Gospel harmony
A gospel harmony is an attempt to compile the
Harmonies are constructed for a variety of purposes: to create a readable and accessible piece of
Among academics, the construction of harmonies has been favoured by conservative scholars, though one scholar, B. S. Childs, opposes this.
The earliest known harmony is the
Overview
A gospel harmony is an attempt to collate the Christian canonical gospels into a single account.
The terms harmony and synopsis have been used to refer to several different approaches to consolidating the canonical gospels.[1] Technically, a "harmony" weaves together sections of scripture into a single narrative, merging the four gospels. There are four main types of harmony: radical, synthetic, sequential and parallel.[1] By contrast, a "synopsis", much like a parallel harmony, juxtaposes similar texts or accounts in parallel format, synchronized by time, while preserving their individual identity, usually in columns.[1] Harmonies may also take a visual form and be undertaken to create narratives for artistic purposes, as in the creation of picture compositions depicting the life of Christ.[10]
The oldest approach to harmonizing consists of merging the stories into a single narrative, producing a text longer than any individual gospel.[3] This creates the most straightforward and detailed account, and one that is likely to be most accessible to non-academic users, such as lay churchgoers or people who are reading the gospels as a work of literature or philosophy.
There are, however, difficulties in the creation of a consolidated narrative. As John Barton points out, it is impossible to construct a single account from the four gospels without changing at least some parts of the individual accounts.[12]
One challenge with any form of harmonizing is that events are sometimes described in a different order in different accounts – the
A less common but more serious difficulty arises if the gospels diverge in their substantive description of an event. An example is the incident involving the centurion whose servant is healed at a distance. In the Gospel of Matthew the centurion comes to Jesus in person;[16] in the Luke version he sends Jewish elders.[17] Since these accounts are clearly describing the same event, the harmonist must decide which is the more accurate description or else devise a composite account.[18][19]
The modern academic view, based on the broadly accepted principle that Matthew and Luke were written using Mark as a source, seeks to explain the differences between the texts in terms of this process of composition. For example, Mark describes John the Baptist as preaching the forgiveness of sins, a detail which is dropped by Matthew, perhaps in the belief that the forgiveness of sins was exclusive to Jesus.[20]
The modern popularizing view, on the other hand, while acknowledging these difficulties, deemphasizes their importance. This view suggests that the divergences in the gospels are a relatively small part of the whole, and that the accounts show a great deal of overall similarity.[1] The divergences can therefore be sufficiently discussed in footnote in the course of a consolidated narrative, and need not stand in the way of conveying a better overall view of the life of Jesus[1] or of making this material more accessible to a wider readership.
To illustrate the concept of parallel harmony, a simple example of a "synopsis fragment" is shown here, consisting of just four episodes from the
Early Church and Middle Ages
Tatian's influential Diatessaron, which dates to about AD 160, was perhaps the very first harmony.[1][7][22] The Diatessaron reduced the number of verses in the four gospels from 3,780 to 2,769 without missing any event of teaching in the life of Jesus from any of the gospels.[1] Some scholars believe Tatian may have drawn on one or more noncanonical gospels.[23] The Gospel of the Ebionites, composed about the same time, is believed to have been a gospel harmony.[24]
Variations based on the Diatessaron continued to appear in the Middle Ages, e.g. Codex Sangallensis (based on the 6th century
In the 3rd century
In the 5th century,
15th–20th centuries
In the 15th and the 16th centuries some new approaches to harmony began to appear, e.g. Jean Gerson produced a harmony which gave priority to the Gospel of John.[26] Cornelius Jansen (Bishop of Ghent) also published his harmony (1549), focusing on the four gospels and even referring to the Acts of the Apostles.[31] On the other hand John Calvin's approach focused on the three synoptic Gospels, and excluded the Gospel of John. [32][33]
By this time visual representations had also started appearing, for instance, the 15th-century artist Lieven de Witte produced a set of about 200 woodcut images that depicted the Life of Christ in terms of a "pictorial gospel harmony" which then appeared in Willem van Branteghem's harmony published in Antwerp in 1537.[10][30] The importance of imagery is reflected in the title of Branteghem's well known work: The Life of Jesus Christ Skillfully Portrayed in Elegant Pictures Drawn from the Narratives of the Four Evangelists[30]
The 16th century witnessed a major increase in the introduction of gospel harmonies. In this period the parallel column structure became widespread, partly in response to the rise of
At the same time, the rise of modern biblical criticism was instrumental in the decline of the traditional apologetic gospel harmony. The Enlightenment writer, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, observed:
Oh that most excellent Harmony, which can only reconcile two contradictory reports, both stemming from the evangelists, by inventing a third report, not a syllable of which is to be found in any individual evangelist![35]
W. G. Rushbrooke's 1880 Synopticon is at times considered a turning point in the history of the synopsis, as it was based on
Towards the end of the 19th century, after extensive travels and study in the Middle East,
In the 20th century, the Synopsis of the Four Gospels by
An example parallel harmony
The following table is an example of a parallel harmony. The order of events, especially during the ministry period, has been the subject of speculation and scholarly debate. The order below is based on those of Anglican William Newcome in 1778[39] and Baptists Steven L. Cox and Kendell H. Easley in 2006.[40]
Seq | Event | Type | Matthew | Mark | Luke | John |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pre-existence of Christ | miscellaneous | 1:1–18 | |||
2 | Genealogy of Jesus | nativity | 1:1–17 | 3:23–38 | ||
3 | Birth of John the Baptist |
nativity | 1:5–25 | |||
4 | Annunciation | nativity | 1:26–38 | |||
5 | Visitation of Mary |
nativity | 1:39–56 | |||
6 | Birth of Jesus | nativity | 1:18–25 | 2:1–7 | ||
7 | Annunciation to the shepherds | nativity | 2:8–15 | |||
8 | Adoration of the shepherds |
nativity | 2:16–20 | |||
9 | Circumcision of Jesus | nativity | 2:21 | |||
10 | Infant Jesus at the Temple |
nativity | 2:22–38 | |||
11 | Star of Bethlehem | nativity | 2:1–2 | |||
12 | Visit of the Magi |
nativity | 2:1–12 | |||
13 | Flight into Egypt | nativity | 2:13–15 | |||
14 | Massacre of the Innocents | nativity | 2:16–18 | |||
15 | Herod the Great's death | miscellaneous | 2:19–20 | |||
16 | Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth | youth | 2:21–23 | 2:39 | ||
17 | Finding Jesus in the Temple |
youth | 2:41–51 | |||
18 | Ministry of John the Baptist | miscellaneous | 3:1–12 | 1:1–8 | 3:1–20 | 1:19–34 |
19 | Baptism of Jesus | miscellaneous | 3:13–17 | 1:9–11 | 3:21–22 | 1:29–39 |
20 | Temptation of Jesus |
miscellaneous | 4:1–11 | 1:12–13 | 4:1–13 | |
21 | Marriage at Cana |
miracle | 2:1–11 | |||
22 | Temple Cleansing | ministry | 2:13–25 | |||
23 | Jesus & Nicodemus | ministry | 3:1–21 | |||
24 | Return of Jesus to Galilee | ministry | 4:12–12 | 1:14–14 | 4:1–3 | |
25 | Exorcism at the Synagogue in Capernaum |
miracle | 1:21–28 | 4:31–37 | ||
26 | The Growing Seed |
parable | 4:26–29 | |||
27 | Rejection of Jesus | ministry | 13:53–58 | 6:1–6 | 4:16–30 | |
28 | First disciples of Jesus |
ministry | 4:18–22 | 1:16–20 | 5:1–11 | 1:35–51 |
29 | Miraculous draught of fishes |
miracle | 5:1–11 | |||
30 | Beatitudes | sermon | 5:2–12 | 6:20–23 | ||
31 | Young Man from Nain |
miracle | 7:11–17 | |||
32 | The Two Debtors |
parable | 7:41–43 | |||
33 | The Lamp under a Bushel |
parable | 5:14–15 | 4:21–25 | 8:16–18 | |
34 | Expounding of the Law |
sermon | 5:17–48 | 6:29–42 | ||
35 | Seventy Disciples |
ministry | 10:1–24 | |||
36 | Discourse on ostentation |
sermon | 6:1–18 | |||
37 | Parable of the Good Samaritan | parable | 10:30–37 | |||
38 | Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary | ministry | 10:38–42 | |||
39 | The Lord's Prayer |
ministry | 6:9–13 | 11:2–4 | ||
40 | The Friend at Night |
parable | 11:5–8 | |||
41 | The Rich Fool |
parable | 12:16–21 | |||
42 | Samaritan Woman at the Well |
ministry | 4:4–26 | |||
43 | The Birds of the Air | ministry | 6:25–34 | 12:22–34 | ||
44 | Discourse on judging |
sermon | 7:1–5 | 6:41–42 | ||
45 | Discourse on holiness |
sermon | 7:13–27 | |||
46 | The Test of a Good Person |
sermon | 7:15–20 | 6:43–45 | ||
47 | The Wise and the Foolish Builders |
parable | 7:24–27 | 6:46–49 | ||
48 | Cleansing a leper |
miracle | 8:1–4 | 1:40–45 | 5:12–16 | |
49 | The Centurion's Servant |
miracle | 8:5–13 | 7:1–10 | 4:46–54 | |
50 | Healing the mother of Peter's wife | miracle | 8:14–17 | 1:29–34 | 4:38–41 | |
51 | Exorcising at sunset |
miracle | 8:16–17 | 1:32–34 | 4:40–41 | |
52 | Calming the storm | miracle | 8:23–27 | 4:35–41 | 8:22–25 | |
53 | Gerasenes demonic |
miracle | 8:28–34 | 5:1–20 | 8:26–39 | |
54 | Paralytic at Capernaum |
miracle | 9:1–8 | 2:1–12 | 5:17–26 | |
55 | Calling of Matthew | ministry | 9:9 | 2:13–14 | 5:27–28 | |
56 | New Wine into Old Wineskins | parable | 9:17–17 | 2:22–22 | 5:37–39 | |
57 | Daughter of Jairus |
miracle | 9:18–26 | 5:21–43 | 8:40–56 | |
58 | The Bleeding Woman |
miracle | 9:20–22 | 5:24–34 | 8:43–48 | |
59 | Two Blind Men at Galilee |
miracle | 9:27–31 | |||
60 | Exorcising a mute |
miracle | 9:32–34 | |||
61 | Commissioning the twelve Apostles |
ministry | 10:2–4 | 3:13–19 | 6:12–16 | |
62 | Not peace, but a sword |
ministry | 10:34–36 | 12:49–53 | ||
63 | Messengers from John the Baptist | ministry | 11:2–6 | 7:18–23 | ||
64 | Paralytic at Bethesda |
miracle | 5:1–18 | |||
65 | Lord of the Sabbath | ministry | 12:1–8 | 2:23–28 | 6:1–5 | |
66 | Man with withered Hand |
miracle | 12:9–13 | 3:1–6 | 6:6–11 | |
67 | Exorcising the blind and mute man | miracle | 12:22–28 | 3:20–30 | 11:14–23 | |
68 | Parable of the strong man |
parable | 12:29–29 | 3:27–27 | 11:21–22 | |
69 | Eternal sin | ministry | 12:30–32 | 3:28–29 | 12:8–10 | |
70 | Jesus' True Relatives |
ministry | 12:46–50 | 3:31–35 | 8:19–21 | |
71 | Parable of the Sower | parable | 13:3–9 | 4:3–9 | 8:5–8 | |
72 | The Tares |
parable | 13:24–30 | |||
73 | The Barren Fig Tree |
parable | 13:6–9 | |||
74 | An Infirm Woman |
miracle | 13:10–17 | |||
75 | Parable of the Mustard Seed | parable | 13:31–32 | 4:30–32 | 13:18–19 | |
76 | The Leaven |
parable | 13:33–33 | 13:20–21 | ||
77 | Parable of the Pearl | parable | 13:44–46 | |||
78 | Drawing in the Net |
parable | 13:47–50 | |||
79 | The Hidden Treasure |
parable | 13:52–52 | |||
80 | Beheading of John the Baptist |
ministry | 14:6–12 | 6:21–29 | 9:7–9 | |
81 | Feeding the 5000 |
miracle | 14:13–21 | 6:31–44 | 9:10–17 | 6:5–15 |
82 | Jesus' walk on water |
miracle | 14:22–33 | 6:45–52 | 6:16–21 | |
83 | Healing in Gennesaret |
miracle | 14:34–36 | 6:53–56 | ||
84 | Discourse on Defilement | sermon | 15:1–11 | 7:1–23 | ||
85 | Canaanite woman's daughter |
miracle | 15:21–28 | 7:24–30 | ||
86 | Deaf mute of Decapolis |
miracle | 7:31–37 | |||
87 | Feeding the 4000 |
miracle | 15:32–39 | 8:1–9 | ||
88 | Blind Man of Bethsaida |
miracle | 8:22–26 | |||
89 | Confession of Peter | ministry | 16:13–20 | 8:27–30 | 9:18–21 | |
90 | Transfiguration of Jesus | miracle | 17:1–13 | 9:2–13 | 9:28–36 | |
91 | Boy possessed by a demon |
miracle | 17:14–21 | 9:14–29 | 9:37–49 | |
92 | Coin in the fish's mouth | miracle | 17:24–27 | |||
93 | Bread of Life Discourse | sermon | 6:22–59 | |||
94 | The Little Children |
ministry | 18:1–6 | 9:33–37 | 9:46–48 | |
95 | Man with dropsy |
miracle | 14:1–6 | |||
96 | Counting the Cost |
parable | 14:25–33 | |||
97 | The Lost Sheep |
parable | 18:10–14 | 15:4–6 | ||
98 | The Unforgiving Servant |
parable | 18:23–35 | |||
99 | The Lost Coin |
parable | 15:8–9 | |||
100 | Parable of the Prodigal Son | parable | 15:11–32 | |||
101 | The Unjust Steward |
parable | 16:1–13 | |||
102 | Rich man and Lazarus | parable | 16:19–31 | |||
103 | The Master and Servant |
parable | 17:7–10 | |||
104 | Cleansing ten lepers | miracle | 17:11–19 | |||
105 | The Unjust Judge |
parable | 18:1–8 | |||
106 | Pharisee and the Tax Collector |
parable | 18:9–14 | |||
107 | Divorce and celibacy | ministry | 19:1–15 | |||
108 | Jesus and the rich young man | ministry | 19:16–30 | 10:17–31 | 18:18–30 | |
109 | Jesus and the woman taken in adultery | ministry | 8:2–11 | |||
110 | The Workers in the Vineyard |
parable | 20:1–16 | |||
111 | Jesus predicts his death | ministry | 20:17–19 | 8:31 9:31 10:32–34 |
18:31–34 | |
112 | The Blind at Birth |
miracle | 9:1–12 | |||
113 | Son of man came to serve | ministry | 20:20–28 | 10:35–45 | ||
114 | The Good Shepherd | ministry | 10:1–21 | |||
115 | Blind near Jericho |
miracle | 20:29–34 | 10:46–52 | 18:35–43 | |
116 | Raising of Lazarus |
miracle | 11:1–44 | |||
117 | Jesus and Zacchaeus |
ministry | 19:2–28 | |||
118 | Palm Sunday | ministry | 21:1–11 | 11:1–11 | 19:29–44 | 12:12–19 |
119 | Temple Cleansing | ministry | 21:12–13 | 11:15–18 | 19:45–48 | |
120 | Cursing the fig tree |
miracle | 21:18–22 | 11:12–14 | ||
121 | Authority of Jesus Questioned |
ministry | 21:23–27 | 11:27–33 | 20:1–8 | |
122 | The Two Sons |
parable | 21:28–32 | |||
123 | The Wicked Husbandmen |
parable | 21:33–41 | 12:1–9 | 20:9–16 | |
124 | The Great Banquet |
parable | 22:1–14 | 14:16–24 | ||
125 | Render unto Caesar... |
ministry | 22:15–22 | 12:13–17 | 20:20–26 | |
126 | Woes of the Pharisees | ministry | 23:1–39 | 12:35–37 | 20:45–47 | |
127 | Widow's mite |
sermon | 12:41–44 | 21:1–4 | ||
128 | Second Coming Prophecy |
ministry | 24:1–31 | 13:1–27 | 21:5–36 | |
129 | The Budding Fig Tree |
parable | 24:32–35 | 13:28–31 | 21:29–33 | |
130 | The Faithful Servant |
parable | 24:42–51 | 13:34–37 | 12:35–48 | |
131 | The Ten Virgins |
parable | 25:1–13 | |||
132 | The Talents or Minas |
parable | 25:14–30 | 19:12–27 | ||
133 | The Sheep and the Goats | parable | 25:31–46 | |||
134 | Anointing of Jesus | ministry | 26:1–13 | 14:3–9 | 7:36–50 | 12:2–8 |
135 | Bargain of Judas | miscellaneous | 26:14–16 | 14:10–11 | 22:1–6 | |
136 | The Grain of Wheat | ministry | 12:24–26 | |||
137 | Last Supper | ministry | 26:26–29 | 14:18–21 | 22:17–20 | 13:1–31 |
138 | Promising a Paraclete | ministry | 16:5–15 | |||
139 | Gethsemane | miscellaneous | 26:36–46 | 14:32–42 | 22:39–46 | |
140 | The kiss of Judas |
passion | 26:47–49 | 14:43–45 | 22:47–48 | 18:2–9 |
141 | Healing the ear of a servant | miracle | 22:49–51 | |||
142 | Arrest of Jesus | passion | 26:50–56 | 14:46–49 | 22:52–54 | 18:10–12 |
143 | Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus |
passion | 26:57–68 | 14:53–65 | 22:63–71 | 18:12–24 |
144 | Blood curse | passion | 27:24–25 | |||
145 | Carrying the cross | passion | 27:27–33 | 15:20–22 | 23:26–32 | 19:16–17 |
146 | Crucifixion of Jesus | passion | 27:34–61 | 15:23–47 | 23:33–54 | 19:18–38 |
147 | Myrrhbearers/Mary Magdalene at the Tomb | resurrection appearance | 28:1 | 16:1 | 24:1 | |
148 | Empty tomb | resurrection appearance | 28:2–8 | 16:2–8 | 24:2–12 | 20:1–13 |
149 | Resurrection of Jesus | resurrection appearance | 28:9–10 | 16:9–11 | 24:1–8 | 20:14–16 |
150 | Noli me tangere | resurrection appearance | 20:17–17 | |||
151 | Road to Emmaus appearance | resurrection appearance | 24:13–32 | |||
152 | Resurrected Jesus appears to Apostles |
resurrection appearance | 16:9–12 | 24:36–43 | 20:19–20 | |
153 | Great Commission | resurrection appearance | 28:16–20 | 16:14–18 | ||
154 | Doubting Thomas | resurrection appearance | 20:24–29 | |||
155 | Catch of 153 fish |
miracle | 21:1–24 | |||
156 | Ascension of Jesus | resurrection appearance | 16:19 | 24:50–53 | ||
157 | Dispersion of the Apostles | miscellaneous | 28:19–20 | 16:20 |
See also
- Jefferson Bible
- Ministry of Jesus
- Timeline of the Bible
References
Citations
- ^ ISBN 0805494448pp. 3–4
- ^ ISBN 978-1498221580.
- ^ ISBN 0805494448p. 18
- ^ France, R.T. "Chronological Aspects of 'Gospel Harmony'," Vox Evangelica 16 (1986): 33–60.
- ^ Cox & Easley 2007, pp. 1–2.
- ^ a b The Encyclopedia of Christianity, vol. 4, Eerdmans, 2005, p. 39.
- ^ ISBN 0664219179.
- ^ ISBN 9042910429pp. 28–32
- ^ ISBN 0805494448pp. 6–8
- ^ ISBN 080283860Xp. 398
- ^ ISBN 978-0872731646
- ^ John Barton, The Old Testament: Canon Literature and Theology Collected Essays of John Barton (Ashgate Publishing, 2013) p. 59. [ISBN missing]
- Graham Stanton, Gospel Truth? New Light on Jesus and the Gospels (HarperCollins, 1995) p. 8; John S. Kloppenborg Verbin, "Is There a New Paradigm?", in Horrell, Tuckett (eds), Christology, Controversy, and Community: New Testament Essays in Honour of David R. Catchpole (Brill, 2000), p. 39.
- ^ Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (1991). A Christological Catechism (quoting Augustine). Paulist Press. p. 158.
- ^ Carson, D.A. (1984). "Introduction to Matthew," in The Expositor's Bible Commentary vol. VIII. Zondervan. pp. 38–39.
- ^ Matthew 8:8–9
- ^ Luke 7:6–8
- ^ Mark Allan Powell, Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998), pp. 12–13.
- ISBN 978-1548461263.
- ^ Francis Watson, "Must the Gospels Agree?" in Stuart G. Hall, Jesus Christ Today: Studies of Christology in Various Contexts (Walter de Gruyter, 2009) pp. 72–73.
- ISBN 0805494448pp. 207–211
- ISBN 0664219179pp. 127, 211
- ^ Bart Ehrman, Zlatko Plese, The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations (Oxford University Press, 2011) p. 231.
- ^ Ron Cameron, The Other Gospels: Non-canonical Gospel Texts (Westminster John Knox Press, 1982) p. 103.
- ^ ISBN 9004192891pp. 188–190
- ^ ISBN 0802824161p. 41
- ISBN 080283843Xp. 132
- ISBN 9004116796pp. 37–40
- ^ Smalley (1981), p. 250.
- ^ ISBN 9004215158pp. 2–6
- ^ François, W. (2012). Augustine and the Golden Age of Biblical Scholarship in Louvain (1550–1650). In: Gordon B., McLean M. (Eds.), bookseries: Library of the Written Word, vol: 20, Shaping the Bible in the Reformation: Books, Scholars and Their Readers in the Sixteenth Century. Leiden: Brill, 235–289 [252].
- ISBN 1931112568p. 50
- ISBN 0802808026
- ^ ISBN 0814650287p. 35
- ^ Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Werke, 8.51–52, cited in Francis Watson, Gospel Writing: A Canonical Perspective (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2013), p. 80.
- ^ "James Tissot: Saint Luke (Saint Luc) (1886)". Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ISBN 0826705006
- ISBN 056709331X [page needed]
- ^ William Newcome (1834), Edward Robinson (ed.), A harmony of the Gospels in Greek, in the general order of Le Clere & Newcome, with Newcome's notes: Printed from the text and with the various readings of Knapp, Gould and Newman, pp. v–xviii
- ISBN 978-0805494440
Bibliography
- Robertson, Archibald Thomas (1922). A harmony of the Gospels for students of the life of Christ: based on the Broadus Harmony in the Revised Version. New York: George H. Doran Co. OL 23302941M. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
- Smalley, Beryl (1981), "Which William of Nottingham?", Studies in Medieval Thought and Learning: From Abelard to Wyclif, History, No. 6, London: Antony Rowe for the Hambledon Press, pp. 249–288, ISBN 0950688266
- Sterkh, Valeriy (2019), United Gospel, Ekaterinburg: Ridero, ISBN 978-5449014467
- Cox, Steven L; Easley, Kendell H (2007), HCSB Harmony of the Gospels, B&H Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0805494440
- This article incorporates work from A Harmony of the Gospels in Greek by Edward Robinson, a publication now in the public domain.
Further reading
- Thomson, Charles, A Synopsis of the Four Evangelists (1815)
- Robinson, Edward, Greek Harmony of the Gospels (1845; second edition, 1851)
- Robinson, Edward, English Harmony of the Gospels (1846)
- Orville Daniel, A Harmony of the Four Gospels, 2nd Ed, Baker Books Pub, 1996.
- R. Thomas & S. Gundry, The NIV Harmony of the Gospels, HarperCollins Pub, 1988.
External links
- Augustine's Harmony of the Gospels
- Parallel Gospels in Harmony Online version of Parallel Gospels in Harmony: with Study Guide, by David A. Reed, a public domain book