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Benin | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Bhutan | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
Bolivia | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Botswana | Republic | Executive | Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it |
Brazil | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Brunei | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Bulgaria | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Burkina Faso | Provisional | N/A | All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended |
Burundi | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Cambodia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Cameroon | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Canada | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Cape Verde | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Central African Republic | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Chad | Provisional | N/A | All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended |
Chile | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
China, People's Republic of | Republic | Collective | The president of the People's Republic of China and the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress function collectively as head of state. The state president functions as the state representative of China.[note 3] |
Colombia | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Comoros | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Congo, Republic of the | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Costa Rica | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Côte d'Ivoire | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Croatia | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Cuba | Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Cyprus | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Czech Republic | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Denmark | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Djibouti | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Dominica | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Dominican Republic | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
East Timor | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Ecuador | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Egypt | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
El Salvador | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Equatorial Guinea | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Eritrea | Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Estonia | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Eswatini | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Ethiopia | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Fiji | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Finland | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
France | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Gabon | Provisional | N/A | All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended |
Gambia, The | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Georgia | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Germany | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Ghana | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Greece | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Grenada | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Guatemala | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Guinea | Provisional | N/A | All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended |
Guinea-Bissau | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Guyana | Republic | Executive | Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it |
Haiti | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Honduras | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Hungary | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Iceland | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
India | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Indonesia | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Iran | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Iraq | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Ireland | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Israel | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Italy | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Jamaica | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Japan | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Jordan | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
Kazakhstan | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Kenya | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Kiribati | Republic | Executive | Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it |
Kuwait | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
Kyrgyzstan | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Laos | Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Latvia | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Lebanon | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Lesotho | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Liberia | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Libya | Provisional | N/A | No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime |
Liechtenstein | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
Lithuania | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Luxembourg | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Madagascar | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Malawi | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Malaysia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Maldives | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Mali | Provisional | N/A | All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended |
Malta | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Marshall Islands | Republic | Executive | Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it |
Mauritania | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Mauritius | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Mexico | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Micronesia | Republic | Executive | Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it |
Moldova | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Monaco | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
Mongolia | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Montenegro | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Morocco | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
Mozambique | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Myanmar | Provisional | N/A | All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended |
Namibia | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Nauru | Republic | Executive | Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it |
Nepal | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Netherlands | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
New Zealand | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Nicaragua | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Niger | Provisional | N/A | All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended |
Nigeria | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
North Korea | Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political party |
North Macedonia | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Norway | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Oman | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Pakistan | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Palau | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Palestine | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Panama | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Papua New Guinea | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Paraguay | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Peru | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Philippines | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Poland | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence[note 4] |
Portugal | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Qatar | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
Romania | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Russia | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Rwanda | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Saint Lucia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Samoa | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
San Marino | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence[note 5] |
São Tomé and Príncipe | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Saudi Arabia | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Senegal | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Serbia | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Seychelles | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Sierra Leone | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Singapore | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Slovakia | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Slovenia | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Solomon Islands | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Somalia | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
South Africa | Republic | Executive | Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it |
South Korea | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
South Sudan | Provisional | N/A | No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime |
Spain | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Sri Lanka | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Sudan | Provisional | N/A | All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended |
Suriname | Republic | Executive | Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it |
Sweden | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Switzerland | Republic | Executive | Executive head of state is either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it |
Syria | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Tajikistan | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Tanzania | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Thailand | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Togo | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Tonga | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
Trinidad and Tobago | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Tunisia | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Turkey | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Turkmenistan | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Tuvalu | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Uganda | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Ukraine | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
United Arab Emirates | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions |
United Kingdom | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
United States | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Uruguay | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Uzbekistan | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Vanuatu | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Vatican City | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Venezuela | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Vietnam | Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Yemen | Provisional | N/A | No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime[note 6] |
Zambia | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Zimbabwe | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Other states
Name | Constitutional form | Head of state | Basis of executive legitimacy |
---|---|---|---|
Abkhazia | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Cook Islands | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Kosovo | Republic | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Niue | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Northern Cyprus | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Republic | Executive | Power constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Somaliland | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
South Ossetia | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Taiwan (Republic of China) | Republic | Executive | Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence |
Transnistria | Republic | Executive | Presidency is independent of legislature |
Systems of governance
Italics indicate states with limited recognition.
Presidential republics
These are systems in which a
In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists, in most cases they serve purely at the discretion of the president.
The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:
Presidential republics without a prime minister
- Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of[note 1]
- Angola[note 7][8]
- Benin
- Bolivia[note 7]
- Brazil
- Chile
- Colombia
- Comoros
- Costa Rica
- Cyprus
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Gambia, The
- Ghana
- Guatemala
- Honduras
- Indonesia
- Liberia
- Malawi
- Maldives
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
- Nigeria
- Palau
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Philippines
- Seychelles
- Somaliland
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- United States
- Uruguay[note 7]
- Venezuela
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
Nations with limited recognition are in italics.
Presidential republic with a Supreme Leader
Presidential republics with a prime minister
The following countries have presidential systems where a post of prime minister (official title may vary) exists alongside that of the president. The president is still both the head of state and government and the prime minister's roles are mostly to assist the president.
- Abkhazia
- Argentina (see Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers)
- Belarus
- Burundi
- Cameroon
- Central African Republic
- Djibouti
- Equatorial Guinea
- Ivory Coast
- Kenya (see Prime Cabinet Secretary)
- Kyrgyzstan
- Peru
- Senegal
- Sierra Leone (see Chief minister)
- South Korea
- Syria
- Rwanda
- Tajikistan
- Tanzania
- Togo
- Transnistria
- Tunisia
- Uganda
- Uzbekistan
Nations with limited recognition are in italics.
Parliamentary republics
In a parliamentary republic, the head of government is selected or nominated by the legislature and is also accountable to it. The head of state is ordinarily called a president and (in full parliamentary republics) is separate from the head of government, serving a largely apolitical, ceremonial role. In these systems, the head of government is usually called the prime minister, chancellor or premier. In mixed republican systems and directorial republican systems, the head of government also serves as head of state and is usually titled president.
In some full parliamentary systems, the head of state is directly elected by voters. Under other classification systems, however, these systems may instead be classed as semi-presidential systems as presidents are always attached to a political party and may have broad powers (despite their weak presidency).[9] Full parliamentary republican systems with presidents being purely ceremonial and neutral with no broad powers, do not have a directly elected head of state and instead usually use either an electoral college or a vote in the legislature to appoint the president.
Directly elected head of state
Indirectly elected head of state
Nations with limited recognition are in italics.
Semi-presidential republics
In
Premier-presidential systems
The president chooses a prime minister and cabinet from the parliament with approval from the parliament, however only the parliament may remove them from office with a vote of no confidence. The president does not have the right to dismiss the prime minister or the cabinet.
Nations with limited recognition are in italics.
President-parliamentary systems
The president is head of state and the prime minister is head of government, although the prime minister generally works under the discretion of the former more so than in a premier-presidential system. The president chooses the prime minister and the cabinet without a
Nations with limited recognition are in italics.
Republics with an executive head of state
Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency
A combined head of state and head of government in the form of an executive president is either elected by the legislature or directly by voters, and they must maintain the confidence of the legislature to remain in office. In effect, "presidents" in this system function the same as prime ministers do in other parliamentary systems.
Assembly-independent republics
A combined head of state and head of government (usually titled president) is elected by the legislature but is not held accountable to it (as is their cabinet), thus acting more independently from the legislature.[31] They may or may not also hold a seat in the legislature.
In a
One-party states
States in which political power is by law concentrated within one political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy (in contrast to states where a multi-party system formally exists, but this fusion is achieved anyway through election fraud or underdeveloped multi-party traditions).
- list)
- Cuba (Communist Party) (list)
- Eritrea (People's Front for Democracy and Justice) (list)
- Democratic Front) (list)
- Front for National Construction) (list)
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Polisario Front)
- list)
Nations with limited recognition are in italics.
Constitutional monarchies
These are systems in which the
Systems in which a
- Andorra[note 17]
- Antigua and Barbuda[note 18]
- Australia[note 18]
- Bahamas[note 18]
- Belgium
- Belize[note 18]
- Cambodia
- Canada[note 18]
- Cook Islands[note 18][note 19]
- Denmark
- Grenada[note 18]
- Jamaica[note 18]
- Japan
- Lesotho
- Luxembourg
- Malaysia
- Netherlands
- New Zealand[note 18][note 19]
- Niue[note 18][note 19]
- Norway
- Papua New Guinea[note 18]
- Saint Kitts and Nevis[note 18]
- Saint Lucia[note 18]
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[note 18]
- Solomon Islands[note 18]
- Spain
- Sweden
- Thailand
- Tuvalu[note 18]
- United Kingdom[note 18]
Semi-constitutional monarchies
The prime minister is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at their own discretion.
Absolute monarchies
Specifically, monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive constitutional law. The monarch acts as both head of state and head of government.
Military juntas
A committee of the nation's military leaders controls the government for the duration of a state of emergency. Constitutional provisions for government are suspended in these states; constitutional forms of government are stated in parentheses.
- Burkina Faso (semi-presidential republic)[38]
- presidential republic)[39]
- presidential republic)[40]
- presidential republic)[43]
- Niger (semi-presidential republic)[46]
Transitional governments
States that have a system of government that is in transition or turmoil. These regimes lack a constitutional basis.
Systems of internal structure
Unitary states
A state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. Of the 193 UN member states, 126 are governed as centralized unitary states, and an additional 40 are regionalized unitary states.
Centralized unitary states
States in which most power is exercised by the central government. What local authorities do exist have few powers.
Regionalized unitary states
States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional authorities, but where constitutional authority ultimately remains entirely at a national level.
- Azerbaijan (59 districts, and 1 autonomous republic)
- Bolivia (9 departments)
- Chile (16 regions)
- 2 special administrative regions, and 1 claimed province)
- Colombia (34 departments, and 1 capital district)
- Denmark (5 regions, and 2 self-governing territories)
- Finland (19 regions, and Åland)
- France (18 regions, of which 6 are autonomous)
- Georgia (9 regions, and 2 autonomous republics)
- Greece (7 decentralized administrations, and 1 autonomous monastic state)
- Indonesia (38 provinces, of which 9 have special status)
- Israel (6 districts, Judea and Samaria Area)
- Italy (20 regions, of which 5 are autonomous)
- Japan (47 prefectures)
- Kazakhstan (17 regions, 3 cities with region rights)
- Kenya (47 counties)
- 4 constituent countries)
- Mauritania (15 regions)
- Moldova (32 districts, 3 municipalities, and 2 autonomous territorial units)
- 2 states in free association)
- Nicaragua (15 departments, 2 autonomous regions)
- Norway (10 counties, 1 autonomous city, 2 integral overseas areas, 3 dependencies)
- Papua New Guinea (20 provinces, 1 autonomous region, and 1 national capital district)
- province)
- Philippines (one autonomous region subdivided into 5 provinces and 113 other provinces and independent cities grouped into 17 other non-autonomous regions)
- 2 autonomous regions)
- São Tomé and Príncipe (6 districts, and Príncipe)
- 29 districts, 2 autonomous provinces (one of which is a partially recognized de facto independent state), and 1 autonomous city)
- Solomon Islands (9 provinces, and 1 capital territory)
- South Africa (9 provinces)
- 1 autonomous province)
- 2 autonomous cities)
- Sri Lanka (9 provinces)
- 1 autonomous region, and 1 capital city)
- Tanzania (21 regions, and Zanzibar)
- Trinidad and Tobago (9 regions, 1 autonomous island, 3 boroughs, and 2 cities)
- Ukraine (24 oblasts, 2 cities with special status, and Crimea)
- United Kingdom (4 constituent countries, of which 3 have devolved administrations)
- Uzbekistan (3 regions, 1 autonomous republic, and 1 independent city)
Federation
States in which the
- Argentina (23 provinces and one autonomous city)
- Australia (six states and ten territories)
- nine states)
- three regions and three linguistic communities)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina (two entities and one district that is a condominium of the two entities)
- 26 states and the Federal District)
- Canada (ten provinces and three territories)
- Comoros ( Anjouan, Grande Comore, and Mohéli)
- Ethiopia (10 regions and 2 chartered cities)
- Germany (16 states)
- 28 states and 8 union territories)
- one region: Kurdistan)
- three federal territories)
- 32 states)
- Federated States of Micronesia ( Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap)
- Nepal (seven provinces)
- Nigeria (36 states and one federal territory: Federal Capital Territory)
- Pakistan (4 provinces, 2 autonomous territories and 1 federal territory)
- Russia (46 oblasts, 22 republics (one of which is disputed), nine krais, four autonomous okrugs, three federal cities (one of which is disputed), one autonomous oblast)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis (Saint Kitts, Nevis)
- Somalia (six federal member states)
- South Sudan (ten states)
- Sudan (17 states)
- Switzerland (26 cantons)
- United Arab Emirates (seven emirates)
- incorporated territory, and one federal district: District of Columbia)
- Venezuela (23 states, one capital district, and the Federal Dependencies of Venezuela)
European Union
The exact political character of the
See also
- List of sovereign states
- List of countries by date of transition to a republican system of government
- List of political systems in France
- List of current heads of state and government
- Government
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Islamic Emirate remaining unrecognized by the organization.[50]
- ^ semi-presidential according to the country's Constitution, however behaves more like a parliamentary republic in practice by constitutional convention, with the Chancellorbeing the country's leading political figure despite nominally being ranked third according to the Constitution.
- ^ The President of China is legally a ceremonial office; however, since 1993, the presidency has been held by the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, who is the most powerful figure in the political system.[7] For more info see politics of China.
- semi-presidential in nature as the President of Poland does exercise some power – the head of state appoints the Prime Minister as the head of government, and can veto legislation as well as dissolve parliament in certain situations. The Cabinet and Prime Minister appointed by the President are subject to a vote of confidence by the Polish Parliament (Sejm).
- ^ a b Despite having a collective head of state, San Marino's head of state is ceremonial, and as such is not executively governed by a directorial system.
- ^ a b Disputed between the internationally recognized Presidential Leadership Council and the Supreme Political Council.[52]
- ^ a b c d e President and legislature are elected directly by the people via double simultaneous vote.
- ^ Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage, and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
- ^ Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
- ^ Despite having a collective head of state, Bosnia and Herzegovina's head of state is ceremonial, and as such is not executively governed by a directorial system.
- ^ Their two-person head of state, the Captains Regent, serve for six month terms.
- ^ The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister. Although, if a vote of no confidence is successful and they do not resign, it triggers the dissolution of the legislature and new elections (per section 92 of the Constitution).
- ^ The president is constitutionally obligated to dissolve parliament after a successful no-confidence motion against the government (article 106(6)) and new elections are called within 3 months (article 61).[26]
- ^ Holds a legislative seat.
- Swiss Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes both the presidency and the government.
- ^ Some monarchs are given a limited number of discretionary reserve powers only to be used in certain circumstances in accordance with their responsibility to defend the constitution.
- representative.
- ^ Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as his representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".head of government.
In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes the PM the de facto - ^ states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.
- ^ A federal absolute monarchy in which, different monarchies, or in this case, sheikhdoms fulfill both the duty of president and prime minister, although in actuality they are monarchs.
- religious. Some individuals are also authorized to reside in the city but do not qualify or choose not to request citizenship.)[37]
References
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- ^ Veser, Ernst [in German] (23 September 1997). "Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model" (PDF). Department of Education, School of Education, University of Cologne , zh. pp. 39–60. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes Duverger's pléiade as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).
- ^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- . Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.
- ^ McMenamin, Iain. "Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland" (PDF). School of Law and Government, Dublin City University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
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In China, the political job that matters most is the general secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government carries out. China's presidency lacks the authority of the American and French presidencies.
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- ^ https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2017)010-e
- ^ Constitution (2012). "CONSTITUTION OF THE CO-OPERATIVE REPUBLIC OF GUYANA ACT" (PDF). Parliament of Guyana.
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- ^ "Marshall Islands 1979 (rev. 1995)". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
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- ^ "South Africa's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2012" (PDF). www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- .
- ^ "Micronesia (Federated States of)'s Constitution of 1978 with Amendments through 1990" (PDF). www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ "The Constitution". Stortinget. 4 September 2019.
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- ^ Gavin, Michelle (8 April 2022). "Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
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- ^ Nichols, Michelle (15 December 2022). "Afghan Taliban Administration, Myanmar Junta Not Allowed Into United Nations for Now". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ Choi, Joseph (8 September 2021). "EU: Provisional Taliban government does not fulfill promises". The Hill. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ Ghobari, Mohamed; Tolba, Ahmed (8 April 2022). "Yemen president cedes powers to council as Saudi Arabia pushes to end war". Reuters. Aden. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ For more detailed discussion, see John McCormick, European Union Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), Chapters 1 and 2.