List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa
)
See also: History of Africa
Pre-colonial states in Africa (excluding East African states such as Ajuran, Mutapa, Mapungubwe, Maravi, Imerina and Kilwa)

This is a list of kingdoms and empires in Africa throughout history.

The vast majority of kingdoms included in this list existed prior to the Scramble for Africa (c. 1880–1914) when almost all of the continent came under the control of European powers.

Some kingdoms, such as the

Kingdom of Buganda in Uganda, or the Kingdom of Bailundo in Angola, still exist today as non-sovereign monarchies. The roles, powers, and influence of non-sovereign monarchs throughout Africa vary greatly depending on the state. In some states, such as Angola, the local monarch may play an integral role in the local governing council of a region.[1][2] They are often regarded as custodians of tradition and culture, and in some cases, play an important role in local religious activities.[3][4] On the flipside their powers may be curtailed, as happened in 2022 with Wadai in Chad,[5] or had their positions abolished, as happened in Tanzania in 1962,[6] and in 1966 in Uganda with Buganda
, which was later restored in 1993. In this list they are labelled (NSM).

There are only three current sovereign monarchies in Africa;[7][8] two of which (Lesotho and Morocco) are constitutional monarchies where the rulers are bound by laws and customs in the exercise of their powers, whilst one (Eswatini) is an absolute monarchy where the monarch rules without bounds. Sovereign monarchies are labelled (SM).

There have been a number of autocrats in Africa who invoked hereditary succession in order to preserve their regimes,[9] such as the Bongos of Gabon,[10] Gnassingbés of Togo,[11] or Aptidon-Guelleh of Djibouti,[12] generating the term monarchical republic.[13] These have been tentatively included due to their similarities to, and possibly even taking inspiration from, the institution of monarchy and are labelled (MR).

Criteria

Only kingdoms and tribal kingdoms as per Elman Service's classifications that were once independent are included, excluding bands and tribes. Dates have [one date for loss of independence] / [one date for loss of nominal rule]. Additional information such as notable articles may accompany entries.

The intercontinental Islamic empires that covered parts of North and Northeast Africa are not included, and should be discussed as part of the Muslim world, however the residual fragments that had their capital on the continent of Africa are.

History periods

Main article: African historiography

Ancient history (3600 BCE – 500 CE)

Main article: Ancient history
Further information: Ancient Africa

Ancient history refers to the time period beginning with the first records in writing, approximately 3600 BCE. It ends with the fall of several significant empires, such as the

Han Dynasty in China, and the Gupta Empire
in India, collectively around 500 CE.

Outside of North Africa, most of African political history relating to this time period has been pieced together through archaeological discoveries. There is very little written information about Sub-Saharan Africa at this time, besides that from outsiders such as "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea", dated to the 1st century CE, and the accounts of Claudius Ptolemy, dated to the 2nd century CE, both illuminating the East African coast. The delicate threads of oral tradition generally do not go back this far.

Post-classical history (500–1500 CE)

Main article: Post-classical history
Further information: Medieval and early modern Africa

The Postclassical Era, also referred to as the Medieval period or the Middle Ages, begins around 500 CE after the fall of major civilizations, covering the advent of Islam. The period ends around 1450–1500, with events like the rise of moveable-type printing in Europe, the voyages of Christopher Columbus, and the Ottoman Empire's conquest of Constantinople.

cultures. As such, most of African history predating the colonial period has been preserved orally, passed down from generation to generation, and served a different function to the academic discipline of history. Perhaps the most famous examples of this are the Griots of West Africa, such as Balla Fasséké in the Mali Empire, who held largely hereditary positions. One of their roles was to study and memorise their people's history and serve in the king's court as an advisor, to represent the past, and to identify lessons. Whilst many oral traditions refer to this particular time period, over time they have taken on a more narrative-based or mythological form, limiting but not eradicating their usefulness to modern historians, as displayed in the oral traditions about the Empire of Kitara, an empire in the Great Lakes
region that existed from around the 10th century to 15th century CE.

Following the

Ge'ez literature
also began covering history from the 14th to 16th century.

Modern history (1500 CE – present)

Main article:
Modern history
Further information: Medieval and early modern Africa, Colonial Africa, and Postcolonial Africa

The Modern Period covers human history from the creation of a more global network (i.e. contact between the Americas and Europeans) to present day.

There is a wealth of oral traditions referring to the modern period that offer important and often crucial information for modern historians. There were high levels of scepticism regarding oral histories among historians of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries leading to their obscurity, and whilst valid criticisms remain about their limitations, modern attitudes towards oral traditions as historical sources continue to improve.[14]

Increased trade with Europe and an influx of Catholic missions from the 16th century onwards produced more written information which supplemented the Arabic literature, however African historiography as we view it today didn't take off until the 19th century under increased European interest in the region. These histories have been invaluable to modern historians, however they were often written from the colonial perspective under the pretence of Western superiority, occasionally for the purpose of disseminating colonial narratives. This has provided the fuel for anti-African bias, particularly regarding their history, which still persists in many countries today.[15][16]

Comparison between kingdoms

Historian

Sub-Saharan African
Kingdoms, mostly of Central, South and East Africa, with some additional data on West African (Sahelian) Kingdoms distinguishing five types, by decreasing centralization of power:

  1. Despotic Kingdoms (D): Kingdoms where the king controlled the internal and external affairs directly and personally appointed overseers. The king kept a monopoly on the use of force. Examples include Rwanda, Nkore/Ankole, and Kongo of the 16th century.
  2. Regal Kingdoms (R): Kingdoms where the king controlled the external affairs directly, and the internal affairs via a system of overseers where most local chiefs kept their positions but not their autonomy after conquest. The king and most of his administration belonged to the same religion, group and/or family.
  3. Incorporative Kingdoms (I): Kingdoms where the king only controlled the external affairs and the nucleus with no permanent administrative links between him and the chiefs of the provinces. The local chiefs of the provinces were left largely undisturbed after conquest. Examples are the Bamileke, Luba and the Lozi.
  4. Aristocratic Kingdoms (A): The only link between central authority and the provinces was payment of tribute which symbolised subordination. These kingdoms were kept together by the superior military strength of the nucleus. This type is rather common in Africa, examples include Kongo of the 17th century, Kazembe, Kuba, the Ha, and Chagga states of the 18th century.
  5. Federations (F): Kingdoms where the external affairs were regulated by a council of elders headed by the king, who is simply
    Ashanti Union. (Confederations are not included; see "List of confederations
    ").

Almost all

sultanates embody (R) due to the nature of the Islamic version of kingship.[17]
For this reason, and in the interest of highlighting difference, classifications for sultanates will only reference the relationship between the sultan and their administration.

Classifications not given as examples by Vansina are open to discussion (here). Ones where two classifications are given and joined by an "and" mean that the kingdom had elements from both present; [a] refers to the king's place and power, particularly in the nucleus, whilst [b] refers to the relationship between king and administration.

List of African kingdoms

A list of known kingdoms and empires on the African continent.

North Africa

Further information: History of North Africa

Ancient

Old and Middle Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt

Post-classical

Almoravid Empire
Fatimid Caliphate

Modern

Senussi Order including sphere of influence circa 1880
Aksumite Empire and the Adal Sultanate
.

East Africa

Further information: History of East Africa
See also: List of African Great Lakes kingdoms

Ancient

Post-classical
Sultanate of Kilwa 1310 CE
African Great Lakes Kingdoms, c.1880

Modern

Horn Of Africa 1915
13th-century Africa – Map of the main trade routes and states, kingdoms and empires.

West Africa

Further information: History of West Africa

Ancient

Post-classical

Hausa Kingdoms
Jolof Empire in the 15th century
West Africa in 1625 CE

Modern

West Africa circa 1875
Fula jihad circa 1830
Sokoto Caliphate 19th century

Central Africa

Further information: History of Central Africa
Central East Africa circa 1750 CE
UN Macroregion of Central Africa

Ancient

Post-classical

Modern

Kingdoms in Angola circa 1760 CE

Southern Africa

Further information: History of Southern Africa

Post-classical

Mutapa and surrounding kingdoms circa 1747 CE

Modern

Unplaced or undated kingdoms/sultanates

See also

Bibliography

  • 'History periods':
    • General History of Africa: Volume 1 Methodology and African Historiography, chapters 1-10. UNESCO Publishing. 1981.
    • Vansina, Jan (1971). "Once upon a Time: Oral Traditions as History in Africa". Daedalus. 100 (2). MIT Press: 442–468.
    • Vansina, Jan (1985). Oral Tradition as History. The University of Wisconsin Press.
      ISBN 0299102106
      .
  • 'Comparison between kingdoms':

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