List of former transcontinental countries

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countries which covered land on two or more continents, including islands associated with a continent other than the one where the country was based. The examples below are listed in chronological order^{[dubious – discuss}

] with the number of continents covered in parentheses and the country's primary continent listed first. When a timespan is included, it is the time period in which the country was transcontinental.

BC

Ancient Egyptian Empire (2) – Africa, Asia,^[1]
- Hyksos (2) – Asia, Africa (circa 1648–1540 BC)^[2]
- Kingdom of Kush (2) – Africa, Asia (occupied portions of Edom and Judah circa 901 BC)^[3]
Sabaeans (2) – Asia, Africa^[4]
Cimmerians (2) – Europe, Asia (late 8th century BC) ^[map]
Assyria (2) – Asia, Africa (671–612 BC) ^[map]
Neo-Babylonian Empire (2) – Asia, Africa (567–539 BC)^[5]
Achaemenid Empire (3) – Asia, Europe, Africa ^[map]
Carthage (2) – Africa, Europe^[6]
Alexander the Great (3) – Europe, Asia, Africa (334–323 BC) ^[map]
Ptolemaic Kingdom (3) – Africa, Asia, ^[map]^[7] Europe (at its peak) ^[map]
Lysimachian Kingdom (2) – Europe, Asia (306–281 BC) ^[map]
Seleucid Empire (2) – Asia, Europe (281 BC ^[map] and 196–191 BC ^[map])
Roman Empire (3) – Europe, Asia, Africa ^[map]

AD 1–AD 500

Sarmatians (2) – Europe, Asia ^[map]
Kingdom of Aksum (2) – Africa, Asia^[8]^[map]
Himyarite Kingdom (2) – Asia, Africa^[8]
Palmyrene Empire (2) – Asia, Africa (260–273)
Hunnic Empire (2) – Europe, Asia ^[map]

Byzantine Empire (3) – Europe, Asia, Africa ^[map]
Western Roman Empire (2) – Europe, Africa (395–476) ^[map]
Vandal Kingdom (2) – Europe, Africa ^[map]^[9]
Ostrogoths (2) – Europe, Africa^[10]

500–1000

Sabirs
(2) – Europe, Asia
Sassanid Empire (2) – Asia, Africa, (618–641) ^[map]

First Turkic Khaganate^[11] (2) – Asia, Europe
Islamic Caliphate
- Rashidun Caliphate (2) – Asia, Africa (639–661) ^[map]
- Umayyad Caliphate (3) – Asia, Africa, Europe (661–750) ^[map]
- Abbasid Caliphate (3) – Asia, Africa, Europe (750–940)^[12]
Alanian Empire (2) – Europe, Asia ^[map]
Khazar Empire (2) – Europe, Asia^[13]

Emirate of Córdoba (2) – Europe, Africa^[14]
Pechenegs (2) – Europe, Asia ^[map]
Shailendra dynasty (2) – Asia, Oceania
Kingdom of Kakheti (2) – Asia, Europe
Kingdom of Abkhazia (2) – Asia, Europe
Aghlabid Emirate (2) – Africa, Europe (827–909)^[15]

Tulunid Emirate (2) – Africa, Asia (877–904) ^[map]
Sajid Emirate of Azerbaijan (2) – Asia, Europe^[16]

Fatimid Caliphate (3) – Africa, Asia, ^[map] Europe ^[map]

Caspian expedition of 913) ^[map]

Caliphate of Córdoba (2) – Europe, Africa^[17]

Ikhshidids (2) – Africa, Asia (935–969) ^[map]

1000–1450

Sallarid Emirate of Azerbaijan (2) – Asia, Europe^[18]

Kalbid Emirate of Sicily (2) – Europe, Africa^[17]
Georgian Empire (2) – Asia, Europe ^[map]
Almoravid Empire (2) – Africa, Europe ^[map]
Seljuqs (2) – Asia, Europe ^[map]

Pisa (3) – Europe,^[19] Asia, Africa ^[map]
Kediri Empire (2) – Asia, Oceania ^[map]

Chola Empire (2) – Asia, Oceania (at its peak circa 1050) ^[map]

Kingdom of Sicily (2) – Europe, Africa^[20]
Almohad Empire (2) – Africa, Europe^[20]

^[map]

Ayyubid Sultanate (2) – Asia, Africa (1169–1250) ^[map]
Shirvanshah Empire (2) – Asia, Europe^[21]

Latin Empire (2) – Europe, Asia (1204–1261) ^[map]
Venice (2) – Europe, Asia ^[map]^[22]
Second Bulgarian Empire (2) – Europe, Asia (at its peak) ^[map]
Khwarezmian Empire (2) – Asia, Europe (at its peak)^[23]

Mongol Empire (2) – Asia, Europe ^[map] (largest empire of contiguous land ever)
Golden Horde (2) – Europe, Asia ^[map]
Empire of Nicaea (2) – Asia, Europe ^[map]
Mamluk Empire (2) – Africa, Asia^[24]
Majapahit Empire (2) – Asia, Oceania ^[map]^[25]
Ilkhanate (2) – Asia, Europe (1255–1335)^[26]
Genoese Empire (2) – Europe, Asia^[27]^[map]
Aragonese Empire (2) – Europe, Africa ^[map]^[map]
Marinid Sultanate (2) – Africa, Europe (1294–1344) ^[map]

Ottoman Empire (3) – Asia, Europe, Africa ^[map]
Buginese Empire (2) – Oceania (including northern Australia,) Asia
Timurid Empire (2) – Asia, Europe^[28]
Nogai Horde Empire (2) – Asia, Europe^[29]
Castilian Empire (2) – Europe, Africa ^[map]
Kara Koyunlu Empire (2) – Asia, Europe ^[map]

Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) (2) – Europe, North America ^[map]

1450–1700

Portuguese Empire (6) – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania ^[map]^[map] (from 1808 to 1821, its capital was in Rio de Janeiro)
Mahra Sultanate (2) – Asia, Africa ^[map]
Spanish Empire (6) – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania ^[map]
Kingdom of
Denmark-Norway (4) – Europe, Asia, North America, Africa ^[map]

German Empire (4) – Europe, South America, ^[map] Asia, ^[map] Africa ^[map]
Iberian Union Empire (6) – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania (1580–1640) ^[map]
British Empire (6) – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania. ^[map]
Dutch Empire (6) – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania ^[map]

French Empire (6) – Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania ^[map]
Scotland (2) – Europe, North America (1621–1631) ^[map]
^[map] Africa ^[map]

^[map]

Knights of Malta

(3) – Europe, Africa, North America (1530–1551 and 1651–1665)

Brandenburg-Prussia (3) – Europe, Africa, ^[map]^[map] North America ^[map] (1682–1721)

Since 1700

British Empire (7) – (English Empire until 1707) Asia, Oceania, Africa, Europe, South America, North America, Antarctica
Said bin Sultan had the capital in Stone Town, Zanzibar
)

Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (2) – Europe, Africa (1714–1718)^[31]
Russian Empire (3) – Europe, Asia, North America ^[map]
United States of America (5) – North America, Africa (1810–1814), ^[map] Asia (1898-1945), Oceania, South America (1898–1979) ^[map]^[map]
Argentina (5) – South America, Antarctica, Africa (1810-1815), North America (occupied California from November 23 to November 29, 1818), Asia (occupied Manila from 31 January to 30 March 1818)
Mexico (2) - North America, Oceania
Chile (3) - South America, Antarctica, Oceania
Ecuador (2) - South America, Oceania
Portugal (3) - Europe, Africa, North America
Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies (2) – Europe, Africa (1816–1860) ^[map]

Kingdom of Italy (2) – Europe, Africa (1861–1889)^[31]^[map]

German Empire (4) – Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia (1884–1919) ^[map]
Belgium (2) – Europe, Africa (1908–1962) ^[map]
Denmark (4) – Europe, North America, Asia, Africa ^[map]
Japanese Empire (3) – Asia, Oceania (1898–1945), North America (1943) ^[map]^[map]
Norway (2) – Europe, Antarctica ^[map]
France (7) – Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, South America, Oceania, Antarctica (1830–1962)
Commonwealth of Australia (3) – Oceania, Asia, Antarctica^[32]^[map]
Antarctic islands
)
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (5) – Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania
Uzbek Khanate (2) – Asia, Europe^[33]
Ak Koyunlu Empire (2) – Asia, Europe ^[map]

Khanate of Sibir (2) – Asia, Europe ^[map]

Astrakhan Khanate (2) – Europe, Asia^[34]
Safavid Empire (2) – Asia, Europe^[35]^[map]
Crimean Khanate (2) – Europe, Asia (at its peak)^[36]
Grand Duchy of Moscow ^[map] and Tsardom of Russia^[37]
(2) – Europe, Asia

Kalmyk Khanate (2) – Asia, Europe^[38]^[map]

Kingdom of Bali (2) – Asia, Oceania ^[map]
Afsharid Empire (2) – Asia, Europe (1736–1747)
Kazakh Khanate (2) – Asia, Europe^[39]
Quba Khanate (2) – Europe, Asia (1747–1806)^[40]
Kingdom of
Kartl-Kakheti (2) – Asia, Europe (1762–1801)^[40]

Qajar Empire (2) – Asia, Europe (1794–1813)^[41]^[map]
Later Egyptian Empire (3) – Africa, Asia, Europe (1803–1807 and 1833–1882)^[24] ^[map]
United Provinces of New Granada (2) – South America, North America (1810–1816)
Gran Colombia (2) – South America, Central America (1819–1831) ^[map]
Republic of the New Granada (1831–1858) and Granadine Confederation (1858–1863) (2) – South America, Central America ^[map]

^[map]

Alash Orda

(2) – Asia, Europe (December 1917 – May 1920)

Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (2) – Asia, Europe (February 24 – May 28, 1918) ^[map]
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (2) – Europe, Asia (March 6, 1917 – November 30, 1922)
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (2) – Asia, Europe (May 28, 1918 – April 28, 1920) ^[map]
Democratic Republic of Georgia (2) – Asia, Europe (May 28, 1918 – February 25, 1921) ^[map]
Centrocaspian Dictatorship (2) – Asia, Europe (August 1 – September 15, 1918)
Russian SFSR (2) – Europe, Asia (November 1917 – December 1991) ^[map]
Soviet Union (2) – Europe, Asia (December 1922 – December 1991) ^[map]
West Indies Federation (2) – North America, South America (1958–1962) ^[map]
United Arab Republic ^[map] and United Arab States (2) – Africa, Asia (1958–1961)
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
(1970–1990) (2) – Asia, Africa
Federation of Arab Republics (2) – Africa, Asia (1972–1977) ^[map]

References

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^ "2 Chronicles 14:2–15; – Passage Lookup — New International Version". BibleGateway.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
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^ "Complete Map of Europe, Year 500". Euratlas.com. 2007-01-13. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ Peter Benjamin Golden, (2010), Central Asia in World History, p. 49
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^ http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/europe/eu1550.gif ^{[bare URL image file]}
^ http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/centrasia/khwarizm1220.gif ^{[bare URL image file]}
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^ http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/africa/afr1830.gif ^{[bare URL image file]}
^ ^a ^b "WHKMLA : Historical Atlas, Sicily Page". Zum.de. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ http://www.britannica.com/ebi/art-93089?articleTypeId=31 ^{[dead link]}
^ http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/russia/goldenhorde1440.gif ^{[bare URL image file]}
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BC

AD 1–AD 500

500–1000

1000–1450

1450–1700

Since 1700

See also

References