List of human endocrine organs and actions
Human anatomy |
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
Hypothalamus
Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | Produced by | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone | TRH | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons | Stimulate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release from anterior pituitary (primarily) |
Dopamine (Prolactin-inhibiting hormone) |
DA or PIH | Dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus | Inhibit prolactin released from anterior pituitary |
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
|
GHRH | Neuroendocrine neurons of the Arcuate nucleus |
Stimulate Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior pituitary |
Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) |
SS, GHIH, or SRIF | Neuroendocrine cells of the Periventricular nucleus | Inhibit Growth hormone release from anterior pituitary Inhibit thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release from anterior pituitary |
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | GnRH or LHRH | Neuroendocrine cells of the Preoptic area | Stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release from anterior pituitary Stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) release from anterior pituitary |
Corticotropin-releasing hormone | CRH or CRF | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the Paraventricular nucleus | Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release from anterior pituitary |
Oxytocin | OX or OXT | Magnocellular neurosecretory cells | In females: lactation (letdown reflex) when nursing
|
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) |
ADH or AVP or VP | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons, Paraventricular nucleus and Supraoptic nucleus |
Increases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephrons , thus promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume
|
Pineal body (epiphysis)
Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|
Melatonin | Pinealocytes | core body temperature
|
Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae). The pituitary is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the infundibular stem or pituitary stalk.[1] The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus via the hypothalamo–hypophyseal portal vessels, which allows for quicker and more efficient communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary.[2]
Anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis)
Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Growth hormone (somatotropin) |
GH | Somatotrophs |
Stimulates |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) |
TSH | Thyrotropes | Stimulates thyroid gland Stimulates iodine absorption by thyroid gland |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) |
ACTH | Corticotrophs |
Stimulates mineralcorticoid) and androgen synthesis and release from adrenocortical cells
|
Beta-endorphin
|
– | Corticotrophs |
Inhibits perception of pain |
Follicle-stimulating hormone | FSH | Gonadotrophs |
In females: Stimulates maturation of testes
|
Luteinizing hormone | LH | Gonadotrophs |
In females: Stimulates ovulation In females: Stimulates formation of corpus luteum In males: Stimulates testosterone synthesis from Leydig cells (interstitial cells) |
Prolactin | PRL | Lactotrophs |
Stimulates milk synthesis and release from mammary glands
Mediates sexual gratification |
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone | MSH | Melanotropes in the Pars intermedia of the Anterior Pituitary |
Stimulates melanin synthesis and release from skin/hair melanocytes |
Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)
Stored hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Oxytocin | OX or OXT | Magnocellular neurosecretory cells | In females: lactation (letdown reflex) when nursing
|
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) |
ADH or AVP | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons | Increases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephrons , thus promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume
|
Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not secreted in the posterior lobe, merely stored.
Thyroid
Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Triiodothyronine | T3 | Thyroid epithelial cell |
(More potent form of protein synthesis
|
Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine) |
T4 | Thyroid epithelial cell 's |
(Less active form of protein synthesis
|
Calcitonin | Parafollicular cell's | Stimulates osteoblasts and thus bone construction Inhibits Ca2+ release from bone, thereby reducing blood Ca2+ |
Digestive system
Stomach
Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Gastrin (Primarily) | G cells | Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells | |
Ghrelin | P/D1 cells | Stimulate appetite. | |
Neuropeptide Y | NPY | Increased food intake and decreased physical activity. It can be associated with obesity. | |
Somatostatin | D cells | Suppress release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon
Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine.[3] | |
Histamine | ECL cells |
stimulate gastric acid secretion | |
Endothelin | X cells | Smooth muscle contraction of stomach[4] |
Duodenum (small intestine)
Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|
Secretin | S cells | Secretion of Brunner's glands
Enhances effects of cholecystokinin, stops production of gastric juice |
Cholecystokinin | I cells | Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas
Release of bile from gallbladder, hunger suppressant |
Liver
Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) (Primarily) | IGF | Hepatocytes | insulin-like effects
regulate cell growth and development |
Angiotensinogen and angiotensin
|
Hepatocytes | vasoconstriction
release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen. | |
Thrombopoietin | THPO | Hepatocytes | stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[5] |
Hepcidin | Hepatocytes | inhibits intestinal iron absorption and iron release by macrophages |
Pancreas
The pancreas is a heterocrine gland as it functions both as an endocrine and as an exocrine gland.[6]
Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|
Insulin (Primarily) | β Islet cells | Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood.
Intake of adipocytes .
Other anabolic effects
|
Glucagon (Also Primarily) | α Islet cells | Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver.
Increases blood glucose level. |
Somatostatin | δ Islet cells | Inhibit release of insulin[7]
Inhibit release of glucagon[7] Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. |
Pancreatic polypeptide | PP cells |
Self regulate the pancreas secretion activities and effect the hepatic glycogen levels. |
Kidney
Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|
Renin (Primarily) | Juxtaglomerular cells | Activates the angiotensinogen
|
Erythropoietin (EPO) | Extraglomerular mesangial cells | Stimulate erythrocyte production
|
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) | Proximal tubule cells
|
Active form of vitamin D3
Increase absorption of gastrointestinal tract and kidneys
inhibit release of PTH
|
Thrombopoietin | stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[5] |
Adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex
Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|
Glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol) | zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells | Stimulates immunosuppressive) )
Inhibits inflammatory responses (anti-inflammatory |
Mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone) | Zona glomerulosa cells | Stimulates active kidneys of kidney and subsequent excretion
Stimulates passive water reabsorption in kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure Stimulates potassium and H+ secretion into nephron |
Androgens (including DHEA and testosterone) | Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells | In males: Relatively small effect compared to androgens from testes In females: masculinizing effects |
Adrenal medulla
Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|
Adrenaline (epinephrine) (Primarily) | Chromaffin cells | Fight-or-flight response:
|
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
|
Chromaffin cells | Fight-or-flight response:
|
Dopamine | Chromaffin cells | Increase heart rate and blood pressure |
Enkephalin | Chromaffin cells | Regulate pain |
Reproductive
Testes
Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|
Androgens (chiefly testosterone) | Leydig cells | muscle mass and strength, increased bone density , growth and strength,
axillary hair .
|
Estradiol | Sertoli cells | Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[8] |
Inhibin
|
Sertoli cells | Inhibit production of FSH
|
Ovarian follicle and corpus luteum
Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|
Progesterone | Granulosa cells, theca cells |
Support pregnancy:[9]
Other:
|
Androstenedione | Theca cells | Substrate for estrogen |
Estrogens (mainly estradiol )
|
Granulosa cells |
Structural:
Protein synthesis:
Fluid balance:
Gastrointestinal tract:
Melanin:
Cancer:
Lung function: |
Inhibin
|
Granulosa cells |
Inhibit production of FSH from anterior pituitary
|
pregnant)
Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Progesterone (Primarily) | Support pregnancy:[9]
Other effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle-progesterone | ||
Estrogens (mainly Estriol) (Also Primarily) | Effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle estrogen | ||
Human chorionic gonadotropin | HCG | Syncytiotrophoblast | Promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy
Inhibit human embryo .
|
Human placental lactogen | HPL | Syncytiotrophoblast | Increase production of IGF-1
Increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance |
Inhibin
|
Fetal Trophoblasts | Suppress FSH
|
pregnant)
Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Prolactin | PRL | Decidual cells | milk production in mammary glands
|
Relaxin | Decidual cells | Unclear in humans and animals |
Calcium regulation
Parathyroid
Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Parathyroid hormone | PTH | Parathyroid chief cell | Calcium:
|
Skin
Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) | Keratinocytes | vitamin D3
|
Other
Heart
Secreted hormone | Abbreviation | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Atrial natriuretic peptide | ANP | Cardiac myocytes | Reduce blood pressure by:
reducing systemic vascular resistance ,
reducing blood water, sodium and fats
|
Brain natriuretic peptide
|
BNP | Cardiac myocytes | (To a lesser degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:
reducing systemic vascular resistance ,
reducing blood water, sodium and fats
|
Bone
Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|
Osteocalcin | osteoblasts | stimulates beta cells to produce insulin
|
Skeletal muscle
In 1998, skeletal muscle was identified as an
Adipose tissue
Signalling molecules released by adipose tissue are referred to as adipokines.
Secreted hormone | From cells | Effect |
---|---|---|
Leptin (Primarily) | Adipocytes | decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism. |
Adiponectin | Adipocytes |
Reduces insulin resistance[17] |
Estrogens[18] (mainly Estrone) | Adipocytes |
References
- ISBN 978-0-07-304962-5.
- ^ Vander, Arthur (2008). Vander's Human Physiology: the mechanisms of body function. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 332–333.
- ^ Colorado State University – Biomedical Hypertextbooks – Somatostatin
- PMID 15855738.
- ^ PMID 16687716.
- ^ "Endocrine glands". opentextbc. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ a b Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 5/5ch4/s5ch4_17". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.
- PMID 10843196.
- ^ a b c d Bowen, R. (August 6, 2000) Placental Hormones. Colorado State University
- ^ Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 5/5ch9/s5ch9_13". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.
- PMID 3184927.
- ^ Hormonal Therapy
- PMID 15298854.
- ^ PMID 18923185.
- PMID 9824725.
- PMID 14609022.
- ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3.
- PMID 15320786.