List of extinction events

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This is a list of

extinction events, both mass and minor:[1]

  "Big Five" major extinction events (see graphic)
Marine extinction intensity during Phanerozoic
%
Millions of years ago
CambrianOrdovicianSilurianDevonianCarboniferousPermianTriassicJurassicCretaceousPaleogeneNeogene
The blue graph shows the apparent percentage (not the absolute number) of marine animal genera becoming extinct during any given time interval. It does not represent all marine species, just those that are readily fossilized. The labels of the traditional "Big Five" extinction events and the more recently recognised Capitanian mass extinction event are clickable links; see Extinction event for more details. (source and image info)
Period or supereon Extinction Date Probable causes[2]
Quaternary Holocene extinction c. 10,000 BC – Ongoing Humans[3]
Quaternary extinction event
 640,000, 74,000, and
13,000 years ago		 Unknown; may include
climate changes, massive volcanic eruptions and Humans (largely by human overhunting)[4][5][6]
Neogene Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary extinction 2 Ma Possible causes include a supernova[7][8] or the Eltanin impact[9][10]
Middle Miocene disruption 14.5 Ma
Climate change due to change of ocean circulation patterns. Milankovitch cycles may have also contributed[11]
Paleogene Eocene–Oligocene extinction event 33.9 Ma Multiple causes including global cooling, polar glaciation, falling sea levels, and the Popigai impactor[12]
Cretaceous Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 Ma
Chicxulub impactor; the volcanism which resulted in the formation of the Deccan Traps may have contributed.[13]
Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event 94 Ma Most likely underwater volcanism associated with the Caribbean large igneous province, which would have caused global warming and acidic oceans[14]
Aptian extinction 117 Ma Unknown, but may be due to volcanism of the Rajmahal Traps[15]
Jurassic
End-Jurassic (Tithonian)
 145 Ma No longer regarded as a major extinction but rather a series of lesser events due to bolide impacts, eruptions of flood basalts, climate change and disruptions to oceanic systems[16]
Toarcian turnover
)		 186-178 Ma Formation of the Karoo-Ferrar Igneous Provinces[17]
Triassic Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 201 Ma Possible causes include gradual climate changes, volcanism from the Central Atlantic magmatic province[18] or an impactor[19]
Carnian Pluvial Event
 230 Ma
Wrangellia flood basalts,[20] or the uplift of the Cimmerian orogeny
Olenekian-Anisian boundary event 247 Ma Ocean acidification[21]
Smithian-Spathian boundary event
 249 Ma Late eruptions of the Siberian Traps
Griesbachian-Dienerian boundary-event 252 Late eruptions of the Siberian Traps[22]
Permian Permian–Triassic extinction event 252 Ma Large igneous province (LIP) eruptions
Wilkes Land Crater),[25] an Anoxic event,[26] an Ice age,[27]
 or other possible causes
End-Capitanian extinction event
 260 Ma Volcanism from the Emeishan Traps,[28] resulting in global cooling and other effects
Olson's Extinction 270 Ma Unknown. Possibly a change in climate.
Carboniferous Carboniferous rainforest collapse 305 Ma Possiblities include a series of rapid changes in climate, or volcanism of the Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province[29]
Serpukhovian extinction ~ 325 Ma Onset of the Late Paleozoic icehouse
Devonian Hangenberg event 359 Ma Anoxia, possibly related to the Famennian glaciation or volcanic activity, Supernova[30]
Late Devonian extinction (Kellwasser event) 372 Ma
Woodleigh Impactor?[2]
Taghanic Event
 ~384 Ma Anoxia
Kačák Event ~388 Ma Anoxia
Silurian Lau event 420 Ma Changes in sea level and chemistry?[32]
Mulde event 424 Ma Global drop in sea level?[33]
Ireviken event 428 Ma Deep-ocean anoxia;[34] Milankovitch cycles?[35]
Ordovician Late Ordovician mass extinction 445-444 Ma Global cooling and sea level drop, and/or
global warming related to volcanism and anoxia[36]
Cambrian Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event 488 Ma Kalkarindji Large Igneous Province?[37]
Dresbachian extinction event
 502 Ma
End-Botomian extinction event
 517 Ma
Precambrian End-Ediacaran extinction 542 Ma Anoxic event[38]
Great Oxygenation Event
 2400 Ma Rising oxygen levels in the atmosphere due to the development of photosynthesis as well as possible Snowball Earth event. (see: Huronian glaciation.)

Timeline

References

  1. ^ Partial list from Image:Extinction Intensity.png
  2. ^
    ISSN 0031-0182
    .
  3. hdl:11336/71342
    . Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.
  4. PMID 24898370
    .
  5. PMID 25061199
    . Although some debate persists, most of the evidence suggests that humans were responsible for extinction of this Pleistocene fauna, and we continue to drive animal extinctions today through the destruction of wild lands, consumption of animals as a resource or a luxury, and persecution of species we see as threats or competitors.
  6. ISSN 0277-3791
    .
  7. S2CID 41229823
    .
  8. PMID 27127953
    .
  9. ^ "Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary: did Eltanin asteroid kickstart the ice ages?". Archived from the original on 2017-10-03. Retrieved 2019-01-18.
  10. ^ "Did a Killer Asteroid Drive the Planet Into An Ice Age?". Universe Today. 20 September 2012.
  11. S2CID 4406410
    .
  12. ^ "Russia's Popigai Meteor Crash Linked to Mass Extinction". Live Science. June 13, 2014.
  13. ISBN 978-1-5098-3009-1
    .
  14. ^ David Bond; Paul Wignall. "Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: An update" (PDF). p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-24.
  15. S2CID 129952630
    .
  16. PMID 26888552
    .
  17. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<747:SBEJEO>2.0.CO;2
    .
  18. S2CID 15895416.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  19. PMID 27387863
    .
  20. doi:10.1130/g32473.1
    .
  21. S2CID 233915627
    .
  22. PMID 27340926
    .
  23. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwad237
    . Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  24. S2CID 41194645
    .
  25. doi:10.1029/2008GC002149
    .
  26. ISBN 978-0813723563
    .
  27. ^ Ice age, not warming, explains Permian-Triassic extinction event - UPI.com
  28. ISSN 0072-1077. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help
    )
  29. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00138-3
    .
  30. PMID 32817482
    .
  31. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.020
    .
  32. ^ Jeppsson, L. (1998). "Silurian oceanic events: summary of general characteristics". In Landing, E.; Johnson, M.E. (eds.). Silurian Cycles: Linkages of Dynamic Stratigraphy with Atmospheric, Oceanic and Tectonic Changes. James Hall Centennial Volume. New York State Museum Bulletin. Vol. 491. pp. 239–57.
  33. S2CID 129308139
    .
  34. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00304-3
    .
  35. ^ Jeppsson, L (1997). "The anatomy of the Mid-Early Silurian Ireviken Event and a scenario for P-S events". In Brett, C.E.; Baird, G.C. (eds.). Paleontological Events: Stratigraphic, Ecological, and Evolutionary Implications. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 451–92.
  36. doi:10.1130/G47377.1
    .
  37. ISSN 0022-3530
    .
  38. PMID 29938217
    .
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