List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu
's Imperial Surgery (1465).

The following is a list of inventions made in the medieval

Age of the Islamic Gunpowders such as the Ottoman and Mughal empires
.

The

Science and technology in the Islamic world
adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including Persia, Egypt, India, China, and Greco-Roman antiquity, while making numerous improvements, innovations and inventions.

List of inventions

Early caliphates

7th century
An illustrated headpiece from a mid-18th-century collection of ghazals and rubāʻīyāt, from the University of Pennsylvania library's Lawrence J. Schoenberg Collection[6]
8th century
9th century
10th century
11th-12th centuries
Part of a series on
Islamic studies
Jurisprudence
Science in medieval times
Arts
Other topics
Islamization of knowledge
13th century
  • Fritware: It refers to a type of pottery which was first developed in the Near East, beginning in the late 1st millennium, for which frit was a significant ingredient. A recipe for "fritware" dating to c. 1300 AD written by Abu’l Qasim reports that the ratio of quartz to "frit-glass" to white clay is 10:1:1.[100] This type of pottery has also been referred to as "stonepaste" and "faience" among other names.[101] A 9th-century corpus of "proto-stonepaste" from Baghdad has "relict glass fragments" in its fabric.[102]
  • mercury clock, which was influential up until the 17th century.[103] It was described in the Libros del saber de Astronomia, a Spanish work from 1277 consisting of translations and paraphrases of Arabic works.[104]
  • Mariotte's bottle: The Libros del saber de Astronomia describes a water clock which employs the principle of Mariotte's bottle.[103]
  • Metabolism: Although Greek philosophers described processes of metabolism, Ibn al-Nafees is the first scholar to describe metabolism as "a continuous state of dissolution and nourishment".[105]
  • Crusaders and Saracens.[106]

Al Andalus (Islamic Spain)

9th-12th centuries
14th century
  • Hispano-Moresque ware: This was a style of Islamic pottery created in Arab Spain, after the Moors had introduced two ceramic techniques to Europe: glazing with an opaque white tin-glaze, and painting in metallic lusters. Hispano-Moresque ware was distinguished from the pottery of Christendom by the Islamic character of its decoration.[117]
  • Polar-axis
    Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albategni). Ibn al-Shatir was aware that "using a gnomon that is parallel to the Earth's axis will produce sundials whose hour lines indicate equal hours on any day of the year." His sundial is the oldest polar-axis sundial still in existence. The concept later appeared in Western sundials from at least 1446.[118][119]

Sultanates

12th century
13th century
  • Heliometer: A devise of measuring the diameter of sun was described by Syrian astronomer Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi.[122]
  • Various
    Al-Jazari's inventions included automaton peacocks, a hand-washing automaton, and a musical band of automatons.[123][124][125]
  • Al-Jazari in 1206. He employed it as part of his automata, water-raising machines, and water clocks such as the castle clock.[126]
  • Al-Jazari in 1206.[127] It included a dial to display the time.[citation needed
    ]
  • Al-Jazari (1136–1206) is credited with the invention of the crankshaft.[25]: 23–24  He described a crank and connecting rod system in a rotating machine in two of his water-raising machines.[128] His twin-cylinder pump incorporated a crankshaft,[129] including both the crank and shaft mechanisms.[130]
  • Crank-slider: Ismail al-Jazari's water pump employed the first known crank-slider mechanism.[131]
  • worm gear roller gin was invented in the Delhi Sultanate during the 13th to 14th centuries.[132]
  • Design and construction methods: English technology historian
    casting of metals in closed mold boxes with sand."[133]
  • Draw bar: The draw bar was applied to sugar-milling, with evidence of its use at Delhi in the Mughal Empire by 1540, but possibly dating back several centuries earlier to the Delhi Sultanate.[134]
  • Minimising
    Al-Jazari's saqiya devices, which was to maximise the efficiency of the saqiya.[135]
  • Al-Jazari, and described in The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, written in 1206. His programmable musical device featured four automaton musicians, including two drummers, that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties. It was a programmable drum machine where pegs (cams) bump into little levers that operated the percussion. The drummers could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns if the pegs were moved around.[136]
  • Tusi couple: The couple was first proposed by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in his 1247 Tahrir al-Majisti (Commentary on the Almagest) as a solution for the latitudinal motion of the inferior planets. The Tusi couple is explicitly two circles of radii x and 2x in which the circle with the smaller radii rotates inside the Bigger circle. The oscillatory motion be produced by the combined uniform circular motions of two identical circles, one riding on the circumference of the other.
  • Griot: The griot musical tradition originates from the Islamic Mali Empire, where the first professional griot was Balla Fasséké.[137]
  • Segmental
    Lynn Townsend White, Jr. wrote, "Segmental gears first clearly appear in al-Jazari".[139]
  • Sufi inventor, poet, and pioneer of Khyal, Tarana and Qawwali, in the Delhi Sultanate.[140][141] Others say that the instrument was brought from Iran and modified for the tastes of the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire.[141]
14th century

Ottoman Empire

14th century
  • Islamic
    Janissaries of the Ottoman Empire formed in the fourteenth century, were made up through trained soldiers and composed of slaves paid with regular salaries.[143][144]
15th century
16th century

Safavid dynasty

The Rothschild Small Silk Medallion Carpet, mid-16th century, Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
15th century
  • Classical
    arabesques. All these patterns required a more elaborate system of weaving, as compared to weaving straight, rectilinear lines. Likewise, they require artists to create the design, weavers to execute them on the loom, and an efficient way to communicate the artist's ideas to the weaver. Today this is achieved by a template, termed cartoon (Ford, 1981, p. 170[163]). How Safavid manufacturers achieved this, technically, is currently unknown. The result of their work, however, was what Kurt Erdmann termed the "carpet design revolution".[164] Apparently, the new designs were developed first by miniature painters, as they started to appear in book illuminations and on book covers as early as in the fifteenth century. This marks the first time when the "classical" design of Islamic rugs was established.[165]

Mughal Empire

16th century
Mughal Emperor Jahangir
holding a globe probably made by Muhammad Saleh Thattvi
  • Hookah or water pipe: according to Cyril Elgood (PP.41, 110), the physician Irfan Shaikh, at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar I (1542–1605) invented the Hookah or water pipe used most commonly for smoking tobacco.[166][167][168][169]
  • Metal cylinder rocket: In the 16th century, Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans, particularly against war elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal.[170]
  • Multi-barrel matchlock volley gun: Fathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early multi-shot gun. Shirazi's gun had multiple gun barrels that fired hand cannons loaded with gunpowder. It may be considered a version of a volley gun.[171] One such gun he developed was a seventeen-barrelled cannon fired with a matchlock.[172]
  • Seamless
    metallurgists to be technically impossible to produce metal globes without any seams.[173]
17th century

See also

Notes

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External links

  • Qatar Digital Library - an online portal providing access to previously digitised British Library archive materials relating to Gulf history and Arabic science
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