List of earthquakes in Germany
Earthquakes in Germany are relatively weak but occur several times a year, some of them in coal mining areas where blasting sets them off. Following a 4.0 quake, attributed to mining and centered in Saarwellingen, around 1,000 demonstrators protested on 24 February 2008, demanding an end to mining work. Reportedly, the tremor knocked over chimneys and caused power outages.[1]
Most of the quakes occur in a
Geology
Germany is transected by parts of the European Cenozoic Rift System, particularly the Upper and Lower Rhine Grabens, and these areas remain tectonically active today. This zone of intraplate deformation is caused by the continuing effects of the Alpine orogeny as the African Plate continues to push northwards into the Eurasian Plate.[4]
Seismologists consider earthquakes up to 6.4 on the Richter scale theoretically possible in the Lower Rhine Graben seismic zone.[5] Earthquakes there occur sporadically and at magnitudes that are relatively low by international standards. However, the region is the most seismically active and experiences the strongest quakes in Germany. A strong earthquake (approximately 5.5 to 6.0 on the Richter scale) occurs there approximately every 200 years on average. A stronger earthquake would endanger cities including Aachen, Bonn, Düren, Düsseldorf, Grevenbroich, Heinsberg, Koblenz, Mönchengladbach, Cologne and Leverkusen as well as cities in the Netherlands including Roermond, Maastricht and Sittard and in Belgium including Eupen and Liège.
Notable earthquakes
1356 Basel earthquake
On 18 October 1356, an earthquake with its epicentre between Waldkirch and St. Peter in Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald destroyed the city of Basel in Switzerland and killed at least 300 people there alone; there was widespread damage from the quake and its precursor and aftershocks, and the main quake, estimated at 6.2 to 6.5 Mw, was felt as far away as Paris.
1756 Düren earthquake
On 18 February 1756, at about 8 am, one of the strongest earthquakes in Central Europe, the strongest reported in Germany to date, struck
1951 Euskirchen earthquake
On 14 March 1951, shortly before 11 am, a
1992 Roermond earthquake
On 13 April 1992 at 3:20 am, a 5.3 Mw
2009 Moers earthquake
On 24 July 2009 at 4:58 am, an earthquake with a magnitude of 3.3 MW struck in western Germany, 20 km (12 mi) northwest of the city of Duisburg.[19][20][21] The Geological Service of North Rhine-Westphalia announced the connection with mining confirmed by a 3.1 magnitude aftershock on 31 July 2009.[22]
2011 Koblenz earthquake
A 4.4 magnitude earthquake struck western Germany on 14 February 2011, at 13:43 local time. The earthquake epicenter was at
Other earthquakes in Germany
Date | Location | Magnitude | Damage / other notes |
---|---|---|---|
813 | Aachen | unknown | Damage to royal chapel and collapse of passageway between it and the palace. |
829 | Aachen | unknown | Some damaged buildings |
1223 | Cologne | unknown | |
1348 | Altenberg | unknown | |
18 September 1640 | Düren | unknown | Damage to houses in Düren and Cologne. |
1661 | Dortmund | unknown | Tower of St. Reinoldi's church damaged; later collapsed.
|
16 February 1673 | Remagen | unknown | Earthquake destroyed parts of the castle at Rolandseck. |
1692 | Aachen | unknown | Tower of St. Augustine's church collapsed. |
26–27 December 1755 | Aachen | unknown | Several moderate earthquakes in the Aachen area. |
19 January 1757 | Aachen[25] | unknown | |
1758 | Aachen[25] | unknown | |
1759 | Aachen[25] | unknown | |
9 June 1771 | Aachen[25] | unknown | |
15–16 July 1773 | Aachen[25] | unknown | |
23 February 1828 | Aachen[25] | unknown | |
19, 22, 31 October 1873 | Herzogenrath | unknown | Damaged buildings reported. |
1877 | Herzogenrath | unknown | Damaging quake |
26 August 1878 | Tollhausen | unknown | One person killed, damage to buildings. In Aachen numerous fallen chimneys, damaged buildings. |
18 November 1881 | Aachen | unknown | Strong quake felt in Aachen, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Arnsberg, Münster, and parts of Belgium and the Netherlands; aftershock on 24 November.[26] |
4 October 1886 | Thuringia | unknown | "Violent earthquake shocks have occurred throughout Thuringia and other parts of Central Germany."[27] |
16 November 1911 | near Swabian Alb
|
ML=6.1[2] | |
20, 23 November 1932 | Aachen | unknown | |
22 January 1970 | Tübingen | unknown | a quake in Baden-Württemberg shook the metre-thick walls of the castle tower in Tübingen[10] and caused damage to the pilgrimage church of Maria Zell near Hechingen that took 4 years to repair.[28] |
19 February 1971 | Roermond, Netherlands | ML=4.7 | Earthquake with epicentre near the German border
|
2 June 1977 | Soltau[29] | 4.0 | |
3 September 1978 | Swabian Alb
|
ML=5.7 | The |
24 May 1982 | Waldfeucht | ML=3.2 | |
1983 | Liège | ML=5.1 | |
11 December 1985 | Simpelveld, Netherlands | ML=2, 3.5 | Two earthquakes across the border at Simpelveld in the Netherlands, registering 2 and 3.5 on the Richter scale. |
13 March 1989 | Vacha | 5.7 | Blasting at a potash mine in East Germany was blamed for a quake measured at 5.7 and felt in neighboring West Germany as well. Three villagers in the East German village of Vacha were injured.[31] |
22 July 2002 | Alsdorf | 5.0 | At 7:41 am, magnitude 5.0, VI on the Mercalli scale at the epicentre, at a depth of 14.4 km: no injuries, some damage to buildings. The quake was felt in some parts of the Ruhr. |
20 October 2004 | Neuenkirchen | 4.5 | Before 9:00 am, a 4.5 quake, largest in the area since 1977.[32] |
5 December 2004 | Waldkirch | 5.2 | Epicenter in Waldkirch close to Freiburg im Breisgau. Damage worth 10 million euros, mostly from cracks in walls.[33] |
3 August 2007 | Plaidt | 3.9 | At 4:58 am, a magnitude 3.9 quake, felt in Koblenz, Westerwaldkreis, Rhein-Sieg-Kreis, Euskirchen, Bonn and Cologne.[34] |
12 December 2007 | Duisburg | 3.2 | |
24 January 2008 | Duisburg | 3.0 | |
10 September 2009 | Westerwaldkreis | 2.7 | At 2:40 pm, a magnitude 2.7 quake with epicentre at Eitelborn caused alarm in Montabaur, Neuwied, and Bad Ems.[35] |
8 September 2011 | Xanten | 4.5 | At 9:04 pm, a magnitude 4.5 quake with epicentre at Xanten. |
30 March 2014 | Darmstadt | 3.2 | At 5:48 pm, an M3.2 quake hit Darmstadt |
17 May 2014 | Darmstadt | 4.2 | At 6.46 pm, Darmstadt was hit by a magnitude 4.2 quake.[36] |
8 June 2014 | Darmstadt | 3.3 | An M3.3 earthquake hit Darmstadt at 4:15 pm |
30 July 2019 | Konstanz | 3.7 | An M3.7 earthquake hit Konstanz at 1:17 am[37] |
29 August 2019 | Konstanz/Dettingen | 3.5 | An M3.5 earthquake hit Konstanz/Dettingen at 4:22 pm[38] |
References
- ^ "Quake Shakes Western Germany", SkyNews, 24 February 2008
- ^ a b c d "Where in Germany does the earth quake?: Seismicity (or earthquake activity) in Germany". Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (German Research Centre for Geosciences). Retrieved 29 May 2010.
- ^ Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) Epizentrenkarten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Randgebieten[permanent dead link] (German), retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ "System Explanation of Earthquakes in Germany and Central Europe", Natural Disasters Networking Platform, quoting from G. Grünthal, "Erdbeben und Erdbebengefährdung in Deutschland sowie im europäischen Kontext", Geographie und Schule 151 (2004), 14–23
- ^ Klaus-G. Hinzen and Sharon K. Reamer, "Seismicity, seismotectonics, and seismic hazard in the northern Rhine area", Geological Society of America special papers, Abstract, 29 November 2006, retrieved 29 May 2010, refers to a maximum magnitude of 7.0.
- ^ University of Cologne Erdbebenstation Bensberg, Zum 250. Jahrestag des Dürener Erdbebens (On the 250th anniversary of the Düren earthquake) (German), retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ BGR Erdbebenkatalog EU, 1756/02/18 and Erdbebenkatalog für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1756 02 18 (German).
- ^ a b BGR Deutscher historischer Erdbebenkatalog ab dem Jahre 800, ZIP file downloadable from Erdbebenkatalog für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Randgebieten Archived 2011-07-16 at archive.today (German).
- ^ Johann Peter Joseph Monheim, Die Heilquellen von Aachen, Burtscheid, Spaa, Malmedy und Heilstein in ihren historischen, geognostischen, physischen, chemischen und medizinischen Beziehungen, Aachen: J.A. Mayer, 1829, p. 260 (German).
- ^ a b c d "Schwingende Glocke: Das stärkste Erdbeben seit 1756 erschütterte am Anfang der Woche das Rheinland und die deutschen Gemüter" (Swinging Bells: The strongest earthquake since 1756 shook the Rhineland and German spirits at the beginning of the week"), Der Spiegel 20 April 1992 (German).
- ^ Erdbebenstation Bensberg – Die Geschichte der Erdbebenstation Bensberg (The History of the Bensberg Earthquake Station), 19 May 2010 (German), retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Ludwig Ahorner, Geschichte der Erdbebenstation Bensberg Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine (History of the Bensberg Earthquake Station), Zur Geschichte der Geophysik in Deutschland, 29 February 2008 (German), retrieved 3 June 2010.
- ^ GeoForschungs Zentrum Potsdam. "An earthquake catalogue for central, northern and northwestern Europe based on Mw magnitudes / Annex. STR 03/02" (PDF). Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ a b Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De aardbeving bij Roermond 13 april 1992 Archived 12 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 13 April 1992, revised 20 April 1992 (Dutch), retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ a b c North Rhine Westphalia Geological Service, Erdbeben bei Roermond am 13. April 1992 Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine (German), retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ Photograph of split ground on the banks of the River Maas near Roermond Archived 2011-03-25 at the Wayback Machine, KNMI, retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ Photograph of split ground on Brunssum Heathland Archived 2011-03-25 at the Wayback Machine, KNMI, retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ Photograph of aftermath of sand fountaining in a field at Herkenbosch Archived 2011-03-25 at the Wayback Machine, KNMI, retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ 2009 list of earthquakes, Erdbebenstation Bensberg, University of Cologne, retrieved 23 May 2010: location given as Moers Repelen.
- ^ Christian Schwerdtfeger, Stärkstes Erdbeben seit 1955 ("The Strongest Earthquake Since 1955"), RP Online, 24 July 2009 (German), retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "Preliminary Earthquake Report" Archived 2009-04-11 at the Wayback Machine Official website, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey: giving an initial assessment of 4.1. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
- ^ Erneuter starker Erdstoß bei Moers / Kamp-Lintfort Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine ("Another strong earthquake in Moers/Kamp-Lintfort"), Geologischer Dienst NRW, July 31, 2009 (German), retrieved 23 May 2010.
- ^ "US Geological Service". Archived from the original on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
- ^ "Koblenz: Leichtes Erdbeben in der Region Mittelrhein", Südwestrundfunk 14 February 2011 (in German)
- ^ a b c d e f Monheim, p. 261 (German).
- ^ Pauels, A.(1997). Unter Adler und Schwan – Die Chronik der Bürgermeisterei Burtscheid für die Jahre 1814–1886., p. 246 (German).
- ^ "The Earthquake in Germany". Rock Island Daily Argus. 4 October 1886. p. 1. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Baugeschichte (History of the Building), Wallfahrtskirche Maria Zell, 4 September 2006 (German), retrieved 3 June 2010. The church has been damaged by other earthquakes before and since.
- ^ ""Earthquake jolts northern Germany"". Archived from the original on 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ^ "Damage Heavy As Big Quake Rocks Germany" Archived 2016-05-07 at the Wayback Machine, The Milwaukee Sentinel (Spokane), 4 September 1978, p2
- ^ "Strong quake shakes Germany", Spokane Chronicle, 13 March 1989, p. 1; "Earthquake rocks both Germanys", Chicago Tribune, 14 March 1989, p. 16.
- ^ "Earthquake jolts northern Germany" Archived 2012-09-10 at the Wayback Machine, Expatica.com, 20 October 2004, retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ [1], GEOFON Program, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum
- ^ Erdbebenstation Bensberg: Tektonisches Erdbeben bei Plaidt (Tectonic Earthquake at Plaidt), 3 August 2007 (German).
- ^ Erdbeben der Stärke 2,7 Archived 2012-09-05 at archive.today, noows.de, 10 September 2009 (German), retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ [2], news-round.com, May 17, 2014.
- ^ "SED | Switzerland".
- ^ "Quake info: Light mag. 3.5 earthquake - Freiburg Region, 5.1 km southwest of Überlingen, Germany, on Thursday, 29 August 2019 at 14:22 (GMT) - 170 user experience reports".