List of largest extant lizards

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Currently there are about 40 extant families of

New Caledonian giant gecko (Rhacodactylus leachianus), has a length of up to 36 cm (14 in), while the largest species in the family Varanidae, Komodo dragon
(Varanus komodoensis), has a length up to 3 metres (10 ft), and a body mass of 70 kg (154 lbs).

Largest extant lizards

Here are the 15 largest extant lizards based on the most reliable measurements for size, including length and weight. These include family types Varanidae, Iguanidae and Teiidae exceeding 9 kg (20 lbs) in mass.

Rank Common name Binomial name Family Maximum reliable or known mass
kg (lb) 		Maximum total length
m (ft) 		Image
1 Komodo dragon Varanus komodoensis Varanidae 166 (366) in captivity[1]

81.5 (180) caught in the wild, excluding stomach contents Probably 100 (220) including stomach contents[2][1][3] (see below)

 3.13 (10.27) in captivity

3.04 (9.97) caught in the wild[2] (see below)
2 Asian water monitor Varanus salvator Varanidae 25 (55)[4][5] (see below) 3.21 (10.53)[4] (see below)
3
Crocodile monitor
 Varanus salvadorii Varanidae 20 (44.1)[1] (see below) 2.55 (8.37) longest verified specimen, but unverified considerable larger[6][7] (see below)
4 Nile monitor Varanus niloticus Varanidae 20 (44.1) according to many sources (see below) 2.43 (8.0) the longest specimen (see below)
5 Perentie Varanus giganteus Varanidae 20 (44.1) according to many sources (see below) 2.44 (8.0) the longest specimen (see below)
6 Black-throated monitor Varanus albigularis microsticus Varanidae 27 (60)[8] 2.1 (6.89)[8]
7 Lace monitor Varanus varius Varanidae 14 (30.87) more reliable[4][9] (see below) 2.0 (6.55)[4][10][9] (see below)
8 Blue iguana Cyclura lewisi Iguanidae 14 (30.87)[11][12][13] 1.5 (4.91)[11][12]
9 Galapagos land iguana Conolophus subcristatus Iguanidae 13 (28.66)[14][15] 1.5 (4.91)[14][15]
10 Marine iguana Amblyrhynchus cristatus Iguanidae 12 (26.46)[16] 1.4 (4.59)[17][18]

11
Rhinoceros iguana
 Cyclura cornuta Iguanidae 10 (22.05)[19] 1.22 (4.0).[20]
Probably 1.36 (4.46)
12 Green iguana Iguana iguana Iguanidae 9.1 (20)[21] 2.0 (6.55)[21]

13 Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor Varanus bitatawa Varanidae 9 (19.84)[22][23] 1.8 (5.84)[22][23]
14 Red tegu Salvator rufescens Teiidae 9 (19.84)[24] 1.4 (4.59)[24]
15 Gray's monitor Varanus olivaceus Varanidae 8.9 (19.62)[22][23] 1.88 (6.16)[22][23]

By families

Agamas (Agamidae)

See also: Agamidae
Makassar salfin lizard is usually regarded as the largest representative of family Agamidae, reaching a length of 1.2 m (3.9 ft).

American legless lizards (Anniellidae)

See also:
Anniellidae

Glass lizards (Anguidae)

See also: Anguidae
legless lizard
, reaching a length of 1.2 m (3.9 ft)
  • Many representatives of this family are
    legless lizards. Among these the largest species, and also the largest legless lizard in the world, is the sheltopusik (Pseudopus apodus), reaching a maximum length of more 135 cm (4.43 ft) and a mass in 1.1 kg (2.4 lb).[35]
  • The eastern glass lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis) and slender glass lizard (Ophisaurus attenuatus) may reach lengths of up to 108 cm (3.54 ft)[36] and 107 cm (3.51 ft)[37] respectively.
  • However, this family also has lizards with legs, among which the largest is the Texas alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus infernalis) growing to from 45.7 cm (18 in) till 64 cm (25.2 in)[38][39] in different sources.

Chameleons (Chamaeleonidae)

See also:
Chamaeleonidae

Spinytail lizards (Cordylidae)

See also: Cordylidae
  • Many species in this family are small to medium-sized lizards that range in length from 6 to 30 cm (2.4 to 11.8 inches).[46] There are large species in the genus Smaug, the largest of which is a giant girdled lizard (Smaug giganteus), with snout-vent length up to 20.5 cm (8.07 in)[47] and total length up to roughly 40 cm (15.74 in).[48]

Casquehead lizards (Corytophanidae)

See also: Corytophanidae
Basilisks are quite large lizards, especially the plumed basilisk
  • Casquehead lizards are quite large lizards. In particular, the genus Basiliscus typically measures 70–75 cm (28–30 in).[49][50] But the largest species in this group is the plumed basilisk (Basiliscus plumifrons), frequently growing to 91 cm (36 in).[51]
  • Another large species in this group is the eastern casquehead iguana (Laemanctus longipes) reaching up to 70 cm (27.6 in) including its long, thin tail.

Collared lizards (Crotaphytidae)

See also: Crotaphytidae
  • In this
    reticulated collared lizard (Crotaphytus reticulatus) with length up to 41 cm (16 in)[citation needed] and mass 78.77 g (2.8 oz).[52]

Anoles (Dactyloidae)

See also: Dactyloidae
The knight anole is the largest anole, over half a meter in length

Geckos (Gekkota)

See also:
Gekkota
New Caledonian giant gecko
is the largest gecko, weighing up to almost 300 g (10.5 oz)

Plated lizards (Gerrhosauridae)

See also: Gerrhosauridae
  • The largest species in this family is the giant plated lizard (Matobosaurus validus), with a total length of up to 69 cm (27 in)[85][86] or even 75 cm (29.5 in),[87] with a snout-vent length (SVL) of 28 cm (11 in).[85] Another large plated lizard is the Sudan plated lizard (Broadleysaurus major), with a length of about 51–60 cm (20–24 in).

Beaded lizards and Gila monster (Helodermatidae)

See also: Gila monster and Helodermatidae
The Mexican beaded lizard is the largest species in family Helodermatidae, reaching a length of up to 91 cm (36 in)
  • This family includes large and stocky lizards, including the infamous
    snout-vent length (SVL) of 36 cm (14.1 in)[10] and a body mass from 1 kg (2.2 lb)[10] to 2.2 kg (4.9 lb)[citation needed] depending on the source. But despite the stocky and massive body of this lizard, it is not the largest representative of the family. Greatly exceeding it in size are the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and Rio Fuerte beaded lizard (Heloderma exasperatum), with a total length of up to 91 cm (36 in),[10][88] a SVL of up to 47 cm (18.5 in)[10] and a mass from 2 kg (4.4 lb)[10] to 4 kg (8.8 lb)[89][90][88]
    depending on the source.

Iguanas (Iguanidae)

See also: Iguanidae
The blue iguana is the heaviest iguanid and one of the largest extant lizards
  • Sauromalus is the San Esteban chuckwalla (Sauromalus varius), up to 76 cm (27 in) long and 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) in weight,[92] while the second-largest is the Angel Island chuckwalla (Sauromalus hispidus), up to 64 cm (25.2 in) long.[92]
  • Many sources describe the green iguana (Iguana iguana) as the largest iguanid, often reaching lengths up to 1.5 metres (4.91 ft) and masses of 4 kg (8.8 lb),[93] and with a maximum length of 2 m (6.6 ft) and a mass of 8 kg (18 lb)[21][94] and in some cases even 9.1 kg (20 lb).[21] However, the heaviest species in this family is the blue iguana (Cyclura lewisi), with a total length of up to 1.5 m (4.91 ft), a SVL of 51–76 cm (30 in) and a mass of up to 14 kg (31 lb)[11][12] It is the eighth-heaviest and largest extant lizard.[13]
The Galapagos land iguana is a very massive lizard weighing more than 10 kg (22 lb) and is one of the largest extant lizards

True lizards (Lacertidae)

See also: Lacertidae
Gran Canaria giant lizard is the largest member of a family Lacertidae, exceeding a length of 80 cm (31 in)

Earless monitor lizards (Lanthanotidae)

See also:
Lanthanotidae
  • snout-vent length (SVL) of about 20 cm (8 in),[119] and a total length of about 40 cm (16 in).[120] The longest recorded in the wild had length in 44.1 cm (17.4 in).[121] A specimen collected in the 1960s had a total length of 51 cm (20 in),[122] and near the time of its death an individual kept at the Bronx Zoo from 1968 to 1976 had a total length of 47 cm (18.5 in) and weighed 209 g (7.4 oz), but it was highly obese.[123]

Curly-tailed lizards (Leiocephalidae)

See also:
Leiocephalidae

Leiosaurids (Leiosauridae)

See also: Leiosauridae

Liolaemids (Liolaemidae)

See also: Liolaemidae

Madagascan iguanas (Opluridae)

See also: Opluridae

Legless lizards (Pygopodidae)

See also: Pygopodidae
  • The largest legless lizard this family is the common scaly-foot (Pygopus lepidopodus) with a length of 70 cm (28 in),[129] a SVL of 24 cm (9.4 in)[130] with an weight of 225.95 g (7.970 oz)[131] and also the largest legless lizard in Australia[129] and biggest in the world overall, if don't counts some members the family Anguidae.
  • Another large member is
    snout-vent length) of 29 cm (11 in).[133][134][135]

Skinks (Scincidae)

See also:
Scincidae
The Solomon Islands skink – largest skink reaching the length of 81 cm (32 in)

Tegus and Teiids (Teiidae)

See also: Teiidae
Argentine black and white tegu as well as a red tegu, is the largest teiid and one of the heaviest lizards in the world reaching a mass of 7 kg (15 lb)

Monitor lizards (Varanidae)

Body size in monitor lizards shows greater variation than in any other family of animals

monitors occupy the first seven places.[13]

Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis)
extant lizard with a maximum known mass of more 80 kg (176.3 lb), also perhaps the heaviest squamate
Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator)
Asian water monitor is the second-largest lizard with a length of more 3 m (10 ft) and a mass in 25 kg (55 lb)
  • The
    nose-to-cloaca length of 59 cm (23 in) and a total length of 149.6 cm (4.91 ft).[184] Among these monitor lizards, some specimens weighed from 16–20 kg (35–44 lb). Another study in Sumatra by the same authors also estimates the weight of some specimens at 20 kg (44 lb)[185] while the average adult weight in the population is estimated to be about 7.6 kg (17 lb).[186]
Crocodile monitor (
Varanus salvadorii
)
crocodile monitor sometimes is considers the longest lizard
in the world
  • The
    arboreal species healthy adults (for example, discounting obese captives) typically weigh 2.5 to 6.38 kg (5.5–14.1 lb).[10][7] Some sources suggest a mass up to 90 kg (200 lb),[190] although, this is highly questionable.[187][7]
Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus)
The Nile monitor is the largest lizard native to Africa with a maximum reliable length of more than 2.43 m (8.0 ft) and a mass in almost 20 kg (44 lb)
  • The
    crocodile monitor and competes with perentie.[1] In most cases, males of Nile monitors reach a total length of 150–170 cm (4.9-5.5 ft) and weigh in the region of 5–10 kg (11–22 lb),[191] while females are about 1.34 m (4.4 ft) long and weigh about 3 kg (6.6 lb). Exceptionally large wild specimens of the Nile monitors can probably reach about 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) in length and weigh about 20 kg (44 lb), making them one of the largest lizards in the world fauna.[1] In 1929, a photograph of a Nile monitor from South Africa was published, which was said to have reached a total length of 2.13 m (7.0 ft) and weighed almost 19 kg (42 lb).[192] The same author also reports that he shot another monitor lizard approximately 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long.[191] The largest animal this species reliably known to date reached a total length of 242 cm (7.94 ft) with a length from the muzzle to cloaca length 98 cm (39 in) and estimated at 12–15 kg (26–33 lb)[193] According to Faust (2001), the largest representative this species measured 2.43 m (7.97 ft).[1] A specimen with a length of 188 cm (6.17 ft) (length from tip of muzzle to cloaca is 74 cm (29 in)) was recorded from Orange Province in South Africa. Near Lake Chad, the maximum recorded size for a male is 2.07 m (6.8 ft) and for a female is 1.55 m (5.1 ft). The largest female Nile monitor for which there is reliable data reached 1.7 m (5.6 ft). Thus, it seems likely that in South Africa some specimens can reach lengths of 200 cm (6.6 ft) or more, but they are very rare.[191]
Perentie (Varanus giganteus)
The perentie is the largest lizard Australia, and also one of the biggest lizards in the world
  • The
    endemic to arid central Australia, found west of the Great Dividing Range. The largest individual recorded by (Stokes, 1846) measuring 2438 mm (8 ft) in total length.[1] However based on the vagueness of this account some authors claim Stokes' reported measurement of 2438 mm (8 ft) is exaggerated and a more likely maximum length may instead be 2.3 m (7.5 ft) (Stirling, 1912).[1] There have been larger individuals supposedly measuring more than 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in total length and 20 kg (44 lb) in mass reported but such claims remain unverified.[1] The maximum size of the perentie is probably not as great as many authors claim King & Green (1993) provide a useful discussion of size in this species. The longest found on Barrow Island by King et al. (1989) had a total length of 1.96 m (6.4 ft) with a SVL in 88 cm (35 in) and the heaviest weighed 11.7 kg (26 lb). Butler (1970) record s a specimen of 17 kg (37 lb) with a total length of 1.93 m (6.3 ft) from the same island.[1][194] Stokes (1846) records that two specimens collected on Barrow Island in 1840 had total lengths of 2.13 m (7.0 ft). Strimple (1988) suggested that one of these animals was the type specimen used by Gray, which has a total length of only 2.02 m (6.6 ft). Many perenties do not grow to such an enormous size, and the specimens on Barrow Island may grow larger than the main population. The limited data available suggests that females reach a smaller maximum size than males, rarely exceeding 1.4 m (4.6 ft) TL. Bredl (1987) records males of 1.8 and 1.9 m (5 ft 11 in and 6 ft 3 in) TL, and a female of 1.3 m (4.3 ft) TL. It appears that perenties approaching 2 m (6.6 ft) in length are the exception rather than the rule, and that in general few specimens grow larger than 1.5 m (4.91 ft). If specimens of 2.4 m (7.9 ft) or more have ever existed, none seem to have survived to the present.[194][195]
Black-throated monitor (Varanus albigularis microstictus)
Lace monitor (Varanus varius)
The lace monitor – the second-largest lizard native to Australia and seven-largest lizard in the world
  • The
    Victoria measured 75 cm (30 in) SVL, 192 cm (6.30 ft) TL and weighed 14 kg (31 lb).[9] Another from Healesville was 192 cm (6.30 ft) long and weighed almost 20.5 kg (45 lb).[9] It was found to have eaten four foxcubs, three young rabbits and three large blue-tongued skinks,[9] and all this was taken into account when weighing, is unknown. And, accordingly, the most commonly used maximum size for this species is a length of 192 cm (6.30 ft) and a weight of 14 kg (31 lb) for the previously mentioned specimen.[4][10][13] In conu'ast, a large male in the spring measured 1,5 m (4.91 ft) TL and weighed 4.2 kg (9.3 lb). Males grow larger than females and probably have larger home ranges.[9]

In the genus

Varanus has more 80 species of lizards and all of to 11 subgenera, members which vary considerably in sizes:[4]

Subgenus
Empagusia

Bengal monitor is the second-largest lizard in Asia after Asian water monitor
  • The largest representative of the
    Empagusia is Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis) with a length in 1.75 m (5.7 ft) and a SVL of 75 cm (30 in), a mass of 7.2 kg (16 lb),[200] and in captivity even more – 10.2 kg (22 lb).[201] However, in average much less – 1,5 m (4.91 ft) in a length and 2.7 kg (6.0 lb) in a mass.[10][202] Even so, by some reports it grows much larger.[10][202][195]
  • Another large species of this group are the clouded monitor (Varanus nebulosus) with a length of 1.5 m (4.91 ft) and a SVL of 60 cm (24 in),[203] the roughneck monitor (Varanus rudicollis), which has a total length of 1.46 m (4.8 ft), a SVL of 59 cm (23 in) with a mass of 4 kg (8.8 lb),[195][204] the Dumeril's monitor (Varanus dumerilii) (Maximum size is about 135 cm (4.43 ft) TL. A breeding pair maintained in captivity measured 130 cm (4.3 ft) TL, 2,950 g (6.50 lb) (male) and 100 cm (3.3 ft), 2,300 g (5.1 lb) (female). Wild animals of 30 cm (12 in) SVL weigh about 1 kg (2.2 lb))[10][195][205] and the yellow monitor (Varanus flavescens) with a maximum length of 95.2 cm (3.12 ft), a SVL of 44.8 cm (17.6 in)[4] and a mass of 1,040 g (2.29 lb).[195][206]

Subgenus Euprepiosaurus

Subgenus Hapturosaurus

  • The largest
    snout-vent length,[211] the black tree monitor (Varanus beccarii) with a maximum size of 34 cm (13 in) SVL, 94.5 cm (3.10 ft) total length[212] and the Bogert's monitor (Varanus bogerti) measuring a length in 94 cm (3.08 ft) with a SVL of 32 cm (13 in).[4]

Subgenus Odatria

  • Whilst, in this subgenus have a lot of species, they are the smallest monitor lizards.[4] In its include Dampier Peninsula monitor (Varanus sparnus) – the smallest monitor with a length of 227 mm (8.9 in), a SVL of 116 mm (4.6 in) and a mass of 16.3 g (0.57 oz).[4]
  • The largest species in this subgenus is the black-palmed rock monitor (Varanus glebopalma) measuring the maximum size of 397 mm (15.6 in) and 1.1 m (3.6 ft) for SVL and total length respectively (an average mass constitute 240 g (8.5 oz) with a SVL of 290 mm (11 in), for the max.size much higher).[10] Another big member this group is Mitchell's water monitor (Varanus mitchelli), which may grow a length in 60–96 cm (1.97–3.15 ft)[213] with a SVL in 22–32 cm (8.7–12.6 in).[10]

Subgenus
Papusaurus

  • The only species
    crocodile monitor
    (Varanus salvadorii) (see higher).

Subgenus Philippinosaurus

The Gray's monitor along with its relatives is one of heaviest lizards in the world
  • This are large
    frugivorous monitor lizards (175 cm (5.74 ft) long or more with a mass in >8 kg (18 lb)).[22] The Northern Sierra Madre forest monitor (Varanus bitatawa) with a maximum size instead be 180 cm (5.9 ft) in length and 9 kg (20 lb) in mass, the Gray's monitor (Varanus olivaceus), the biggest individual of which was just 188 cm (6.17 ft) long and a mass of 8.9 kg (20 lb) and the Panay monitor (Varanus mabitang) with the largest specimen which had a length of 175 cm (5.74 ft) and a mass in 8 kg (18 lb),[22][23] are one of the biggest lizards in the world. They measuring of 76.6 cm (30.2 in), 73 cm (29 in) and 70 cm (28 in) SVL respectively.[23]

Subgenus Polydaedalus

  • The largest species Polydaedalus are the nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) and the black-throated monitor (Varanus albigularis microstictus) (see higher).
  • Another large member of African monitors is a rock monitor, and to be more precise, its type species – white-throated monitor (Varanus albigularis albigularis) with a maximum length of 2 m (6.6 ft) and 15–17 kg (33–37 lb)[214] and an average size of 0.8–1.5 m (2.6–4.9 ft) in length and 3.2–5 kg (7.1–11.0 lb) for females and 6–8 kg (13–18 lb) for males in mass[215][216][217] by some sources. But, however, according to others even mass in 7.7 kg (17 lb) is a very rarely.[195][199]
  • Although, large sizes may reach also other members of
    Bosc's monitor in captivity can be extremely obese and exceed 150 cm (4.9 ft) (75 cm (30 in) SVL)[4] long and 6 kg (13 lb)) weight.[218]
  • The ornate monitor can attains the length of 2 m (6.6 ft),[4] however, the ornate monitor is not currently considered a separate species, but is merely a polymorphisms of two different species.[219]

Subgenus Psammosaurus

The Caspian monitor is a largest lizard in Central Asia, with a maximum reliable length of 1.4 m (4.6 ft) and a mass of almost 3 kg (6.6 lb)

Subgenus Solomonosaurus

Subgenus Soterosaurus

Subgenus
Varanus

Argus monitor
is third largest Australian lizard with mass more 7 kg (15 lb)
  • The largest members of this group are the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), perentie (Varanus giganteus) and lace monitor (Varanus varius) (see higher).
  • After their, next place occupies the yellow-spotted monitor or Argus monitor (Varanus panoptes), which also is third biggest lizard in Australia, with a maximum length of 1.6 m (5.2 ft) (SVL of 74 cm (29 in)) and mass of 7 kg (15 lb),[4][10] although in captivity huge individuals can weigh about 10 kg (22 lb) and even more.[223]
  • A close relative of the aforementioned species is Gould's monitor (Varanus gouldii), also attains large sizes — exclusively large specimens measuring length of 1.55 m (5.1 ft) (SVL of 67 cm (26 in)) with a mass of 5 kg (11 lb).[195][224] The Rosenberg's monitor (Varanus rosenbergi) grows 1.5 m (4.9 ft) long,[195][225] probably 1.6 m (5.2 ft) with a SVL of 70 cm (28 in).[4]
  • Albeit, not as long as some other species of large varanids, the Spencer's monitor (Varanus spenceri) can weigh a very large for its length due to its massive and bulky body, and has a length of 1.2 m (3.9 ft) (SVL of 55 cm (22 in)) and mass of from 2.25 kg (5.0 lb)[195][226] till 6 kg (13 lb)[4][10] depending on sources.
  • The smallest representative of this genus is the Mertens' water monitor (Varanus mertensi) with a length of 1.3 m (4.3 ft) (SVL of 48 cm (19 in)).[4] Though, not as bulky as some other species of monitor lizards, in captivity, it can weigh up to 4.9 kg (11 lb).[195][227]

Night lizards (Xantusidae)

See also:
Xantusidae
  • The largest night lizard is the yellow-spotted tropical night lizard (Lepidophylum flavimaculatum) which attains a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 12.69 cm (5.00 in) with a tail 1/3 times exceeding the body length.

Knob-scaled lizards (Xenosauridae)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "The Largest Monitor Lizards by Paleonerd01 on DeviantArt". Deviantart.com. 18 August 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  2. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.025
    .
  3. ^ a b c d T. S. Jessop et al. (2006): Maximum body size among insular Komodo dragon populations covaries with large prey density. OIKOS 112, pp. 422–429 Volltext at the Wayback Machine (archived August 22, 2008)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "Visual Identification Guide for the Monitor Lizard Species of the World (Genus Varanus)" (PDF). Bfn.de.
  5. ^ a b c "Varanus Salvator". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  6. ^ a b Böhme, W.; Ziegler, T. (1997). "Großwarane im Museum Koenig, mit Bemerkungen zu Afrikas größter Echse". Tier und Museum. 5 (3): 65–74.
  7. ^
    EAZA
    Reptile Taxon Advisory Group
  8. ^ a b c "Black-Throated Monitor Care Guide - Everything Reptiles". Everythingreptiles.com. 12 August 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "Varanus Varius". Biocyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  10. ^
    ISBN 9780253343666
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  11. ^
    ISBN 1-882770-18-8
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  12. ^ a b c Dorge, Ray (1996). "A Tour of the Grand Cayman Blue Iguana Captive-Breeding Facility". Reptiles: Guide to Keeping Reptiles and Amphibians. 4 (9): 32–42.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The 10 Largest Lizards in The World". A-z-animals.com. 18 August 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  14. ^ a b c Rogers, Barbara (1990), Galapagos, New York: Mallard Press, p. 144,
    ISBN 978-0-7924-5192-1
  15. ^ a b c Rosenthal, Ellen (1997), "Days and nights of the iguana: in the Galapagos, a devoted pair work to save land iguanas", Animals
  16. ^ a b Endangered animals of the world pp. 48
  17. ^
    doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx007
    .
  18. ^
    S2CID 205780374
    .
  19. ^ "Rhinoceros Iguana". Sea World. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  20. ^ Bartlett, Richard D.; Bartlett, Patricia Pope; Earle-Bridges, Michele; Wenzel, David (2003). Iguanas : Everything about Selection, Care, Nutrition, Diseases, Breeding, and Behavior A complete pet owner's manual Barron's Complete Pet Owner's Manuals. Barron's Educational Series. p. 95.
  21. ^ a b c d De Vosjoli, Phillipe; Susan Donoghue, Roger Klingenberg, David Blair (2003), The Green Iguana Manual, Advanced Vivarium Systems, ISBN 978-1-882770-67-0
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