List of diasporas

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History provides many examples of notable diasporas. The Eurominority.eu map (the European Union) Peoples of the World includes some diasporas and underrepresented/stateless ethnic groups.^[1]

Note: the list below is not definitive and includes groups that have not been given significant historical attention. Whether the migration of some of the groups listed fulfils the conditions required to be considered a diaspora may be open for debate.

A

• Acadian diaspora – In 1755, during the French and Indian War, the French-speaking population of Acadia was expelled by the British colonial government, in an event that has come to be known as the Great Upheaval or Grand Dérangement: Expulsion of the Acadians. Although an order in council was passed in 1764 to allow the Acadians to return, many settled in other parts of North America, including a large population in Louisiana, where they became known as the Cajuns.
• Afghan refugees – fled their country throughout the 20th century, especially to nearby Pakistan, India and Iran. Since 1980, over half a million Afghans migrated to Europe (many to Great Britain and Germany), while a quarter of a million went to North America (the US and Canada), and less than 50,000 settled in Australia. There are around 25,000 people of Afghan descent living in Hamburg alone. ^{[citation needed]} As with the Durand Line issue, some deny Afghan as being considered an ethnicity and consider only Pashtuns from Pakistan and Afghanistan to be Afghans as opposed to non-Pashtuns in Afghanistan. In the old definition of Afghan, it refers to just Pashtun people, and can especially imply Muslim communities in the Indian subcontinent, (and those that migrated into the Caribbean region) most of which have forgot Pashto and replaced with the language of their host region. These assimilated communities were endogamous at the time keeping the members ancestrally homogenous, however the partition of India caused miscegenation to be high in many of such communities. Patrilineal descent is the typical indication of such ancestry. ^{[citation needed]}
• Afro-Latin Americans and Black Canadians
  .
  • 2010 US Census stated 43 million overall, but between 35 and 50 million or 12-15% of the US population are Black or of Sub-Saharan African descent. They tend to be descendants of slaves brought to the New World in the 1600s-early 19th century until the practice was made illegal in 1865 after the US Civil War (the United States or Union defeated the seceded Confederacy
    in the southern states). Significant immigration of African-descended populations from the Caribbean, plus direct immigration from Sub-Saharan Africa, began in the 20th century.
  • African Australians – part of the African diaspora in Australia. Note that in Australia, the term "African Australian" refers strictly to people who migrated directly from Africa to Australia, or had an ancestor do so. Immigrants from the African diaspora (such as Caribbeans and African Americans) are not included in the term.
• Albanian American and with smaller numbers in Mexico and South America), Australia and across Asia (the former Ottoman Empire
  in the Middle East).
• Americans living abroad – People from the United States (US), largest numbers in Mexico and Canada, as well in Liberia (African-Americans), Israel (American Jews), Japan (off the Asian continent), and throughout Asia (South Korea and Philippines), Europe (i.e. France and the UK) and the (Latin) Americas.
• Arab-American community), Australia and elsewhere. (See especially Lebanese, Syrians and Palestinians
  ).
• Argentine Americans
  in the USA.).
• Armenian Americans), France, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Iran, Lebanon, Russia, Syria, and a small orphan population in the former Ethiopian Empire
  .
• Taiwanese) and Los Angeles; the state of Hawaii
  – over half (60%) of state population, and New York City.
• Assyrian diaspora – a Semitic Christian population of the Middle East (originally they lived in Assyria). In the 20th century, millions of Assyrians left the Middle East due to ongoing ethnic, political and religious persecution. Assyrian communities flourish in the United States, Canada, Australia and throughout Western Europe
  .
• Australian diaspora – About 750,000 Australian expatriates live outside of Australia, mostly business executives and retired people seeking a new place to live. There are large Australian communities in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and North America; and smaller groups in Europe, Africa (especially South Africa), the Middle East (particularly the United Arab Emirates), east and south Asia (including Thailand and Papua New Guinea), and Latin America (like Costa Rica, esp. Brazil, Chile, and Argentina).
• Azeris
  .

B

• United Kingdom
  and Italy.
• Basque Country in northern Spain and southwest France, usually to the Americas (esp. the western U.S., Chile – where 10-20% of the population are of Basque descent,^[2] Uruguay, Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico) for economic or political reasons. There are also Basque Catholic missionaries across the world, as well Basque fishermen in Canada (Newfoundland), Northern Europe, East Asia, and Oceania
  (Australia).
• Bangladeshi
  origin.
• Bihari – Pakistani Muslims of different ethnic origins in Bengal, India and Bangladesh, a small percentage of population left over from Pakistan's rule of Bangladesh (then East Pakistan
  ) from 1947 to 1971.
• Boston, Massachusetts; and Los Angeles; and many live in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Italy, Austria, Croatia, Serbia
  , Switzerland and Turkey.
• New Republic). During this period, despite several attempts made by the then-Presidents to stabilize the economy, the country suffered a series of successive economic crises that lasted until the early 2000s, culminating in issues like hyperinflation, samba effect, privatization of the water system, among other consequences. Because of this, many Brazilians decided to move abroad looking for a better life. The second one was larger and started during the 2014 economic crisis, when a record number of Brazilians started to leave the country. This emigration continued to escalate in later years until the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country in February 2020. Throughout history, it is estimated that about 3.1 million Brazilians have moved to other countries, mainly the United States, Paraguay, Japan and Portugal. In the United States, many Brazilians try to accomplish what is known as The American Dream. They generally live in communities where there are a large number of countrymen. They are most found in the states of Florida, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey and California. In Paraguay, where the Brazilian immigrants are known as Brasiguayos, most of them work either in agricultural lands located in rural areas or selling products for Brazilians in several retail stores opened by them in Ciudad del Este, a city located near the Triple Frontier with Brazil and Argentina. In Japan, most immigrants are Japanese Brazilians who are direct descendants of the Japanese immigrants who moved to Brazil, especially to the community they formed during the early 20th century in the district of Liberdade, located in the city of São Paulo. In Portugal, many Brazilians are attracted by the ease to speak Portuguese (the European Portuguese dialect does not have large differences compared to Brazilian Portuguese), and considering the large number of Brazilians who have Portuguese ancestry, many of them have decided to apply for the acquisition of the Portuguese citizenship using the principle of jus sanguinis
  .
• Breton diaspora - The population from Brittany, Celtic region in north-western France who have emigrated temporarily or permanently outside the borders of this region, while maintaining links with it. Bretons chiefly migrated to France, Canada, the United States and Caribbean islands but also in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand among others.
• British diaspora – During the last four hundred years millions of English, Scots, and Welsh have migrated all over the world, for a great variety of reasons, especially to the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, but many other places besides (e.g. Zimbabwe, Spain, Kenya, Chile and Argentina).
• Bulgarian diaspora – an estimated three million ethnic Bulgarians are dispersed around the world, the majority in Europe such as in neighboring nations of Romania, Greece, Serbia, Turkey and North Macedonia. About 200,000 in the US, with 50,000 others in Canada, 20,000 in Australia, and 20,000 in Brazil. Other large Bulgarian diaspora communities are in France, Germany, Spain, Argentina, Italy, Russia and the United Kingdom.

C

• The Cape Verdean diaspora refers to historical emigration from Cape Verde. Today, more Cape Verdeans live abroad than in Cape Verde itself. Diaspora communities include those in the United States, Portugal, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Spain and Canada.
• The
  Cham-Vietnamese War of 1471 as Vietnamese forces attacked and sacked the capital Vijaya and defeat the Cham army decisively. As a result of the conflict, the Champa kingdom was forced to cede its remaining territory to Vietnam.^[3] Sizable communities of descendants exist in Cambodia's eastern territories, such as Kampong Cham province, on Hainan Island in China and the Vietnamese archipelago of the South China Sea.^[4] The Cham people's numbers were reduced by the persecutions of Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge
  regime in the 1970s.
• Chechens – fled Chechnya during the 1990s insurrection against Russia. The majority of displaced Chechens fled to Azerbaijan, Armenia and the Republic of Georgia, but tens of thousands of Chechen refugees migrated to Europe, North America and across the Middle East. Previous waves of migration took Chechens to Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey and Saudi Arabia in 1820 or 1890.
• Cherokees – a Native American tribe indigenous to the Southeastern United States, whose official tribal organization is Cherokee Nation based in Oklahoma, United States, which had 400,000 citizens in 2022 ^[5] but the US census reported 800,000 Americans claimed Cherokee descent as of 2005, and the total ethnic population in the USA nearly doubled to 1.5 million by 2015. ^{[citation needed]} However, anthropological and genetic experts in Native American studies have argued that there could be over two million more Cherokee descendants scattered across North America (the largest number at 300–600,000 in California). The beginnings of the Cherokee diaspora was from their forced removal in the Trail of Tears. Later, thousands of "Americanized" Cherokee farmers were forced to settle across the Americas (i.e. Canada, Cuba and South America-an estimated 90–100,000 descendants there ^{[citation needed]}) as the result of the Dawes Act. In the 20th century, many Cherokees served in the U.S. Army during World War I, World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. These soldiers left some descendants by intermarriage with "war brides" in Europe and east Asia. Some Cherokees and other American Indians might have emigrated to Europe and elsewhere through the British and Spanish empires. They make up the global Cherokee diaspora.^[6]
• The Chian diaspora occurred in 1822, when the Greco-Genoese population of Chios was killed, exiled, and enslaved by their Ottoman rulers.
• Chilean Americans), but smaller communities are found in Belgium, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, and the Netherlands. During the Pinochet era, many refugees moved to East Germany
  when it was a communist country before reunification with Germany in 1990.
• Vancouver) and Australia (esp. cities of Sydney, Melbourne) have populations over 1 million in size. Other sizable communities may be found in Japan, Cambodia, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand and South Africa
  , each with over 100,000 ethnic Chinese.
  • Hakka
    people.
  • Muslims in China
    .
• Circassian beauties about thousands of renowned "beautiful" women from Circassia in the mid 19th century emigrated to the western world where they married European and North American men.^[7]
• Colombian Americans, one of the largest Latino
  nationalities in the country.
• Democratic Republic of Congo formerly Zaire to the south. Smaller Congolese communities developed in South Africa, Nigeria and Western Europe
  .
• Cornish emigration
  ).
• Crimean Tatar diaspora – formed after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by Russia, in 1783.
• Croatian diaspora – Largest number of Croatians living outside Europe are in the US, Chile, Canada, Australia, Venezuela and Brazil.
• Cuban Americans). Other preferred countries, including Spain, Mexico, Venezuela (not as much today), Ireland, Australia, and Nicaragua
  .

• Danish people a.k.a. Danes who originate in the Nordic country of Denmark. They have historically migrated all over Europe, and about a million Danish emigrants in the last two centuries to all the world's six inhabited continents. An example of Danish culture overseas is in Solvang, California in the United States. ^{[citation needed]} And returning Danish-Americans in 1909 founded a town in Denmark near Aalborg. ^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Delaware Tribe of Indians (Oklahoma United States) and Leni-Lenape people in Northeastern US, they are scattered throughout the US, extending to Mexico and Canada. See also Shawnee; Chickasaw and Choctaw; and Seminole peoples resettled in Indian Territory, 1838–1907.^[8]
• New York County's, they became the city's largest Latino
  group.
• Afrikaners), the Caribbean (Aruba and Netherlands Antilles), and Suriname, and some Dutch immigrants to South America.^[9]
  • Flemings, a subgroup of Dutch/Low German speaking people of the country of Belgium, about 50-55% of the country's population speaks Dutch – also called Flemish, one of Belgium's two major and three official languages. Flemings migrated to all the six continents of the world, sometimes in droves to nearby countries of France and the Netherlands, other European nations of the UK, Germany and Sweden, and they founded new settlements. The Azores, a Portuguese territory was once called the Islas de las Flamandes (the Fleming Islands) in the 16th century. The West Flemish population in the Nord
    département of France struggle to preserve their endangered language.
  • Frieslands on the northern half of the Netherlands, along with northwestern Germany and southernmost Denmark. The Frisians have their own language, history and customs. Frisians are thought to date back 5,000 years, migrated to the Rhine delta by the North Sea
    and were successful in draining out the marshes to make it inhabitable to establish cities and farmland. Frisians also migrated worldwide, a number of them were employed in the oceanic fishing markets.

• Ecuadorian Americans, also in Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela
  and Brazil), Europe (esp. Spain and Italy, with some in France and elsewhere), and smaller numbers in Japan and Australia.
• (Egyptian)
  Coptic Christian Church based in Egypt
  for about 2,000 years, live around the world. The largest numbers are in North America and Australia; and Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway and Sweden in Europe.
• Egyptian diaspora – 9.5 million Egyptians living abroad.
• Chudes, Livonians, Setos and Voros in neighboring lands of Russia, Latvia and Lithuania. There is no way to know the corrected number of Estonians, unless to count 100,000 dual nationals in the former USSR or the number of expatriates in the EU countries (esp. Finland). ^{[citation needed}
  ]

• Fiji Indian diaspora – people of Indian origin left Fiji
  following the racially inspired coups of 1987 and 2000 to settle primarily in Australia, New Zealand, United States and Canada. Smaller numbers have settled in England and other Pacific islands.
• Philippine Congress
  .
• French diaspora – Over 100 million French-speaking and ethnic French people in the world, about 55 million in Metropolitan France in Europe, 3 million in Belgium known as the Walloons, 3 million in western cantons of Switzerland and 2 million others in adjacent areas of Luxembourg, the kingdoms of Andorra and Monaco, and parts of western Italy, southwest Germany and northern Spain. This includes the remnants of Pied-Noirs in formerly French territories of North Africa – the now independent nations of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia; and in Southeast Asia (formerly French Indochina) – the now independent nations of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam; and millions of those of French ancestry in North America (i.e. a major contributor of settlement in the US and 8 million French-Canadians in Canada), South America and the Caribbean, and Oceania (i.e. New Caledonia and French Polynesia).
  • French Canadian diaspora – includes hundreds of thousands of people who left Quebec for the United States (most went to New England states of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont), as well as Ontario and Western Canada, between about 1840 and 1930. In addition, since the 1970s Florida and other portions of the Southeastern United States
    have had sizable French-Canadian communities, consisting chiefly of retired senior citizens.
  • The
    Spanish and other ethnicities introducing Jazz music and Creole cooking
    .
  • Walloons, in the southern half of Belgium. Several languages part of the langue d'oil family of languages, where spoken in Wallonia. ( Atlas linguistique de la Wallonie ^[fr] ) In Belgium, due to French annexation in 1795 of what was to become Belgium, and French being at that time a lingua franca of European Elites ( including that of Bourgeois and Aristocrats living in regions and cities currently part of Wallonia and Flanders ), the French language has been imposed as official language. At a later state, the Dutch language and, after their annexation as war reparations, the German in the easternmost parts are given co-official status. Many Walloon miners, factory workers and farmers migrated to France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden and the UK; and other French and Dutch/Belgian colonial lands (i.e. Belgian Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo formerly Zaire).
  • La Francophonie (French Empire and French-speaking areas of Europe). Also there have been Occitan-speaking settlers in Pigüé, Argentina; sporadically Mexico and Chile; and even into the United States in Valdese, North Carolina. Occitania is a regional-cultural movement that developed since the 1970s throughout the southern half of France with adjacent parts of Switzerland, Italy and Spain. ^{[citation needed}
    ]
  • Protestants. They often migrated out of France in the 1600s and 1700s to nearby Protestant majority lands like Netherlands, Germany, the UK, the United States and Canada (then British North America), South Africa, and other lands like Switzerland, Scandinavia, Poland (the Prussian Empire
    ), Hungary; and Australia and New Zealand in the 19th century.
  • Corsican American
    .

• the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) in the 1950s and 1960s. Galicians also went to Africa, Australia, New Zealand and east Asia: China, Japan and the Philippines
  which was a former Spanish colony from 1540 to 1898.
• German Russians – Russians of German descent who settled in the Russian Empire in the 1600s and 1700s. The highest concentration are in the Volga region (Volga Germans). The majority of the German-Russian population left in the 1800s and 1900s, esp. after World War II to Germany, the US and all over the world.^[13]
  • "
    Soviet Bloc: Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland with some western embassies, esp. East Germans went to obtain passports from the Federal Republic of (West) Germany; and others went to neutral nations like Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Scandinavia and Switzerland for political reasons as some were still sympathetic to communist ideals. Some smaller numbers of East Germans chose to move in various countries of Western Europe and the Americas as well the former Soviet Union, but most returned home in the course of the 1990s. Germany may be reunified, but some "Ossie" cultural identity remains. ^{[citation needed}
    ]
  • Danube Swabians – Ethnic German (Austrian) communities in Hungary.
  • Protestant Reformation in northern Europe. Various groups of Mennonites migrated to the US, other parts of North America (i.e. Belize, Canada mainly in Saskatchewan and northern Mexico), eastern Europe and Asia (including Israel and Egypt in Africa). There are Mennonite settlements in Central and South America (esp. in the Gran Chaco, Paraguay
    ) and over a million Mennonite adherents worldwide.
  • Pennsylvania German language is decreasing in use, but has a history in the state going back 350 years (since 1660). ^{[citation needed}
    ]
  • Barossa German spoken by a colony of German-Australians in the Barossa valley, South Australia, Australia.
• Gerashi diasporas – The people of Gerashi origin (of Iran) who have migrated to the Arab States of the southern Persian Gulf in search of necessities and basic human rights. It has continued since the early 20th century bombing of the city by Reza Shah and the federal forces.
• Ghanaian diaspora – Are people from the nation of Ghana living abroad. Significant populations can be found in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, South Africa, United Kingdom and United States.^[14]
• Greek diaspora – refers to any ethnic Greek populations living outside the borders of Greece and Cyprus as a result of modern or ancient migrations. There is a Department of Diaspora Affairs in the Greek government. An estimated three million Greeks live in North America (the United States and Canada), Africa, Australia (especially Melbourne, the third largest 'Greek' city), across Europe – the largest groups being established in Germany, Sweden and Belgium – and the Middle East. Ancient Greek communities in what is now Turkey were destroyed due to the fallout from World War I and persecution. A Greek community remains in Istanbul according to the terms of the Lausanne treaty, but persecution in the 1950s and 1960s led most to flee. Only a small community (Pontic Greeks) remain in Turkey. A similarly ancient community of Greeks in Alexandria and Cairo was ordered to leave Egypt in the 1960s under Nasser's nationalisation programme. In addition, many Greek-speaking Cypriots migrated to Britain in the 20th century.

H

• Habesha diaspora – the peoples of the Ethiopian Empire and its successor states of Eritrea and Ethiopia have migrated over the years due to political unrest, ethnic tensions, and civil wars like the Deg's Ethiopian Revolution, Red Terror (Ethiopia) Ethiopian Civil War, 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia and Eritrea, Eritrean War of Independence, Eritrean–Ethiopian War, and other present conflicts and upheavals. The Habesha peoples have used various ethnological names like "Abyssinians", "Erthyreneans", "Habesha", "Oromo", "Amharic", "Eritrean", "Ethiopian", and "[Insert Name of Ethnic Group]" depending on the time period they fled, their national origin, their political position, regional ancestry, or which of the approximately 85 to 89 constituent ethnic groups they come from.
  • Eritreans – Around half a million of the total five million Eritreans fled the country during the thirty-year Eritrean War of Independence as well as fleeing violence perpetuated by the Eritrean government (EPLF–PFDJ). They have formed communities all over the western world (i.e. United States in Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles; and Europe: Sweden, Germany and Italy). There are more than half a million Eritreans in refugee camps (most in Ethiopia and Sudan).
  • Ethiopians – A mass movement of Ethiopian migration during the 20th century into the Middle East (mostly Israel), Europe, South Asia, East Asia, Australia, North America (esp. the United States and Canada), and Latin America caused by ethnic violence, politically unrest, and violence perpetuated by the Ethiopian government* (EPRDF
    ) has created a global Ethiopian diaspora.
• Bahamas, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and French Guiana. There are also smaller numbers in Belgium, France, Spain, and Venezuela. Increasingly, Haitians are searching for employment in Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Brazil. ^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Multiracial American
  ) They tend to live across the US and western Canada, due to historic migration of Hawaiians into North America.
• Puerto Rican people, Cuban Americans
  , etc.
• Vancouver, British Columbia and yacht people
  .
• Communist government, when over 200,000 Hungarians fled the country for asylum in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria (historic Austria-Hungary empire), Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela
  . It used to be Argentina and Venezuela had Hungarian immigrants before economic conditions worsened.

• Canada. See Icelanders
  .
• Atlantic Slave Trade. Today, places with the most population of diaspora Igbos and people of Igbo descent are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Spain, Haiti and the West Indies
  .
• Danish-European ancestry), self-ruling territory of Denmark, and about 3,000 Siberian Yupik (closely related to the Alutiiq and Yup'ik
  of Alaska) in the Chukchi Peninsula, Russia facing the Bering Strait.
• Indian Diaspora: They are broadly divided into two groups i.e. NRIs (Indian citizens not residing in India) and PIOs (Persons of Indian Origin who have acquired the citizenship of some other country).^[15] Major populations exist in Mauritius (where they form the majority), Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, Fiji, Malaysia, South Africa, Nepal and Réunion, primarily from 19th century indentured workers. Recent immigration to Canada, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and the United States (see Desi, a nickname for Indian Americans
  ).
• Indochinese diaspora – includes the refugees from the numerous wars that took place in Southeast Asia, such as World War II and the Vietnam War
  .
  • The
    Vietnamese Americans), the migration peaked in the 1980s and 1990s (esp. the largest Vietnamese-American communities in California, Texas, and Philadelphia). The Vietnamese also went to Canada, France (and overseas territories), Germany (also the Vietnamese guest workers in the former Communist East Germany), Italy, the Middle East, Australia, and other Asian countries (most went to Hong Kong, when it was a British colony, before the handover to the People's Republic of China in 1997, and Macau, which was under Portuguese rule
    until the handover to the People's Republic of China in 1999).
  • The wave of
    Laotians, Cambodians and Thai refugees and economic immigrants (Vietnamese who arrived since 1990) arrived in North America (i.e. the United States and Canada), Europe (esp. France), across Asia (most went to Thailand), Oceania (Australia) and South America (concentrated in French Guiana
    ).
  • Some millions of Indochinese were of ethnic Chinese descent, the majority of Chinese/Sino-Vietnamese from Vietnam, Chinese-Cambodians of Cambodia and Thai-Chinese of Thailand had emigrated in the late 20th century.
• U.A.E., Australia, and the Netherlands, esp. South Moluccans, a predominantly Christian
  ethnic group found asylum and religious freedom by the thousands in the Netherlands since the 1950s.
  • Acehnese diaspora – From the Aceh state in Sumatra.
  • Malays diaspora – From neighboring Malaysia (East and West).
  • Matrilineal system indirectly caused the diaspora in Minangkabau community. Nowadays, over a million Minangkabau people living outside of Indonesia, mainly in Malaysia and Singapore, but they recently joined the Indonesian emigration to Australia, China, Europe, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines
    .
  • Dutch colonial era. Vast numbers of Javanese send to other Dutch colonies as coulies. Most of them were sent to Suriname, New Caledonia, and East Sumatra, as well in the late 20th century the Javanese were introduced to the island of New Guinea by Indonesian government endorsed settlement programs in Papua and West Papua provinces. Others live in Malaysia, Europe, North America, the Middle East, South Africa
    and Australia.
  • Indo diaspora – During and after the Indonesian National Revolution, which followed the World War II, (1945–1965) around 300.000 people, predominantly Indos, left Indonesia to go to the Netherlands. This migration was called repatriation. The majority of this group had never set foot in the Netherlands before.
• Persian diaspora
  ).
• Iraqi American) and some of the community in the US arrived as early as the 1900s-10s.^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Irish South African), and nations of the Caribbean (see Irish immigration to Barbados, Irish people in Jamaica, Irish immigration to Puerto Rico, Irish immigration to Saint Kitts and Nevis) and continental Europe (see Irish people in mainland Europe). The diaspora contains over 80 million people and it is the result of mass migration from Ireland, due to past famines (especially the Great Famine), poverty, and political oppression. The term first came widely into use in Ireland in the 1990s when the then-President of Ireland, Mary Robinson began using it to describe all those of Irish descent. Notable people of the global Irish diaspora are United States president John F. Kennedy (Roman Catholic), United States president Ronald Reagan (partially, not Catholic), United States president Joe Biden, and Chilean liberator Bernardo O'Higgins
  .
• Italians in Montreal
  ) during this period, though immigration to North America (especially Canada) also picked up after World War II, most notably from the 1950s to 1970s.
  • Italian immigrants to North America, the majority of which came from Southern Italy, settled mainly in the
    Protestant countries with majority populations of people of Northwestern European descent, Italian immigrants experienced fierce and often violent anti-Italianism
    and discrimination, especially prior to the 1960s.
  • Italians also immigrated in vast numbers to South America, mainly to Brazil (see
    Italian Peruvians), Guatemala (Italian Guatemalans), and Haiti (Italian Haitians). In contrast to the Italian immigrants to North America, a slight but significant majority of Italian immigrants to South America were Northern Italians from Veneto and other depressed Northern Italian areas, though Southern Italians from areas such as Sicily, Campania, and Calabria
    still constituted a significant percentage of Italian immigrants to South America, and later Italian immigration to South America from World War II to the 2000s has consisted mostly of Southern Italians.
  • Though Italians began immigrating to Australia in small but significant numbers since the early 20th Century, the biggest wave of Italian immigration to Australia occurred after World War II and in the later part of the 20th century, with most Italian immigrants to Australia being Southern Italians (see
    Italian Australians and Italian community of Melbourne
    ).
  • Many Italians also immigrated north to other European countries offering better economic prospects. Italian immigration to France began in large numbers after World War I at a time when France needed a large workforce to compensate for the war losses and its very low birthrate. Initially, Italian immigration to modern France (late 18th to the early 20th century) came predominantly from northern Italy (
    Italian Lebanese
    ).
  • Small Italian expatriate communities once thrived until the mid-20th century in Africa and the Middle East (Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey).
  • Istrian–Dalmatian exodus- Another diaspora came after the end of World War II, with 350,000 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) leaving their homeland on the eastern front after the capture of Istria and Dalmatia by the Yugoslavs. Most of them were relocated in Italy itself; a lower percentage flew overseas (the racer Mario Andretti for example).
  • Niçard exodus- It was one of the first emigration phenomena that involved the Italian populations in the contemporary age. It was due to the refusal of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to stay in Nice after its annexation to France in 1861, which was decided after the Plombières Agreement.^[19]
  • See also:
    Sicilian American and Italians in New York City
    .
  • Related:
    Corsican American (Corsicans, Maltese people, and, to a much lesser extent, Gibraltarians share an ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and historical connection to Italy and immigrated abroad in large numbers at a similar time as the Southern Italians in early 20th century.) and Waldensians
    – a church with origins in Northern Italy.

• Slavic majorities they lived among with. Yassic people are thought to forefathered Georgians and ancient peoples of the Middle East such as the Kassites whom later became Sumerians, Akkadians or Babylonians in ancient Mesopotamia of present-day Iraq. ^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Tamil Diaspora
  .
• Jamaican diaspora – An estimated 3 million Jamaicans live outside the island country of Jamaica, an English-speaking majority African descendant country in the Caribbean. The main destinations for Jamaican immigration in the 20th century are the U.S., Great Britain and Canada. But, Jamaican immigration across the Caribbean, to Latin America, Australia and New Zealand, and even Africa are well noted. Jamaicans living aboard, such as Bob Marley introduced the music form of reggae to the international music market in the 1970s. ^{[citation needed]}
• Asian Argentine), Chile and Ecuador, and smaller numbers of Japanese in Australia, New Zealand, Cuba, Venezuela and Mexico are the countries with the highest numbers of Japanese people outside Japan. The largest community of ethnic Japanese is in Hawaii where they make up a quarter of the state's population. However, there are smaller Japanese communities around the world that developed in the late 20th century such as throughout western Europe (esp. the Japanese expatriate colony in Düsseldorf, Germany), eastern Russia and South Africa
  . The Japanese population used to have nicknames to indicate generational levels: "Issei"-foreign born parents, next is "Nisei"-1st generation born outside Japan or children, and "Sansei"-2nd generation born outside Japan or grandchildren.
• Jerez diaspora – People from the Spanish town of Jerez who live elsewhere. There is a committee that grants an honorary membership each year to the most relevant "jerezano"that lives outside Jerez and brings the name to the world. The president of the Diaspora de Jerez is Miguel Primo de Rivera. The committee has 6 members and votes are in two rounds.
• Judea from 70 CE to the Middle Ages, to the re-establishment of Israel
  in 1948. In modern use, the 'Diaspora' refers to ethnic Jews who continue to live outside of Israel.
  • Ashkenazi Jews – large numbers of Jews were exiled or taken as slaves to Rome following the failed Jewish revolts against the Roman occupation. It is postulated by most scholars and geneticists that these Jews eventually migrated northward in the 8th century, settling alone the Rhine river, and were later joined by Jewish merchants and exiles from Israel in the 7th-8th centuries CE. Increased persecution pushed them into Eastern Europe, where they largely remained until the Zionist movement and/or World War II. Currently, North America (the USA has the world's second largest Jewish community) and western Europe are home to the vast majority of diaspora Jews.
  • Ashkenazi
    co-ethnics). Likewise, some went to Britain, North and South America, and other colonies of the British and Spanish empires by the late 16th century.
  • Jewish exodus (1948–1972). As of today, less than 4,500 Jews live in the Arab world.^{[20][21][22][23][24]}
  • American Jews – currently the United States has the world's largest Jewish population outside Israel itself. Between 5.5 and 7.5 million observant Jews, and 1–2.5 million more of Jewish descent in the USA. New York City has 1.5-2 million out of 8-8.5 million people who are Jewish, while other demographers place Jews 10-15% of the NYC population. See Jews in New York City.^[25]
  • Haredi or Ultra-Orthodox Jews are a small percentage community of practicing in Judaism, the largest known Haredi/Hasidim community is in Williamsburg, Brooklyn
    , New York City of the Satmar and Lubavitch groups who originated in Hungary or Romania arrived in the US after WW2 when they experienced the Holocaust.

• Kaszubian diaspora – the Kaszubians
  are a Slavic, Roman Catholic people who have lived and maintained their language and unique traditions for centuries despite living on the boundary between the Germanic and Polish cultures. Between 1850 and 1900, many Kaszubians moved to North America, to Brazil, and to Australia and New Zealand.
• Khmer people – The main ethnic group of Cambodia have historically emigrated in the 18th, 19th and esp. 20th centuries. The largest Cambodian communities are in the US, Canada, France, Thailand, Vietnam, China (with Hong Kong), Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain and Arabia (i.e. the U.A.E). ^{[citation needed]}
• Koryo-Saram
  for ethnic Koreans in Russia, the majority live along the Amur River which is the Chinese-Russian border.
• Albanian peoples from Kosovo in the former Yugoslavia and Serbia
  in the 1990s.
• Kurdish diaspora – Kurdish diaspora is the Kurdish populations found in regions outside their ancestral homeland Kurdistan. The United Nations declared the Kurds the largest ethnic nationality (over 40 million) without a country in the world.^{[citation needed}
  ]

• Latvian diaspora – the majority of Latvians whom left Latvia in World War II reside in North America (the US and Canada), across Europe mainly in Eastern countries and the former USSR with just as many in Western Europe and Scandinavian nations, and the rest in former Latvian lands in the Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Belarus). The most Russified of the three Baltic states, Latvia struggles with the issue of national identity after one million ethnic Russians and other Russian speaking people settled there since 1940. Currently in 2018, only 1/4 of Latvia's population (joined the European Union in 2004) are ethnic Russians.
  • Lutheran
    along with Estonians not ethnically related to Latvians and Lithuanians.
• Lebanese diaspora – An estimated 15-16 million Lebanese live worldwide. Over half of the country's population are of Muslim faith and the rest are Christians, but in the world Christians Lebanese outnumber Muslims by 3:1. Lebanese are found in over 150 countries, the largest known Lebanese community is in Brazil, the U.S. followed by Canada; and Australia, where Lebanese immigration has occurred in large numbers since the 1975–1990 civil war. Although there are millions of Lebanese descendants in Europe, and the Middle East, the Lebanese are also present in much of the continental span of Africa and Latin America. ^{[citation needed]}
• Indo-European speaking peoples known and may resided in the Baltic states for 5,000 years. Between 1880 and 1910, over 40,000 Lithuanian Jews immigrated to South Africa to avoid persecution. To date around 80% of the 75,000 Jews in South Africa (around 60,000) are of Lithuanian descent.^[26]
  • Litvins in northern Belarus and westernmost Russia of ethnic Lithuanian and Baltic origin. ^{[citation needed}
    ]
• Rust area facing a lake), see also Czechs in Austria, Carinthian Slovenes, Burgenland Croats, Bosnian Austrians and White Croats
  in Poland.

• Macedonian diaspora – formed from Macedonian refugees and economic migrants from Macedonia, to the United States, Australia, Canada, Germany, Sweden, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, Italy, Greece, and many other European Union states. There are approximately 2,500,000 Macedonians worldwide, with more than a third living outside North Macedonia.
• Maghrebi diaspora – consists of people from the North African countries, notably Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. The largest Maghrebi community outside of North Africa is in France, where it is estimated that North Africans make up the majority of the country's Muslim population. [1]
  • Lyon. A growing community in Canada and the UK came to light during the 1990s and the Algerian Civil War
    .
  • Non-Arab North Africans like
    Amazighs) and Kabyles live in diaspora in Western Europe
    , esp. France.
  • Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Latin America), Australia, Africa (in particular West Africa), and the countries of the Arab World. Some cities with a big Moroccan community are Paris, Lille, Roubaix, Marseille and Nice (every French city has a Moroccan community); Madrid, Barcelona and Málaga in Spain; Brussels, Antwerp and Liege in Belgium; Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the Netherlands; and Luxembourg. Half of the Moroccans living in Belgium (630,000), reside in its capital Brussels and a quarter in Antwerp, see Moroccans in Belgium
    .
  • Tunisians in Europe, the largest number of Tunisian expats live in France and Italy (former colonial rulers), Egypt, Israel
    , Turkey and throughout the European Union.
• Maltese American
  ), as well throughout Europe and the Americas. Large communities existed in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt but were mostly dispersed by the mid-20th century when these countries acquired independence. Since Malta's membership of the EU in 2004, new communities were established such as the one in Belgium.
• Nuevomexicanos and Tejanos, however are officially called Hispanics and Latinos in terms of ethnic/cultural origins, but Mexican Americans had a large mestizo or mixed European/Native American
  heritage.
• Moldovan diaspora – A Romanian province was divided many times in its history, they are of ethnically Romanian origin. A diaspora indicating most of the Moldovans who have moved out of Moldova. Most found their homes in the Soviet Union and the Baltics. There is also a diaspora in Western European countries such as Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, France and the Netherlands.
• St. Petersburg
  ), Australia, Brazil, Portugal and Austria. After prosecuted, scattered, and finally settle down among the nations, latest statistics reporting the number of Moluccan in diaspora including their descendants (make up to 1.4 million) is a bit smaller than those who are staying in Indonesia (nearly 2.5 million).
• Moravian Church – has a nickname "the Moravian Diaspora"^{[citation needed]} named from a religious, not ethnic' identity, having been founded in the province of Moravia, now in the Czech Republic. During the 16th and 17th centuries, religious persecution drove the majority of church members to other countries, and by the late 18th and 19th centuries, the church had managed to grow, thrive and survive. There are hundreds of thousands of Moravian church members in small communities in Europe (the Netherlands), the Americas (the United States), Africa (South Africa), east Asia (South Korea), the Indian subcontinent (India), and Oceania (Australia). However, the vast majority of these would consider themselves natives of the country where they live – the nickname (presumably) being of only historic interest.
• Mormons, a Christian religious group whose official name is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, headquartered in Salt Lake City, as well smaller other churches based on Mormonism. Just under 50 percent of all Mormons live in the United States, while about three-fourths of the population of Utah are Mormon and form large minorities in 8 to 10 other Western U.S. states; and California is said to have the most LDS church members by population. ^{[citation needed]} Mormonism began as a small following of Christians who followed the teachings of Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement in the early 19th century. The following were often forced to migrate and lived in the states of New York, Ohio, Illinois and Missouri by 1840. The Mormons were expelled by mob violence (Joseph Smith was killed) and persecution by neighbors in the 1840s and their new leader Brigham Young took the Mormons throughout the Great Plains and Rockies to settle the Salt Lake Valley, then a part of Mexico but soon to become part of the U.S., in 1847. Mormons play a fundamental role in the development of Utah and most other Western states, with Utah becoming a state in 1896. Today, an estimated 13 million Mormons are found around the world, after missionary activity and conversion programs extended the L.D.S. and other Mormon-based churches worldwide, the largest concentrations of Mormons other than the U.S. are Mexico, Canada, South America, the South Pacific (esp. in Fiji, Samoa and Tonga), Scandinavia, Britain and East Asia, but the fastest growth in Mormonism in the late 20th century was in Africa, India and Eastern Europe. In Chile, between 550 and 750,000 people out of the nation's 18.5 million are Mormon, and form a large community similar to Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses due to US American churches missionary work in Latin America.
• Montenegrins, a diaspora of South Slavs in the country of Montenegro who had a 650-year tradition of independence and autonomy. They were a former republic of pre-1991 Yugoslavia and later a co-republic with Serbia until Montenegro declared independence in 2006. Over 1.3 million Montenegrins live in the Balkans, while half a million more are in Western Europe
  , 600,000 live in the US and another 1 million around the world (i.e. Canada, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa and Australia).
• Tulsa
  .

• The
  Omaha, Nebraska; Phoenix, Arizona; and the San Francisco Bay Area. ^{[citation needed}
  ]
• New Caledonia Kanaks – a Melanesian people native to the overseas French territory brought to Australia and New Zealand, and across Polynesia (The French territory of Tahiti) as agricultural workers in newly founded plantations during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most Kanak laborers in Australia were deported back to New Caledonia in the 1910s due to racial fears of Kanaks live among the country's white European-descent majority. Today, an estimated 30,000 Australian descendants of Kanaks live in the state of Queensland, where the main concentration of Australian plantation agriculture took place.
• Newfie, a colloquial name for people from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, originally for inhabitants of the Island of Newfoundland. The Newfie diaspora frequently emigrated to other provinces of Canada for employment opportunities in the tens of thousands since the 1920s, while some Newfoundlanders went to the US and the UK in a lesser extent. Newfoundland became Canada's 10th province in 1949, after 350 years of British rule.
• New York City relocatees to other US states like
  Bronx). Similarly, Bostonians, Michiganians^[27] and Californians moved across the US and the world. ^{[citation needed}
  ]
• EU and South Africa, among other nations. The Nigeria Diaspora is also one of the most organized Diasporas with an umbrella organization, Nigerians in Diaspora Organisation (NIDO America, NIDO Asia, NIDO Africa and NIDO Europe) represented with chapters in most countries and continents of the world. The organisation also have a Worldwide governing body NIDO Worldwide comprising stakeholders from the continental executives.^[28]
  • Yoruba people.
  • Igbo people.
• Norwegian Canadians
  .

O

• Osage people – A Native American people who were originally from the Ohio Valley, they migrated into the Central Plains region in the 19th century and finally, Indian Territory (now Osage Nation the U.S. state of Oklahoma, the majority live in Osage County, Oklahoma
  ) with other Osages living across the United States.

• Samoans are in the states of Hawaii and California, USA. Included are Indo-Fijians of Indian/South Asian descent from the island country of Fiji
  .
• Pakistani Diaspora – People who are originally from Pakistan and have settled abroad. Are mainly economic migrants and settled mainly in the Middle East and Britain. The total population is approximately 7 million.
• Palestinian Diaspora – People who originally came from Palestine the majority of whom are made up of refugees from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the 1967 Six-Day War. It is estimated that more than 6 million Palestinians live in the global diaspora.
• Papua New Guinean diaspora - People who originally came from Papua New Guinea and are now based in other countries overseas like Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America.
• Pashtun diaspora – People who can trace their paternal lineage to East Iranic speaking tribes that stem from a legendary figure named Qais Abdur Rashid. Pashtuns are defined by their tribal genealogies, Pakhto dialects and the practice of Pashtunwali. Many South Asian Muslim communities are Pashtuns that have assimilated into south Asian culture and will carry Pashtun lineage or ancestry. Pakhtun homeland is southern Afghanistan, historically called Arachosia by ancient Macedonians. Historically Afghan was an exonym for Pashtun people however this is an ongoing controversy.
• Pattanian Diaspora or Malay Pattani – Pattania homeland is Southern Thailand border to Northern Malaysia. Under colonisation of Thailand from 1876 until today.
• Iranian Americans). Other large Iranian communities exist throughout the U.S., Canada, Europe, the Middle East, east Asia and Australia, make up a total of 10 million belonged to the Persian/Iranian diaspora, the majority are political refugees who fled the overthrow of the Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
  regime in 1978 and Islamic Revolution of 1979. Persians can also refer to Tajiks of Afghanistan and Tajikistan that are defined by speaking the archaic "dari" Persian dialect. Many have Pashtun and other east-iranic admixture, as well as the Aimaq and Hazara communities of mixed Mongolic and Turkic ancestry that speak Persian.
• Peruvian Americans
  ), Canada, Argentine, Chile, Venezuela, Europe (i.e. Spain, Italy and France), Japan and Australia.
• Filipino diaspora
  ).
• "
  Polish Brazilian
  for the 3.5 million Brazilians of Polish descent.
• The
  Timor-Leste). Portuguese settled the country of Brazil in South America, but Portuguese colonies and communities in the western hemisphere: Argentina, Canada, the Caribbean islands, Chile, Guyana, Hawaii, Mexico, Panama, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela are well noted. See also Portuguese Americans
  for the diaspora in the United States.
• Boricuas
  , referring to Borinquen, or Puerto Rico's name given by the Taínos before the arrival of the Spanish.

• French-Canadian diaspora. Quebec is the only non-English speaking majority region of Anglo-America. ^{[citation needed}
  ]

• European descent also emigrated from Nyasaland after 1964 and followed the same routes as Northern Rhodesians, for the same reason. See: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
  .
• Tattares/Taters, and Yeni/Yenish
  .
• Romanians – who emigrated for the first time in larger figures between 1910 and 1925, and left in mass after the fall of communist regime in Romania in 1989, and comprise the Romanian diaspora, are found today in large numbers in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Russia, Turkey, Belgium, the U.K., Ireland, China, Japan, Australia, the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela and Argentina. Today there are over 10 mil. people of Romanian descent outside the country.
• The
  White emigres. A smaller group of Russians (often referred to by Russians^[29] as the second emigration or second wave) had also left during World War II, many were refugees or eastern workers. During the Soviet period, ethnic Russians migrated throughout the area of former Russian Empire
  and Soviet Union, and after the collapse of the Soviet Union found themselves living outside Russia.
  • Guadalupe Valley, Baja California in Mexico, even more went to Europe (The UK, Austria, Belgium, former Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Scandinavia, Switzerland and former Yugoslavia), some to east Asia (China and Japan), south Asia (India and Iran) and the Middle East (Egypt
    and Turkey).
• Santa Cruz, Bolivia province area) and Paraguay (i.e. the Gran Chaco
  ) to develop their countries' agricultural farmlands.

• New Orleans, Louisiana; San Francisco Bay; and the Washington, D.C. areas. (see Salvadoran diaspora in Los Angeles
  ). Many Salvadorans also settled in Mexico and Canada.
• Highland clearances which depopulated large parts of the Scottish Highlands and had lasting effects on Scottish Gaelic culture; the Lowland Clearances which resulted in significant migration of Lowland Scots to Canada (highest concentration in the province Nova Scotia) and the United States after 1776; the Ulster-Scots, descended primarily from Lowland Scots who settled Ulster during the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century and subsequently fled to the Americas in mass numbers throughout the 18th century due to religious and cultural persecution as well as other socio-economic factors. Other Scots and Ulster Scots went to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and a smaller but important community in Argentina. (See also British diaspora and Scots-Irish people).^[30]
• Serbian American), nearby Bulgaria and Slovenia
  in the Balkans of Europe, and further away in Switzerland and Germany. Other communities in Sweden, Norway, Austria, Australia, Canada, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Denmark, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Venezuela, Brazil and South Africa.
• Seventh-day Adventists – similar to Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses who believe in political neutrality, this Christian sect has 15 million members (nearly tied with LDS church and JWs) in the world. They form a majority of residents in only one town: Loma Linda, California, USA – where the church has offices, as well have a university, free hospital and TV network.
• Somali diaspora – includes ethnic Somalis who live in Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen, Kenya, as well other parts of Africa. It also includes about 2.5 million people of Somali origin who live in the Middle East, Europe, Oceania, and North America, either as recent immigrants or as naturalized citizens. Little Mogadishu in Minneapolis, USA is the largest Somali community in North America.^[31] Several Little Somalias formed in the US by refugees since the 1990s.
• South African Rand, economic mismanagement during the Jacob Zuma presidency and changes in the South African economy. Afrikaners and Black South Africans generally have much lower emigration rates than their English and Jewish counterparts. South Africans have largely settled in the UK, Australia, the United States, New Zealand, Canada, and to a lesser extent, Zimbabwe, Ireland, the UAE, France and Portugal. In the 2000s, Russia and nearby Georgia invited thousands of Afrikaner farmers.^[32]
• Parsees
  ).
  • Indian diaspora
    – estimated at over 30 million, refers to people originating from India living in other parts of the world.
  • Pakistani diaspora
    – estimated at over 9 million, refers to people originating from Pakistan living in other parts of the world.
  • Bangladeshi
    origin.
  • Sri Lankan Tamil
    origin who have settled in many parts of rest of India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Reunion, South Africa, Mauritius, Fiji, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, French Caribbean islands, Europe, Australia and North America (US and Canada).
  • Punjab region Sikhs have emigrated to all over the world. Now there are more than a million Sikhs outside of India. The biggest community is the British Sikh community which in the last census was recorded as 336,179 people. There are also major Sikh communities in Canada with 278,000, 150,000 living in Europe, Malaysia (100,000), East Africa (100,000), America (87,000), 50,000 in Asia outside India,^[33]
    and 32,000 in Australia and New Zealand.
  • Chitpavan Diaspora – Hindu converts of mixed Indian and East European (primarily Jewish) descent who migrated to India centuries ago.^{[citation needed}
    ]
  • Punjabis have migrated to include: EU (chiefly UK), Canada, US, Malaysia
    and Australia, which took place in the 20th century.
  • Mexican American population of California
    , USA.
  • Sindhis have migrated to include: EU (chiefly UK), Canada, United States, Malaysia
    and Australia, which took place in the 20th century or before.
  • The Romani (English terms: Gypsy, Gypsies) – a traditionally 'dispersed' people in Europe, with origins in South Asia (or perhaps, northern India and Sindh) for 800-some years, are even more 'dispersed' today, following the Holocaust of Nazi Germany. (See Some names for the Roma) – one name for Roma in England are "Tinkers". Over 10 million Romani live across Europe, the majority in Spain, and then Eastern countries (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Albania, Greece, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia), and estimates of 250,000 Romani are known to live in North America (the US and Canada).
• Spanish diaspora
  – Refers to the migration of millions Spanish people over the last 500 years all over the world, for a great variety of reasons, especially to America, Africa (Spanish Guinea, Spanish Morocco, and the Canary Islands), and other Spanish territories in Europe. This has resulted in the diffusion of the Spanish language and the large number of Spanish names in the places mentioned. During the 20th century, the Spanish diaspora was increased due to the political and economic emigrants who left Spain during the Francoist dictatorship (1930s but his death in 1975 brought democratic reform back to Spain). Notable communities were established in Argentina, Venezuela, Cuba, Mexico, France, Italy, Russia, the United Kingdom and across Latin America.
• Sri Lankan diaspora. The Sri Lankan diaspora are Sri Lankan emigrants from Sri Lanka, and their descendants and reside in a foreign country. They number a total estimated population of around 3 million.
• Sudanese American), and were areas of resettlement of tens of thousands of (many Southern) Sudanese refugee children known the Lost Boys of Sudan in the 1990s and 2000s (decade). ^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Swedish Americans constitute 10% of the population of Minnesota and other large numbers settled in Wisconsin, Illinois, New York and Pennsylvania. A large colony of Swedes settled towns in the US like Lindsborg, Kansas and Kingsburg, California in the late 19th century. Large Swedish migration took place in Canada in the same time period along with other ethnic Scandinavians from Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Smaller waves of Swedish expatriates live across Europe, east Asia, Australia and Latin America, usually made up of retirees and businessmen in the late 20th century. It is estimated that between 80,000 and 100,000 Swedes live in Norway (2012), many of whom being young workers.^[34][35]
• ethnic Germans and Austrians alike into southern Chile, and the imprint of Germanic culture remains strong there. ^{[citation needed]} Also to note West African nations such as Liberia and Ghana are known for several thousands of Swiss expatriates. ^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Syrian diaspora – The largest Arab nationality diaspora in the world.

T

• Tamil people of Indian or Sri Lankan
  origin who have settled in other parts of the world.
• Free Tibet movement which has many American activists, including celebrities and converts to Buddhism. ^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Saharauis, due to the Moroccan invasion and occupation of the disputed territory known as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Indigenous to the Sahara and North Africa, there are some Tuareg in Egypt and in Nigeria, as well in traditional homeland of Algeria, Chad, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Tunisia. ^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Turkish diaspora – refers to the Turkish people living outside of Turkey (most notably in Germany).

U

• Ukrainian diaspora, represented by Ukrainians who left their homeland in several waves of emigration, settling mainly in the Americas (United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina), but also Australia, east Asia (China) and across Europe. Also includes the tens and millions of Ukrainians who migrated from Ukraine to other parts of the former Soviet Union (mainly Russia and the Baltics) during the Soviet time. Ukrainians in the Middle East should be noted and the large-scale Ukrainian with Russian Jewish emigration to Israel. ^{[citation needed]}
  • Slavic peoples from the small region of Ruthenia, encompasses easternmost Slovakia, southeast parts of Poland, northern edges of Hungary and westernmost Ukraine
    , had preserved a unique ethnocultural identity, but lacked an independent country of their own for almost a millennia. In the late 19th century and again between World Wars I and II, over a million Ruthenians fled their homeland and settled across Western Europe (France, Germany and Austria), North America (the U.S. and Canada) and the USSR (Russia), but lesser numbers settled in East Asia (China), the Middle East (Turkey), South America (Brazil) and Australia in the late 20th century.
• Uganda Diaspora Archived 2020-08-04 at the Wayback Machine refers to about 1.5 million Ugandans (according to the UN Human Development Report of 2009) who left Uganda from the early 1970s—during the dictatorship reign of Idi Amin (to escape persecution and death)--to the current time "in [their] search for better social and economic opportunities."^[36] The Ugandans who left are diverse, knowledgeable, talented and have raised families overseas with some now identifying as mixed race. Many have settled in Europe, Asia and North America. Studies show that Ugandans in the diaspora have contributed vast revenue to the Ugandan economy through investments and remittances they send back to their families in Uganda. In 2016, over US$1.2 billion was introduced into the Uganda's economy; in 2017, about US$1.4 billion was introduced into Uganda's coffers, and in 2018—US$1.3 billion was injected into the economy.^[37][38]

V

• The
  crisis worsening in 2012, another wave of Venezuelans have emigrated,^[39]
  including people from all age groups and socioeconomic statuses.
• Vietnamese diaspora - See Vietnamese boat people

• Santa Cruz
  . Many there are bilingual in Spanish and Welsh.
• Saharaui Republic
  .
• Mohawks") arrived as skyscraper construction workers. ^{[citation needed}
  ]

X

• "Xin (New)
  Uygurs", a Turkic ethnic group of the Northwestern region of Xinjiang in China. Over 2 million Uygurs migrated outward, to autochthonous Uygur tribal areas in nearby countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and elsewhere in the former USSR (Russia). Other Uygurs long settled across China, but also are in Pakistan, the U.A.E, throughout Europe (the EU) and 200,000 live in the United States, the main communities of Uygurs in San Francisco and Los Angeles. ^{[citation needed}
  ]

• Yemeni American) with a large concentration in Lackawanna, New York near Buffalo and also in Detroit, while large numbers of Yemenis also live in adjacent Canada. ^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes). From 1918 to 1990, the country of Yugoslavia in southeastern Europe existed (until 2006, when the nation renamed to Serbia and Montenegro broke apart). Millions of former Yugoslavs moved across Europe (laborers encouraged by the Yugoslavian government in the 1950s-80s to relocate), emigrated to North America (especially the United States) and around the world (Chile
  may have the largest pre-1990 Yugoslavian communities in ratio of its population).

• Zimbabwean diaspora – Zimbabwean people who live outside Zimbabwe; many have emigrated to South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States.^[40] Most white Zimbabweans left the country after independence in 1980. Black Zimbabweans began leaving the country in significant numbers in the 1990s. Today, there are millions of Zimbabweans living and working abroad.
• Parsees. In addition, after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, several thousand of the remaining Zoroastrians in Iran
  fled to the United States and the European Union, the largest diaspora being in Great Britain.

• Various
  Native Americans of the United States
  have diaspora legends, stories and identity, but this applies only after contact with Europeans and removal of entire tribal peoples by post-colonial white European governments from the 16th to 19th centuries.
• Various ethnic minorities from areas under Russian and Soviet control following the Russian Revolution, continuing through the mass forced resettlements under Joseph Stalin.
• Various groups fled in large numbers from areas under Axis control during World War II, or after the border changes following the war, and formed their own diasporas. Only a few larger sized ethnic groups and nationalities were able to restore autonomy after the fall of Communism and the disbanding of the Soviet Union (1990–91).

References