List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
List of extinct animals of the Philippines
)

Map of Asia

This is a list of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present day.[1]

This list includes the

Transcaucasian republics of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan are included in the List of European species extinct in the Holocene, even though their territory may fall partially or fully in Asia depending of the definition of Europe considered. Species from Western New Guinea (Indonesia), the Aru Islands (Indonesia), and Christmas Island (Australia) are listed in List of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene
.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class
Mammalia
)

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Syrian elephant Elephas maximus asurus Mesopotamia Archaeological evidence and historical records imply an extinction caused by hunting and deforestation in the 8th century BCE, with war elephants from the 3rd century BCE onward being imports from South Asia. However, the lack of evidence of Asian elephants in the Near East between 200,000 and 3,500 years ago has led some authors to propose that Bronze Age elephants were actually introduced by people to provide themselves with exotic game and ivory. If true, this would invalidate the subspecies E. m. asurus.[2]
Javan elephant Elephas maximus sondaicus Java, Indonesia Introduced to
Bornean elephant has been suggested to have originated from Sulu stock and not be native to the island. If true, this would make the subspecies E. m. sondaicus synonymous with E. m. borneensis and not globally extinct.[3]
Woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Northern Eurasia and North America Most recent remains in Wrangel Island, Russia dated to 1795-1675 BCE.[4]
Cyprus dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon cypriotes Cyprus Most recent remains dated to 10699-7299 BCE.[5]
Asian straight-tusked elephant Palaeoloxodon namadicus South and East Asia The date 7330-6250 BCE was obtained from carbonaceous clay near Palaeoloxodon remains in the Baneta Formation of the
Narmada Valley, India, suggesting survival into the Holocene, though no direct datation was taken from the bones.[6]

Sea cows (order Sirenia)

Dugongs (family Dugongidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Steller's sea cow Hydrodamalis gigas Bering Sea The last population was discovered in the Commander Islands in 1741 and heavily hunted for meat and leather until it disappeared by 1768. The hunting of sea otters leading to a proliferation of Strongylocentrotus sea urchins that ate the kelp that the sea cows depended on has been suggested as an additional cause.[7]

Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)

Rabbits and hares (family Leporidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Don hare Lepus timidus tanaiticus[8] Russia Gradually replaced by the extant mountain hare south to north until becoming extinct during the Subboreal, 3050-550 BCE.[9]

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Alor Island giant rat Alormys aplini Alor Island, Indonesia Most recent remains at Tabubung 4 dated to 62 BCE - 87 CE. The extinction coincides with a period of aridification, deforestation, and extinction of other giant rat species in the island.[10]
Carpomys dakal Luzon, Philippines Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE. Probably disappeared due to increased aridity and deforestation.[11]
Buhler's coryphomys Coryphomys buehleri Timor Most recent remains dated to around 50 BCE.[12]
Timor giant rat Coryphomys musseri Timor Most recent remains dated to around 50 BCE.[12]
Crateromys ballik Luzon, Philippines Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE. Probably disappeared due to increased aridity and deforestation.[11]
Miyako long-tailed rat Diplothrix miyakoensis
Miyako Island
, Ryukyu, Japan
Most recent remains dated to around 9050-8050 BCE.[12]
Hooijer's giant rat Hooijeromys nusantenggara Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia Most recent remains dated to around 1050 BCE.[12]
Milimonggamys juliae
Sumba Island
, Indonesia
Most recent remains dated to 54-222 CE.[12]
Niviventer sp. Ishigaki Island, Japan Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE.[12]
Verhoeven's giant tree rat
Papagomys theodorverhoeveni Flores, Indonesia Most recent remains to around 1050 BCE.[12]
Raksasamys tikusbesar Sumba Island, Indonesia Most recent remains dated to 1935-1700 BCE.[12]
Flores cave rat
Spelaeomys florensis Flores, Indonesia Most recent remains dated to the Holocene.[13]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Ilin Island cloudrunner Crateromys paulus Mindoro or Ilin Island, Philippines Only known from one specimen collected in 1953, generally believed to be from Ilin Island but this is not certain, and could be Mindoro or another nearby location. Later searches in Ilin and Mindoro repeatedly failed to find evidence of this species. If native to Ilin, it could have been threatened by deforestation as the island has no
primary forest left in the present.[14]

Primates (order Primates)

Great apes (family Hominidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Mainland orangutan Pongo sp.
Indochina
Holocene remains are known from China, Vietnam, Laos,[15][16] and possibly Cambodia,[17] while the existence of an indigenous, onomatopoeic name in Vietnam (Duoi U’Oi) and indigenous folklore in Peninsular Malaysia suggest survival into historical times.[15] It possibly disappeared as a result of hunting and habitat destruction for agriculture, though evidence is scarce.[16]

Gibbons (family
Hylobatidae
)

Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Imperial gibbon Junzi imperialis Shaanxi, China? Known only from an incomplete skull found in the tomb of Lady Xia, grandmother of Qin Shi Huang, who died around 240 BCE. Possibly declined due to deforestation and capture of individuals to become pets.[18]

Bats (order
Chiroptera
)

Megabats (family Pteropodidae)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Panay golden-crowned flying fox Population of the giant golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus) Panay, Philippines Extinct population named as a distinct species (A. lucifer) in the 19th century,[19] but later included in A. jubatus.[20]

Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Gloomy tube-nosed bat Murina tenebrosa Tsushima and possibly Yakushima, Japan Last collected in 1962. Suggested as a possible synonym for the Ussuri tube-nosed bat (M. ussuriensis).[21]
Sturdee's pipistrelle Pipistrellus sturdeei
Haha-jima, Bonin Islands
, Japan
Only known from the
type specimen collected in 1889.[22]

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Cats (family Felidae)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Formosan clouded leopard Population of the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) Taiwan Last confirmed record in 1983.[23] Though named as a subspecies on the basis of a stuffed specimen in 1862 (N. n. brachyura), later morphological and genetic studies invalidate this distinction.[24]
Bali tiger Population of the
Sunda Island tiger
(Panthera tigris sondaica)
Bali, Indonesia Last confirmed individual killed in 1937.[25] Named as a separate subspecies in 1912 (P. t. balica), but later included in P. t. sondaica on genetic grounds.[24]
Bornean tiger Population of the Sunda Island tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) Borneo and Palawan, Philippines[26] A
navicular from Borneo was dated to 8550-1050 BCE. Survival into even more recent times has been proposed on the basis of teeth and skins owned by indigenous peoples, local names, folklore, and alleged sightings including two photographs taken in 1975. However, most authors discount these remains as imports from outside Borneo, and the photographs as hoaxes.[27]
Javan tiger Population of the Sunda Island tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) Java, Indonesia The last confirmed individual was killed at the Mount Halimun Salak National Park in 1984,[25] though a tiger was sighted near Sukabumi Selatan in 2019 and one recovered hair was identified as closer genetically to a Javan museum specimen than to tigers from Sumatra, southeast Asia, and Russia.[28] Named a distinct subspecies in 1844, but genetic research indicates that it is not different enough from the extant Sumatran tiger, and as a result the taxon P. t. sondaica is not extinct.[24]
Caspian tiger Population of the
mainland Asian tiger
(Panthera tigris tigris)
Western and Central Asia The last known wild individual was killed in Turkey in 1970, and the last in captivity in Iran during the 1979 Revolution.[25] Though named as the subspecies P. t. virgata in 1815, genetic evidence indicates that it is not different enough from other tigers of the Asian mainland to warrant separate status. It was closest to the extant Siberian tiger.[24]
South China tiger Population of the mainland Asian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) Southern China Last recorded in the wild around 2000; survives in captivity.[29] Though named as the subspecies P. t. amoyensis in 1905, genetic evidence indicates that it is not different enough from other mainland tigers to warrant separate status.[24]

Viverrids (family (Viverridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Cypriot genet Genetta plesictoides Cyprus Most recent remains dated to 9050 BCE.[12]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Malabar large-spotted civet Viverra civettina Western Ghats, India Last collected in 1989.[30]

Dogs (family Canidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Hokkaidō wolf
Canis lupus hattai
Kamchatka, Iturup and Kunashir[31]
ranching.[32]
Japanese wolf Canis lupus hodophilax
Kyūshū
, Japan
Last confirmed individual killed in 1905, shortly after a rabies epidemic ravaged the population.[32]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Ussuri dhole Cuon alpinus alpinus
Western Sayan Mountains to Sikhote-Alin and North Korea
Last recorded in the Western Sayan in 2008.[33][b]

Eared seals (family
Otariidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Japanese sea lion Zalophus japonicus Japanese archipelago and Korea Last confirmed record in the Liancourt Rocks in 1951, with unconfirmed sightings reaching to 1975.[35]

Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Hokkaidō otter Lutra lutra whiteleyi Hokkaidō and southern Kuril Islands[36] Last known individual killed at Shiretoko Peninsula in 1950.[37]
Japanese otter Lutra nippon Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū, Japan Last confirmed sighting in Shikoku in 1983.[36]

Odd-toed ungulates (order
Perissodactyla
)

Horses and allies (family Equidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Tarpan Equus ferus ferus Iberian Peninsula to Western Siberia;[38] Anatolia?[39] Historically recorded in Western Siberia until the 18th century. Analysis of bones found at archaeological sites from the Chalcolithic period (c. 3000-2000 BCE) show wild horses in this area belonged to the subspecies E. f. ferus and not to Przewalski's horse (E. f. przewalskii).[38] Tarpan drawn by Charles Hamilton Smith from eyewitness testimonies (1841).
Syrian wild ass Equus hemionus hemippus Fertile Crescent Last known individual died in captivity at
Vienna Zoo in 1927. It probably disappeared from the wild around the same time.[40]
European wild ass Equus hemionus hydruntinus Southern Europe to northern Iran Most recent remains at Sagzabad, Iran dated to 1294-1035 BCE.[41]
Lena horse
Equus lenensis Northern Siberia Most recent remains at
domestic horses introduced from Central Asia in the Middle Ages.[42] Nevertheless, the Yakutian horse is used as proxy for the Lena horse in Pleistocene Park.[43]
Ovodov horse Equus ovodovi Southern Siberia to
northern China
Most recent remains in China dated to 1666-1506 BCE.[44]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Przewalski's horse Equus ferus przewalskii Central and eastern Asian steppe Last confirmed sighting in the wild in the Gobi Desert in 1969. It was reintroduced to the Gobi and at Hustai National Park, Mongolia in 1992.[45]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
African wild ass Equus africanus North Africa, Horn, Levant, and Arabian Peninsula Most recent remains at Hili 8, United Arab Emirates dated to 3000 BCE.[46]

Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis Northern Eurasia
Kolyma river, Russia.[47]
Vietnamese rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and eastern Thailand Last individual killed at the
Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam in 2010.[48]
Lesser Indian rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis
Northeastern India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar
Last confirmed individual killed around 1888 in the Sundarbans. Survival into the 20th century is doubtful, certainly not past 1925.[49]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Northern Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar Confirmed extinct in the three former countries but could survive in the Lassai Tract of Myanmar.[50]

Even-toed ungulates (order
Artiodactyla
)

Camels and llamas (family Camelidae)

Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus Central and eastern Asian steppe[51] Genetic evidence indicates that the domestic Bactrian camel and the extant, more desert-adapted wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus) from East Turkestan split over one million years ago. In consequence, the latter species cannot be the wild ancestor of the former, and the unknown ancestor of C. bactrianus must have become extinct at some point after the species was domesticated around 4000-3000 BCE.[52]
Dromedary Camelus dromedarius Arabian Peninsula Most recent remains of the wild form at Al Sufouh, United Arab Emirates, dated to 404 BCE.[53] The species survives as domestic and feral populations.

Pigs (family Suidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Cebu warty pig Sus cebifrons cebifrons
Cebu
, Philippines
Described from skulls collected in Cebu island, where the species
domestic pigs.[55]
Sus sp. Miyako Island, Japan Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE.[12]

Hippopotamuses (family Hippopotamidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus Phanourios minor Cyprus Most recent remains dated to 10699-7299 BCE.[5]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Common hippopotamus
Hippopotamus amphibius
Subsaharan Africa, Egypt, and the Levantine coast[56]
Disappeared from the Southern Levant during the Iron Age (1200-586 BCE). Being a large semiaquatic species, the hippopotamus was particularly vulnerable to habitat fragmentation and loss caused by the expanding human population.[57]

Chinese river dolphins (family Lipotidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Baiji Lipotes vexillifer Middle and lower Yangtze River, China Last confirmed sighting in 2002; unconfirmed reports, including possible video footage, continued in the Tongling area until 2007. The species declined as a result of habitat loss by water development and construction, hunting, incidental mortality caused by fishing and vessel strikes, sedimentation from poor land practices, and pollution.[58]

True deer (family Cervidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Miyako roe deer Capreolus tokunagai Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE.[12]
Irish elk Megaloceros giganteus Western Europe to southern Siberia Most recent remains at Kamyshlov, Russia dated to 5845-5673 BCE.[59]
Schomburgk's deer Rucervus schomburgki Central Thailand Last known animals in the wild were killed in 1932 near Sai Yoke and
Kwae Yai, and the last in captivity was killed in 1938. Declined in the 19th century because of habitat loss as its wet grassland habitat was turned into rice fields for export. It was also hunted for meat during the monsoon season, and to use its antlers in traditional medicine.[60]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Pere David's deer
Elaphurus davidianus North and eastern China A
Dafeng (thought to be part of the species's original range due to fossil evidence), from where other captive herds were established later in Shishou and Yuanyang. In 1998, deer from Shishou escaped during severe flooding and established four free-ranging populations in Hubei and Henan.[61][62]

Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bubal hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus North Africa and Southern Levant Disappeared from the Southern Levant during the Iron Age (1200-586 BCE).[57]
Caucasian wisent Bison bonasus caucasicus Caucasus and Anatolia Present in eastern Turkey until the Iron Age.[63]
Steppe bison Bison priscus Northern Eurasia and North America Most recent, confirmed remains were dated to 6870-6950 BCE near the
Angara River basin to 2550-2440 BCE,[65] and a small bison persisted in the Baikal region until the 7th-10th century CE (considered B. priscus by Boeskorov[42] and B. bonasus by Sipko[66]
).
Indian aurochs Bos primigenius namadicus Indian subcontinent Most recent remains dated to 2200 BCE in
zebu cattle.[67]
Eurasian aurochs
Bos primigenius primigenius Mid-latitude Eurasia[68] Present near
taurine cattle
.
Cebu tamaraw Bubalus cebuensis Cebu, Philippines Described from a partial skeleton from either the Late Pleistocene or the Holocene.[71]
Bubalus grovesi South Sulawesi, Indonesia Most recent remains dated to the Middle or Late Holocene.[72]
Short-horned water buffalo Bubalus mephistopheles South, central, and east China Most recent remains at
domestic water buffalo now present in China is not a descendant of B. mephistopheles but was introduced from Southeast Asia.[73]
Queen of Sheba's gazelle Gazella bilkis Taiz, Yemen Only known from five animals hunted in 1951.[74]
Saudi gazelle Gazella saudiya Arabian Peninsula Last recorded in 1970. It was hunted to extinction.[75]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kouprey Bos sauveli Northeastern Cambodia Last confirmed record in 1969. It was hunted for its meat, skull and horns.[76]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Lowland wisent
Bison bonasus bonasus Western Europe to southern Siberia Present during the Holocene in the southern
Urals, Western Siberia, the Kuznetsk Depression, Altai and Baikal regions[66] (if the latter wasn't B. priscus[42]). The subspecies became globally extinct in the wild after the last wild animals were hunted in Poland during World War I, but survived in captivity.[77] It was reintroduced to the Altai in 1982-1984.[66]
Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx Arabian Peninsula Extinct in the wild in 1972 and reintroduced in Jiddat al-Harasis, Oman in 1980.[78]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Muskox Ovibos moschatus Northern Eurasia and North America Most recent remains in the Taymyr Peninsula, Russia dated to 615-555 BCE.[69] It was reintroduced to the Bikada River area in the same region in 1974.[79]
Lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis East Africa and western Arabian Peninsula No skeletal remains known but appears in Holocene rock art from Saudi Arabia and possibly Jordan in numbers and detail suggestive of being a native species to the area.[46] Recent presence in the Arabian Peninsula is controversial. In 1967, a pair of horns were claimed to have been taken from an animal shot in Jabal Halmayn, Yemen; another was shot in Nuqrah, Saudi Arabia in 1968. Some authors believe both were escapees from private collections,[80] others that the distance between the two locations is larger than it would be expected for introduced specimens.[46]

Birds (class
Aves
)

Ostriches and fossil relatives (order Struthioniformes)

Ostriches (family Struthionidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
East Asian ostrich Pachystruthio anderssoni[81] Lake Baikal to Yellow River[82] Eggshell fragments most recently dated to 7600-6245 BCE in Shabarakh-usu and Barun Daban, Mongolia.[83][c]
Arabian ostrich Struthio camelus syriacus Near East and Arabian Peninsula Last confirmed individual killed in Jubail, Saudi Arabia around 1941; there was also a second-hand report of a dying animal north of Petra, Jordan in 1966. Its closest relative, the North African ostrich, was introduced as a substitute in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s.[85]

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

Pheasants and allies (family Phasianidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Himalayan quail Ophrysia superciliosa Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India Last collected in 1868. This species was only seen in Mussoorie for a short time period associated with cold weather. This, combined with its long and soft plumage, led to speculation that it was actually native to a more northern area and that it was pushed southwards during unusual weather conditions. The bird was also extremely cryptic, which would make it hard to detect in other areas where it might still be alive.[86]

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Pink-headed duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea Northern and eastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar Last recorded in Bihar in 1948-1949. It was uncommon and non-migratory despite its vast range. Declined due to trophy hunting, as it was generally not considered good to eat, and habitat destruction.[86]
Crested shelduck Tadorna cristata
Primorye, Hokkaido, and South Korea
; possibly North Korea and northeastern China
Last confirmed record in 1964.[87]

Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Ryukyu wood pigeon Columba jouyi
Daito Islands
, Japan
Last recorded on Okinawa in 1904 and on Daito in 1936, after a quick decline. The reason of extinction is unknown.[88]
Bonin wood pigeon Columba versicolor Nakondo Shima and
Chichi-jima
, Bonin Islands
Last recorded in 1889. Likely extinct due to deforestation and predation by introduced rats and cats.[89]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Catanduanes bleeding heart Gallicolumba luzonica rubiventris Catanduanes, Philippines Described from one specimen collected in 1971. Recent sightings were reported in 2008, but its current status is unknown.[86]
Sulu bleeding-heart Gallicolumba menagei
Tawi-tawi
, Philippines
Described from two individuals collected in 1891, when it was considered extremely rare, but there were unconfirmed local reports in 1995 that it was abundant until the 1970s. Possibly became extinct due to hunting and deforestation.[90]
Negros fruit dove Ptilinopus arcanus
Negros Island
, Philippines
Only known from the type specimen, a female, collected in 1953. Its mate was also shot but the body fell in the underbrush and could not be retrieved. Likely disappeared due to hunting and large escale deforestation of the island.[86]

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family
Rallidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Iwo Jima rail Amaurornis cinerea brevipes Naka Iwo Jima and
Minami Iwo Jima
, Bonin Islands
Last recorded in 1925, though the last "official sighting" was in 1911.[86]
Bornean Baillon's crake Porzana pusilla mira Borneo Only collected once in 1912.[86]

Cranes (family
Gruidae
)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Australian sarus crane Grus antigone gillae Philippines and northeastern Australia The extirpated Philippine population was described as the subspecies G. a. luzonica on the basis of differences with the Indian (G. a. antigone) and Indochinese subspecies (G. a. sharpii), but genetic studies indicate that it was identical to the Australian subspecies.[91]

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Plovers, dotterels, and lapwings (family Charadriidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Javan lapwing Vanellus macropterus Java and possibly Sumatra and Timor All reliable and recent records are from Java, with those from other islands being open to interpretation. The last confirmed record was in 1940, and unconfirmed in 2002. Possibly a migratory species. The causes of extinction are unknown but could have been hunting and
habitat degradation.[86]

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Slender-billed curlew Numenius tenuirostris Western Eurasia and North Africa Bred in
habitat alteration in Asia and overhunting in Africa. There have been no confirmed reports worldwide since 2001.[86]

Buttonquails (family
Turnicidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Tawi-tawi buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus suluensis
Tawi-tawi
, Philippines
Last recorded in the 1950s. It could have disappeared due to severe deforestation and introduced predators.[86]
Turnix
sp.
Timor Most recent remains dated to 650 CE.[12]

Boobies, cormorants, and relatives (order Suliformes)

Cormorants and shags (family
Phalacrocoracidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Spectacled cormorant Urile perspicillatus Commander Islands and possibly Kamchatka, Russia Last collected in 1840-1850. It was hunted to extinction.[92]

Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)

Herons (family Ardeidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bennu heron Ardea bennuides Arabian Peninsula Most recent remains at Umm Al Nar, United Arab Emites, dated to around 2500 BCE. It possibly disappeared due to wetland degradation.[5]
Bonin nankeen night heron Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris Chichi-jima and Nakōdo-jima, Bonin Islands Last collected in 1889. The cause of extinction is unknown.[86]

Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)

Locally extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita
Mediterranean region
Last wild individual recorded at Palmyra, Syria in 2014. The birds of this region migrated to Ethiopia and Djibouti in the winter by way of Jordan and eastern Saudi Arabia, where they were hunted and sometimes killed in unprotected electric wires. Another reason for decline was the degradation of habitat in Syria due to aridification, livestock grazing, and firewood collection, along with poisoning by pesticides in Turkey.[93] A semi-wild population survives in Birecik, Turkey where birds range free for part of the year but are recluded and fed at the time of migration.[94]

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Car Nicobar sparrowhawk Accipiter butleri butleri Car Nicobar, Nicobar Islands Last recorded in 1901. There was an unconfirmed sighting in 1977.[86]

Owls (order
Strigiformes
)

True owls (family
Strigidae
)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Images
Siau scops owl Otus siaoensis[95] Siau Island, Indonesia Only known from the holotype collected in 1866, it is sometimes considered a subspecies of the Sulawesi scops owl (Otus manadensis). Likely disappeared due to deforestation.[86]

Barn-owls (family
Tytonidae
)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Natuna Bay owl Phodilus badius arixuthus
Bunguran Island
, Indonesia
Known only from the holotype described in 1932.[96] The reasons of extinction are unclear.[86]
Samar bay owl Phodilus badius riverae
Samar Island
, Philippines
Only known from the holotype described in 1927 and lost in the destruction of the Bureau of Science in Manila in 1945. It has been ruled invalid by some authors because the original description (as the full species Phodilus riverae) did not include comparison with other subspecies.[96]

Hornbills and hoopoes (order Bucerotiformes)

Hornbills (family
Bucerotidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Ticao tarictic hornbill Penelopidis panini ticaensis Ticao Island, Philippines Last recorded in 1971; it likely disappeared due to hunting and widespread deforestation. The subspecies status is uncertain and is sometimes considered a color
morph instead.[86]

Kingfishers and relatives (order Coraciiformes)

Kingfishers (family
Alcedinidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Sangihe dwarf kingfisher Ceyx fallax sangirensis
Sangihe Island
, Indonesia
Last recorded in 1997. Likely extinct due to deforestation caused by intense logging and agriculture.[86]
Ryukyu kingfisher Todiramphus cinnamominus miyakoensis Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan Only known from the holotype collected in 1887. Its exact nature is suspect, as the island is unsuitable for kingfishers, the bill's sheath is missing from the holotype, and the length of flight feathers noted in the original description may have been an artefact of preservation. Otherwise the type is similar to the Guam kingfisher.[86]

Woodpeckers and allies (order Piciformes)

Woodpeckers (family
Picidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Cebu white-bellied woodpecker Dryocopus javensis cebuensis Cebu, Philippines Last recorded in the 1940s or 1950s. It became extinct due to deforestation.[86]

Parrots (order Psittaciformes)

Old World parrots (family Psittaculidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cebu hanging parrot Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus Cebu, Philippines The last individuals in captivity died in London in 1943, after being caught in the wild in 1929. The date of extinction in the wild is unclear, but was likely caused by widespread deforestation in the 19th and 20th centuries. 2004 reports likely belonged to other subspecies subsequently introduced to the island.[86]
Siquijor hanging parrot Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis Siquijor, Philippines Last recorded in 1908; a claimed individual collected in 1954 was actually a escaped cage bird. The subspecies likely disappeared due to deforestation and capture for the pet trade.[86]

Perching birds (order
Passeriformes
)

Cuckooshrikes (family
Campephagidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Cebu bar-bellied cuckooshrike Coracina striata cebuensis Cebu, Philippines Last collected in 1906, with an unconfirmed report in 2000.[86]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cebu blackish cuckooshrike Coracina coerulescens altera Cebu, Philippines Last collected in 1906, with an unconfirmed report in 2000. It likely disappeared due to deforestation.[86]

Dippers (family
Cinclidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Cyprus dipper Cinclus cinclus olympicus Cyprus Extinct since 1945.[97]

True finches (family
Fringillidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bonin grosbeak Carpodacus ferreorostris Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands Last collected in 1828; claims of survival until 1890 are not substantiated. Likely disappeared because of deforestation and predation by introduced rats and cats.[98]

Swallows (family
Hirundinidae
)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
White-eyed river martin Eurochelidon sirintarae Central Thailand Last confirmed record in 1978, with an unconfirmed one in 1980. It was a migratory species that wintered in central Thailand but the summer range is unknown. Possibly became extinct due to hunting, deforestation, and capture for the exotic pet trade.[86]

Monarch flycatchers (family
Monarchidae
)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Negros celestial monarch Hypothymis coelestis rabori Negros and possibly Sibuyan Island, Philippines Only collected once on Sibuyan in 1892. Last recorded on Negros in the 1990s, where it declined as a consequence of deforestation.[86]

Old World flycatchers (family
Muscicapidae
)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Rück's blue flycatcher Cyornis ruckii Near Medan?, Sumatra, Indonesia Last collected in 1918. There are some doubts about the original distribution, as only four skins are known: two acquired in Peninsular Malaysia where they were certainly imported from elsewhere, and two from Medan. If not migratory, it probably became extinct as a result of widespread deforestation in Medan.[86]

Orioles (family
Oriolidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cebu dark-throated oriole Cebu, Philippines Oriolus steerii assimilis Last collected in 1906. Disappeared due to deforestation.[86]

Tits (family
Paridae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Daito varied tit Sittiparus varius orii Kitadaitōjima and Minamidaitōjima, Daito Islands Last recorded in 1938. It quickly declined as a result of deforestation for
sugar cane agriculture and military construction.[86]

Thrushes (family
Turdidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Bonin thrush Zoothera terrestris Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands Last collected in 1828. Probably extinct due to predation by introduced rats and cats.[99]

White-eyes (family
Zosteropidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Mukojima white-eye Apalopteron familiare familiare Mukojima, Nakodo-jima, and probably Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands Last recorded in 1941. Disappeared due to deforestation.[86]

Reptiles (class
Reptilia
)

Crocodilians (order Crocodilia)

Crocodiles (family
Crocodylidae
)

Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus Subsaharan Africa, Egypt, and the Levant Present in Palestine and western Syria until the beginning of the 20th century.[100]

Gharials (family Gavialidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Chinese gharial Hanyusuchus sinensis South China Last recorded in
Ming Dynasty.[101]

Squamates (order Squamata)

Monitor lizards (family Varanidae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Varanus hooijeri Flores and Sumba, Indonesia Last dated to the Holocene on both islands.[12]

Turtles and tortoises (order
Testudines
)

Tortoises (family
Testudinidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Ryukyu tortoise Manouria oyamai Ryukyu Islands, Japan Most recent remains dated to around 9050 BCE.[102]

Amphibians (class
Amphibia
)

Frogs (order Anura)

Fork-tongued frogs (family Dicroglossidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Gunther's streamlined frog Nannophrys guentheri Sri Lanka Only known from the holotype collected in 1882. The reasons of extinction are unknown.[103]

Shrub frogs (family Rhacophoridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Sri Lanka bubble-nest frog Pseudophilautus adspersus Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka Last collected in 1886. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[104]
Pseudophilautus dimbullae Dimbula, Sri Lanka Known only from holotypes collected in 1933. The causes of extinction are unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[105][106]
Pseudophilautus eximius
Pseudophilautus extirpo Sri Lanka Last recorded in 1882. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[107]
Pseudophilautus halyi Pattipola, Sri Lanka Only known from the holotype collected in 1899. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[108]
Whitenose bubble-nest frog Pseudophilautus leucorhinus Sri Lanka Only known from the holotype collected before 1856. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[109]
Pseudophilautus maia Ramboda, Sri Lanka Only known from two specimens collected in 1876 or earlier. Possibly disappeared when the local forest was cleared in 1978, which also resulted in the extinction of the
Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi Sri Lanka Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[111]
Pseudophilautus nanus Southern Sri Lanka Only known from the
lectotype collected in 1869. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[112]
Sharp-nosed bush frog
Pseudophilautus nasutus Sri Lanka Last recorded in 1869; later observations in Sri Lanka and
Southern India are misidentifications. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[113]
Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus Sri Lanka Only known from the lectotype collected in 1872. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[114]
Pseudophilautus pardus Sri Lanka Only known from the holotype collected before 1859. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[115]
Pseudophilautus rugatus Taralanda, Sri Lanka Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[116]
Pseudophilautus temporalis Sri Lanka Only known from the lectotype and type series collected in 1864. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[117]
Variable bush frog
Pseudophilautus variabilis Sri Lanka Only known from the lectotype collected in 1858. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[118]
Pseudophilautus zal Sri Lanka Not recorded since before 1947. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[119]
Pseudophilautus zimmeri
Point de Galle
, Sri Lanka
Not recorded since 1927. The given range is now heavily urbanized, suggesting habitat destruction as the reason of extinction.[120]

Salamanders (order
Urodela
)

True salamanders and newts (family Salamandridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Yunnan lake newt Hypselotriton wolterstorffi Kunming Lake, Yunnan, China Last recorded in 1979. Extinct due to predation by introduced fish and frogs, and habitat degradation caused by general pollution, land reclamation, and domestic duck farming.[121]

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Sturgeons and paddlefishes (order Acipenseriformes)

Sturgeons (family
Acipenseridae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Syr Darya sturgeon Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi Syr Darya River Last recorded in the 1960s.[122] Several dams, pollution and water substraction for agriculture massively altered the hydromorphology of the river. The species was also fished deliberately and accidentally.[123]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Yangtze sturgeon
Acipenser dabryanus Yangtze River basin, China Last recorded in the lower Yangtze around 1995. Captive animals were reintroduced to the upper and middle parts of the river in 2007, but there is still no sign of reproduction in the wild. The species declined due to fishing (both direct and accidental), pollution, deforestation on the river margins, and the construction of the Gezhouba Dam, Three Gorges Dam, and Xiangjiaba Dam, which changed the temperature and hydrology and prevented the sturgeon from reahcing the lower part of the river.[124]
Locally extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
European sea sturgeon Acipenser sturio Coastal waters of Europe and northern Anatolia[125] Last recorded in Turkey in the 1980s.[126]

Paddlefishes (family
Polyodontidae
)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Chinese paddlefish Psephurus gladius Yangtze and Yellow River basins, China Last recorded in 2003. The construction of the Gezhouba Dam in the middle part of the Yangtze blocked the migration route to spawn in the upper river. It was also heavily fished historically, which depleted the species as it had a long generation time.[127]

Herrings and anchovies (order Clupeiformes)

Herrings (family Clupeidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Manila Bay herring Clupea manulensis Manila Bay, Philippines Not recorded since its description in 1822.[128]

Minnows and allies (order Cypriniformes)

Carps, minnows, and relatives (family Cyprinidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Beyşehir bleak Alburnus akili Lake Beyşehir, Turkey Extinct due to predation by zanders introduced in 1955. It could also have hybridized with the also introduced Sakarya bleak.[129]
Anabarilius macrolepis Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China Disappeared when the lake dried completely for 20 days in 1981, as a result of water substraction.[130]
Pait Barbodes amarus Lake Lanao, Philippines Last recorded in 1982. Disappeared along with most of the original ichthyofauna of the lake (see below) due to excesive and unsustainable fishing practices such as
dynamite fishing, extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic use; illegal logging and pollution, and predation by accidentally introduced tank goby and snakehead gudgeon. The latter species is now the most common fish in the lake.[131]
Baolan Barbodes baoulan Last recorded in 1991.[132]
Bagangan Barbodes clemensi Last recorded in 1975.[133]
Barbodes disa Last recorded in 1964.[134]
Katapa-tapa Barbodes flavifuscus Last recorded in 1964.[135]
Barbodes herrei Last recorded in 1974.[136]
Barbodes katolo Last recorded in 1977.[137]
Kandar Barbodes lanaoensis Last recorded in 1964.[138]
Barbodes manalak Last recorded in 1977.[139]
Bitungu Barbodes pachycheilus Last recorded in 1964.[140]
Barbodes palaemophagus Last recorded in 1975.[141]
Barbodes palata Last recorded in 1964.[142]
Bagangan sa erungan Barbodes resimus Last recorded in 1964.[143]
Barbodes tras Last recorded in 1976.[144]
Bitungu Barbodes truncatulus Last recorded in 1973.[145]
Yilong carp Cyprinus yilongensis Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China Disappeared when the lake dried completely for 20 days in 1981, as a result of water substraction.[146]
Hula bream
Mirogrex hulensis Lake Hula, Israel Disappeared in 1957-1963, after most of the lake was drained to turn the bottom into farmland.[147]
Schizothorax saltans
Talas River
basin, Kazakhstan
Last recorded in 1953. Disappeared due to habitat loss caused by water substraction, high pollution, and fishing.[148]
Possibly extinct
Scientific name Range Comments
Barbodes cataractae Misamis Occidental and Lake Lanao, Philippines The holotype was collected in an unidentified river in Misamis Occidental in 1934. It was only known from Lake Lanao otherwise, and was last recorded there before 1973.[149]
Barbodes lindog Lake Lanao, Philippines Last recorded in 2008.[150]
Barbodes sirang Last recorded in 2007.[151]

Catfishes (order
Siluriformes
)

Schilbid catfishes (family Schilbeidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Siamese flat-barbelled catfish Platytropius siamensis
Chao Phraya and Bang Pakong River
basins, Thailand
Last recorded in 1975-1977. Disappeared due to damming and canalization of the rivers, pollution, and reclamation of wetlands around Bangkok.[152]

Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)

Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)

Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kunimasu Oncorhynchus kawamurae Lake Tazawa, Japan Extirpated from its original range in 1940, when acidic water was released to the lake during the construction of
Lake Saiko, where the species was introduced in 1935.[153]
Beloribitsa Stenodus leucichthys
Terek River
drainages
Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced nelma remain threats to its survival.[154]

Gobies and relatives (order Gobiiformes)

Gobies (family Gobiidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Bia Exyrias volcanus Taal Lake, Philippines Last recorded in 1927. Possibly disappeared due to overfishing, pollution, habitat degradation, and invasive species among other reasons.[155][156]
Yellow-bellied goby Silhouettea flavoventris

Cichlids and convict blennies (order Cichliformes)

Cichlids (family Cichlidae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Tristramella intermedia Lake Hula, Israel Disappeared when the lake and most adjacent marshes were drained in the 1970s.[157]
Tristramella magdelainae Damascus, Syria Last collected in the 1950s. Possibly disappeared due to drought, pollution, and water extraction.[158]

Silversides and rainbowfishes (order Atheriniformes)

Priapium fishes (family Phallostethidae)

Possibly extinct
Scientific name Range Comments
Neostethus ctenophorus Laguna de Bay, Luzon, Philippines Not recorded since its description in 1937. Likely disappeared due to pollution.[159]

Cartilaginous fish (class Chondrichthyes)

Ground sharks (order Carcharhiniformes)

Requiem sharks (family
Carcharhinidae
)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Lost shark Carcharinus obsoletus Southern South China Sea Last collected in 1934. The coasts it inhabited are heavily exploited, both for fishing and shark fishing, as well as degraded for use in aquaculture, pollution, and destruction of coral reefs.[160]

Insects (class
Insecta
)

Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata)

White-legged damselflies (family Platycnemididae)

Possibly extinct
Scientific name Range Comments
Risiocnemis laguna Paete, Luzon, Philippines Only known from three specimens collected in 1916. The only known locality is now heavily developed and urbanized, making it likely that it disappeared due to habitat destruction.[161]

Beetles (order
Coleoptera
)

Ground beetles (family
Carabidae
)

Scientific name Range
Rakantrechus elegans Japan[162]

Clitellates (class Clitellata)

Order Opisthopora

Family Megascolecidae

Scientific name Range Comments
Amynthas japonicus Possibly Dejima or Nagasaki, Japan Last collected in the 1820s. It could have disappeared due to habitat loss, though the exact locality of origin is unknown.[162]

Slugs and snails (class
Gastropoda
)

Order Stylommatophora

Family Achatinellidae

Scientific name Range
Lamellidea monodonta Bonin Islands, Japan[163][164]
Lamellidea nakadai

Family Ariophantidae

Scientific name Range
Vitrinula chaunax Bonin Islands, Japan[165][166][167]
Vitrinula chichijimana
Vitrinula hahajimana

Family Charopidae

Scientific name Range
Hirasea planulata Bonin Islands, Japan[168]

Family Geomitridae

Scientific name Range Pictures
Xerocrassa picardi Israel[169]

Periwinkles (family Littorinidae)

Scientific name Range
Littoraria flammea Chinese coast[170]

Whorl snails (family Vertiginidae)

Scientific name Range
Gastrocopta chichijimana Bonin Islands, Japan[171][172]
Gastrocopta ogasawarana

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. Cuon alpinus hesperius was rediscovered in the Pamir Mountains in 2022.[34]
  3. Struthio asiaticus in this source, but this name should be limited to remains from Pleistocene India.[84]

References

  1. (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  2. ^ Çakırlar, C., & Ikram, S. (2016). "'When elephants battle, the grass suffers.' Power, ivory and the Syrian elephant". Levant, 48 (2), 167-183.
  3. ^ Alfred, R., Ahmad, A. H., Payne, J., Williams, C., Ambu, L. N., How, P. M., & Goossens, B. (2012). Home range and ranging behaviour of Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) females. PLoS One, 7(2), e31400.
  4. ^ Stuart, A.J. et al. (2002). "The latest woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: a review of the current evidence". Quaternary Science Reviews, 21 (14-15), 1559-1569.
  5. ^ . Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  6. ^ Turvey, S.T. et al. (2021). "Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?" Quaternary Science Reviews, 252, p. 106740.
  7. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  8. ^ Boeskorov, G. G., Chernova, O. F., & Shchelchkova, M. V. (2023, May). First Find of a Frozen Mummy of the Fossil Don Hare Lepus tanaiticus (Leporidae, Lagomorpha) from the Pleistocene of Yakutia. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 510, No. 1, pp. 298-302). Moscow: Pleiades Publishing.
  9. ^ Prost, S., Knapp, M., Flemmig, J., Hufthammer, A. K., Kosintsev, P., Stiller, M., & Hofreiter, M. (2010). A phantom extinction? New insights into extinction dynamics of the Don‐hare Lepus tanaiticus. Journal of evolutionary biology, 23(9), 2022-2029.
  10. ^ Louys, J., O’Connor, S., Higgins, P., Hawkins, S., & Maloney, T. (2018). New genus and species of giant rat from Alor Island, Indonesia. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 11(4), 503-510.
  11. ^
    ISSN 0022-2372
    .
  12. ^ .
  13. ^ Locatelli, E., Due, R. A., van den Bergh, G. D., & Van Den Hoek Ostende, L. W. (2012). "Pleistocene survivors and Holocene extinctions: the giant rats from Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia)". Quaternary International, 281, 47-57.
  14. ^ Oliver, W.; Heaney, L.; Ong, P. & Rodriquez, J.C. (2008). "Crateromys paulus (Ilin Bushy-tailed Cloud Rat, Ilin Crateromys, Ilin Hairy-tailed Cloud Rat)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
  15. ^ a b Tshen, L. T. (2016). Biogeographic distribution and metric dental variation of fossil and living orangutans (Pongo spp.). Primates, 57, 39-50.
  16. ^ a b Ibrahim, Y. K., Tshen, L. T., Westaway, K. E., of Cranbrook, E., Humphrey, L., Muhammad, R. F., ... & Peng, L. C. (2013). First discovery of Pleistocene orangutan (Pongo sp.) fossils in Peninsular Malaysia: Biogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications. Journal of Human Evolution, 65(6), 770-797.
  17. ^ Harrison, T., Jin, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhu, M. (2014). Fossil Pongo from the Early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus fauna of Chongzuo, Guangxi, southern China. Quaternary International, 354, 59-67.
  18. PMID 29930136
    .
  19. ^ Wilson, D. E., & Graham, G. L. (Eds.). (1992). Pacific island flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference (Vol. 90). US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
  20. . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  21. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  22. ^ Fukui, D. & Sano, A. (2020). "Pipistrellus sturdeei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T17365A22123157. Retrieved 10 July 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Everington, K. (2019). "'Extinct' Formosan clouded leopard spotted in E. Taiwan". Taiwan News.
  24. ^ a b c d e Kitchener, A. C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Eizirik, E., Gentry, A., Werdelin, L., Wilting, A., ... & Tobe, S. (2017). A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group. Cat News.
  25. ^ a b c Rossi, L., Scuzzarella, C. M., & Angelici, F. M. (2020). "Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation". In Problematic Wildlife II (pp. 393-417). Springer, Cham.
  26. ^ Piper, P. J.; Ochoa, J.; Lewis, H.; Paz, V.; Ronquillo, W. P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 264 (1–2): 123–127.
  27. ^ Piper, P. J.; R. J. Rabett, Earl of Cranbrook (2007). "Confirmation of the presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Borneo". Malayan Nature Journal. 59 (3): 259–267. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
  28. .
  29. ^ Tilson, R., Defu, H., Muntifering, J., & Nyhus, P. J. (2004). "Dramatic decline of wild South China tigers Panthera tigris amoyensis: field survey of priority tiger reserves". Oryx, 38 (1), 40-47.
  30. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  31. ^ Walker, Brett (2008). The Lost Wolves of Japan. University of Washington Press.
  32. ^ a b Knight, J. (1997) "On the extinction of the Japanese wolf". Asian Folklore Studies, 56 (1).
  33. ^ Makenov, M. (2018). Extinct or extant? A review of dhole (Cuon alpinus Pallas, 1811) distribution in the former USSR and modern Russia. Mammal Research, 63(1), 1-9.
  34. ^ Cancellare, I.A., Kachel, S.M., Kubanychbekov, Z., Kulenbekov, R., Pilgrim, K.L., McCarthy, K.P. and Weckworth, B.V. 2022. New distribution record of dhole from southern Kyrgyzstan using non-invasive genetic sampling. Canid Biology & Conservation 24(1):1-3. URL: http://www.canids.org/CBC /24/Dhole_distribution_Kyrgyzstan.pdf
  35. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  36. ^ a b Conroy, J., Melisch, R., & Chanin, P. (1998). "The distribution and status of the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) in Asia—a preliminary review". IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 15 (1), 15-30.
  37. ^ Strong, S. M. (2017). Ainu Spirits Singing: The Living World of Chiri Yukie’s Ainu Shin'yoshu. University of Hawaii Press.
  38. ^ a b Косинцев, П. А., Пластеева, Н. А., & Васильев, С. К. (2013). Дикие лошади (Equus (Equus) sl) Западной Сибири в голоцене. Зоологический журнал, 92(9), 1107-1107.
  39. ^ Wutke, S. (2016). Tracing Changes in Space and Time: Paternal Diversity and Phenotypic Traits during Horse Domestication (Doctoral dissertation, Universität Potsdam).
  40. . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  41. ^ Crees, Jennifer J.; Turvey, Samuel T. (May 2014). "Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving European megafaunal mammal". Quaternary Science Reviews. 91: 16–29.
  42. ^ a b c d e Boeskorov, G. G. (2006). Arctic Siberia: refuge of the Mammoth fauna in the Holocene. Quaternary international, 142, 119-123.
  43. ^ www.pleistocenepark.ru/en/ – Horses. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  44. ^ Cai, D., Zhu, S., Gong, M., Zhang, N., Wen, J., Liang, Q., ... & Jiang, Y. (2022). "Radiocarbon and genomic evidence for the survival of Equus Sussemionus until the late Holocene". Elife, 11, e73346.
  45. ^ Boyd, L.; King, S. R. B.; Zimmermann, W. & Kendall, B.E. (2015). "Equus ferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  46. ^ a b c d Guagnin, M., Shipton, C., el‐Dossary, S., al‐Rashid, M., Moussa, F., Stewart, M., ... & Petraglia, M. D. (2018). "Rock art provides new evidence on the biogeography of kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis), wild dromedary, aurochs (Bos primigenius) and African wild ass (Equus africanus) in the early and middle Holocene of north‐western Arabia". Journal of Biogeography, 45 (4), 727-740.
  47. ^
  48. . Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  49. ^ Khan, R. (2013). Wildlife of the Sundarban. REDI SCOVERI NG SUNDARBAN, 36.
  50. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6553A12787457.en.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  51. ^ Chuluunbat, B., Charruau, P., Silbermayr, K., Khorloojav, T., & Burger, P. A. (2014). "Genetic diversity and population structure of Mongolian domestic Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus)". Animal Genetics, 45 (4), 550-558.
  52. ^ Ji, R., Cui, P., Ding, F., Geng, J., Gao, H., Zhang, H., ... & Meng, H. (2009). "Monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel" (Camelus bactrianus ferus)". Animal Genetics, 40 (4), 377-382.
  53. ^ von den Driesch, A. et al. (2008). "The hunt for wild dromedaries at the United Arab Emirates coast during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Camel bones from the excavations at Al Sufouh 2, Dubai, UAE". MOM Éditions, 49 (1), 487-497.
  54. ^ Groves, C. P., & Albarella, U. (2007). "Current views on taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Sus". In Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction, 15-29.
  55. ^ Horwitz, L. K., & Tchernov, E. (1990). "Cultural and environmental implications of hippopotamus bone remains in archaeological contexts in the Levant". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 280 (1), 67-76.
  56. ^ a b c Tsahar, E., Izhaki, I., Lev-Yadun, S., & Bar-Oz, G. (2009). "Distribution and extinction of ungulates during the Holocene of the southern Levant". PLOS ONE, 4 (4), e5316.
  57. . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  58. ^ Lister, A. M., & Stuart, A. J. (2019). The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence. Quaternary International, 500, 185-203.
  59. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  60. ^ Jiang, Z.; Harris, R.B. (2016). "Elaphurus davidianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7121A22159785. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  61. ^ Dayuan, X., Yuanyuan, Z., Zhibin, C., Zhenyu, Z., Ming, C., Mengdi, F., ... & Xuejiao, Y. (2022). "Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) in China: population dynamics and challenges". Journal of Resources and Ecology, 13 (1), 41-50.
  62. ^ a b Crees, J. (2013). Dynamics of large mammal range shifts and extinction: evidence from the Holocene record of Europe (Doctoral dissertation, Imperial College London).
  63. ^ Zazula, G. D., Hall, E., Hare, P. G., Thomas, C., Mathewes, R., La Farge, C., ... & Shapiro, B. (2017). A middle Holocene steppe bison and paleoenvironments from the Versleuce Meadows, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 54(11), 1138-1152.
  64. ^ Markova, A. K., Puzachenko, A. Y., Van Kolfschoten, T., Kosintsev, P. A., Kuznetsova, T. V., Tikhonov, A. N., ... & Kuitems, M. (2015). "Changes in the Eurasian distribution of the musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) and the extinct bison (Bison priscus) during the last 50 ka BP". Quaternary International, 378, 99-110.
  65. ^ a b c Sipko, T. P. (2009). "European bison in Russia–past, present and future". European Bison Conservation Newsletter, 2, 148-159.
  66. ^ Chen, S. et al. (2010). "Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic". Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27 (1), 1-6.
  67. ^ Van Vuure, C., & van Vuure, T. (2005). Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox. Pensoft Pub.
  68. ^ a b Plasteeva, N. A., Gasilin, V. V., Devjashin, M. M., & Kosintsev, P. A. (2020). "Holocene Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates in Northern Eurasia". Biology Bulletin, 47 (8), 981-995.
  69. ^ Brunson, K., Zhao, X., He, N., Dai, X., Rodrigues, A., Yang, D. (2016). "New insights into the origins of oracle bone divination: ancient DNA from Late Neolithic Chinese bovines". Journal of Archaeological Science. 74, 35–44.
  70. ^ Croft, D. A., Heaney, L. R., Flynn, J. J., & Bautista, A. P. (2006). Fossil remains of a new, diminutive Bubalus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovini) from Cebu island, Philippines. Journal of Mammalogy, 87(5), 1037-1051.
  71. ^ Rozzi, R. (2017). A new extinct dwarfed buffalo from Sulawesi and the evolution of the subgenus Anoa: An interdisciplinary perspective. Quaternary Science Reviews, 157, 188-205.
  72. ^ Yang, D.Y. et al. (2008). "Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China". Journal of Archaeological Science, 35 (10), 2778-2785.
  73. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  74. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  75. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  76. ^ Tokarska, M., Pertoldi, C., Kowalczyk, R., & Perzanowski, K. (2011). Genetic status of the European bison Bison bonasus after extinction in the wild and subsequent recovery. Mammal Review, 41(2), 151-162.
  77. ^ Spalton, A. (1993). "A brief history of the reintroduction of the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx into Oman 1980–1992". International Zoo Yearbook, 32 (1), 81-90.
  78. ^ Klein, D. R., Yakushkin, G. D., & Pospelova, E. B. (1993). "Comparative habitat selection by muskoxen introduced to northeastern Alaska and the Taimyr Peninsula, Russia". Rangifer, 13 (1), 21-25.
  79. .
  80. ^ Buffetaut, E. (2023). The Missing Late Pleistocene Ostrich Femur from Zhoukoudian (China): New Information Provided by a Rediscovered Old Cast. Diversity, 15(2), 265.
  81. ^ Janz, L. et al. (2009). Dating North Asian surface assemblages with ostrich eggshell: implications for palaeoecology and extirpation. Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol 36 (9), pp. 1982-1989
  82. ^ Routledge, J. (2020). Ostrich Eggshell from the Far Eastern Steppe: Stable Isotopic Exploration of Range, Commodification, and Extirpation. Doctoral dissertation, Trent University, Canada.
  83. ^ Buffetaut, E. (2022). The First-Named Fossil Ostrich: A Revision of Struthio asiaticus, from the Siwaliks of India. Diversity, 14(10), 860.
  84. ^ Boug, A. & Islam, M.Z. (2018) "Dating Saudi Arabian Desert Surface Assemblages with Arabian Ostrich Struthio camelus syriacus Eggshell by C14: Propositions for Palaeoecology and Extinction". Biodiversity International Journal, 2 (1): 107-113.
  85. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  86. . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  87. . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  88. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  89. . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  90. ^ Nevard, T. D., Haase, M., Archibald, G., Leiper, I., Van Zalinge, R. N., Purchkoon, N., ... & Garnett, S. T. (2020). Subspecies in the Sarus Crane Antigone antigone revisited; with particular reference to the Australian population. Plos one, 15(4), e0230150.
  91. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Urile perspicillatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22696750A93584099. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  92. . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  93. ^ Böhm, C., Bowden, C. G., Seddon, P. J., Hatipoğlu, T., Oubrou, W., El Bekkay, M., ... & Unsöld, M. (2021). The northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita: history, current status and future perspectives. Oryx, 55(6), 934-946.
  94. . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  95. ^ a b König, C., & Weick, F. (2008). Owls of the world. A&C Black.
  96. ^ IUCN
  97. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  98. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  99. ^ Masseti, M. (2021). "Vertebrates of Upper Mesopotamia: Present Evidence and Archaeological Data". In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth (pp. 13-72). Springer, Cham.
  100. ^ Iijima, M. et al. (2022). "An intermediate crocodylian linking two extant gharials from the Bronze Age of China and its human-induced extinction". The Royal Society Publishing.
  101. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  102. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  103. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  104. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  105. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  106. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  107. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  108. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  109. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  110. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  111. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  112. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  113. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  114. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  115. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  116. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  117. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  118. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  119. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  120. ^ Nedoluzhko, A. V., Sharko, F. S., Tsygankova, S. V., Boulygina, E. S., Barmintseva, A. E., Krasivskaya, A. A., ... & Mugue, N. S. (2020). "Molecular phylogeny of one extinct and two critically endangered Central Asian sturgeon species (genus Pseudoscaphirhynchus) based on their mitochondrial genomes". Scientific Reports, 10 (1), 1-7.
  121. . Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  122. . Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  123. . Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  124. ^ Memiş, D., Yamaner, G., TOSUN, D. D., Tunçelli, G., & TINKIR, M. (2020). Current status of economically important diadromous fish species of Turkey; European eel, Black Sea trout and sturgeon species. Aquatic Research, 3(4), 188-196.
  125. . Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  126. ^ IUCN, 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. Downloaded 10 Jan 2023.
  127. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  128. . Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  129. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18882A192624745.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  130. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18884A192624901.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  131. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18886A192625045.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  132. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18888A192625192.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  133. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18889A192625334.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  134. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18890A192625464.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  135. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18891A192625645.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  136. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18892A192625785.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  137. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18904A192626589.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  138. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T4135A192624182.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T15633A192624463.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  140. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T20687A192626734.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  141. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12751A192624320.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  142. ^ Torres, A.G., Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S., Gimena, R.V., Eza, N.D., Kesner-Reyes, K., Villanueva, T.R., Alcantara, A.J. & Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes tras". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18901A90997500. Retrieved 3 January 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  143. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T15634A192624604.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  144. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  145. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  146. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  147. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T18885A90996334.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  148. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18903A192626347.en. Retrieved November 17, 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18898A192625918.en. Retrieved November 18, 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  150. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  151. . Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  152. . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  153. ^ Exyrias volcanus at IUCN
  154. ^ Silhouettea flavoventris at IUCN
  155. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  156. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  157. ^ Neostethus ctenophorus at IUCN
  158. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  159. ^ Risiocnemis laguna at IUCN
  160. ^ a b Blakemore (2019). "Extinction of Japan's first formally described earthworm Amynthas japonicus (Horst, 1883) (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum. 48: 55–60. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  161. . Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  162. . Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  163. . Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  164. . Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  165. . Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  166. . Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  167. . Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  168. ^ Bouchet, P. 1996. Littoraria flammea. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded 7 August 2007.
  169. . Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  170. . Retrieved 15 November 2021.

External links