List of massacres in the Soviet Union

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Mass repression
in the Soviet Union
Economic repression
Political repression
Ideological repression
Ethnic repression

The following is a list of massacres that took place in the Soviet Union. For massacres that took place in countries that were once part of the Soviet Union, see the list of massacres in that country.

Name Date Location Deaths Notes
Execution of the Romanov family
 1918, July 16–17 Yekaterinburg 11 Justified by the
anti-communist White Army from rescuing them. The USSR repeatedly denied that Vladimir Lenin
was responsible.
Explosion in Leontievsky Lane 1919, September 25 Place of mass gathering of people in the premises of the Moscow Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Leontievsky Lane, Tverskoy District, Moscow 12
White Terror 1919–1923 Nationwide

20,000[1] to 300,000[2]

For the purposes of political repression and elimination of opposition to White rule.
Red Terror 1918–1923 Nationwide 100,000[3] – 1,300,000[4] For the purposes of political repression and elimination of opposition to Bolshevik rule.
Tambov Rebellion 19 August 1920 – June 1921 Tambov Governorate 15,000+ (figure of deaths due to execution only) Total of 240,000[5] rebels and civilians killed by communist forces.
Free City Incident 1921, June 28 Svobodny, Amur Oblast, Far Eastern Republic 36-272 The extent of casualties varies depending on the data. Data shows 36 deaths, 864 prisoners, and 59 missing, while other data records 272 deaths, 31 drownings, 250 missing, and 917 prisoners
First
Decossackization
 1919–1920s Don and Kuban regions Anywhere from 10,000[6] executed to 300,000 - 500,000 both deported and killed[7] The decossackization is sometimes described as a genocide of the Cossacks,[8][9][10][11][12] although this view is disputed,[13] with some historians asserting that this label is an exaggeration.[6] The process has been described by scholar Peter Holquist as part of a "ruthless" and "radical attempt to eliminate undesirable social groups" that showed the Soviet regime's "dedication to social engineering".[14][6]
1921–1923 famine in Ukraine 1921–1923 Ukraine 200,000–1,000,000 No systematic records of fatalities were then made.
August Uprising 1924 Georgia 7,000-10,000[15] After the failed 1924 August uprising in Georgia, Red army detachments exterminated entire families, including women and children, in a series of raids.[16] Mass executions also took place in prisons,[17] where people were shot without trial. Hundreds were shot directly in railway trucks, so that the dead bodies could be removed faster.[18]
Kazakh famine of 1930–33
 1930 - 1933 Kazakhstan 1.5 - 2.3 million[19] Some historians and scholars consider that this famine amounted to genocide of the Kazakhs.[20] The Soviet authorities undertook a campaign of persecution against the nomads in the Kazakhs, believing that the destruction of the class was a worthy sacrifice for the collectivization of Kazakhstan.[21][22] Europeans in Kazakhstan had disproportionate power in the party which has been argued as a cause of why indigenous nomads suffered the worst part of the collectivization process rather than the European sections of the country.[23]
Holodomor 1932c- 1933 Ukraine 3.5-3.9 Million[24] in Ukraine; in total: ~5.7 to 8.7 million Scholars continue to debate "whether the man-made Soviet famine was a central act in a campaign of genocide, or whether it was designed to simply cow Ukrainian peasants into submission, drive them into the collectives and ensure a steady supply of grain for Soviet industrialization."
Stephen Wheatcroft reject the notion that Stalin intentionally wanted to kill the Ukrainians, but exacerbated the situation by enacting bad policies and ignorance of the problem,[29][30] which, according to historian John Archibald Getty, was the overwhelming weight of opinion among scholars who studied the newly opened Soviet archives in 2000.[13] In contrast according to Simon Payaslian, the scholarly consensus classifies the Holodomor as a genocide.[31]
Karatal Affair 1930 Karatal, Kazakhstan 18-19[32] Kazakhs families were shot dead in their attempt to flee to China with some of the victims including women and children even being raped.[32][33]
Blacklisting of villages in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the North Caucasus 1932-1933 Ukraine, Kazakhstan, North Caucasus (Kuban) Unknown; hundreds of farms and dozens of districts affected. Some blacklisted areas
Stalino blacklisting had no particular effect on mortality.[35]
 		'Blacklisting, synonymous with a "board of infamy", was one of the elements of agitation-propaganda in the Soviet Union, and especially Ukraine and the ethnically Ukrainian[citation needed] Kuban region in the 1930s, coinciding with the Holodomor. Blacklisting was also used in Soviet Kazakhstan.[36] The blacklist system was formalized in 1932 by the November 20 decree "The Struggle against Kurkul Influence in Collective Farms".[37] A blacklisted collective farm, village, or raion (district) had its monetary loans and grain advances called in, stores closed, grain supplies, livestock and food confiscated as a "penalty" and was cut off from trade. Its Communist Party and collective farm committees were purged and subject to arrest, and their territory was forcibly cordoned off by the OGPU secret police.[37] In the end 37 out of 392 districts[38] along with at least 400 collective farms where put on the "black board" in Ukraine, more than half of the farms in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast alone.[39] In 1932, 32 (out of less than 200) districts in Kazakhstan that did not meet grain production quotas were blacklisted.[36]
Sealing of the Ukrainian borders during the Soviet famine
 1932-1933 Ukraine 150,000
crime against humanity.[42] In contrast, historian Stephen Kotkin argues that the sealing of the Ukrainian borders caused by the internal passport system was in order to prevent the spread of famine-related diseases.[43]
Searches for hidden grain in Ukraine
 Early 1933 Ukraine Possibly 550,000 people had food confiscated from them and an unknown number of them died[44] Between January and mid-April 1933, a factor contributing to a surge of deaths within certain regions of Ukraine during the period was the relentless search for alleged hidden grain by the confiscation of all foodstuffs from certain households, which Stalin implicitly approved of through a telegram he sent on the 1 January 1933 to the Ukrainian government reminding Ukrainian farmers of the severe penalties for not surrendering grain they may be hiding.[45] In his review of Anne Applebaum's book Mark Tauger gives a rough estimate of those affected by the search for hidden grain reserves: "In chapter 10 Applebaum describes the harsh searches that local personnel, often Ukrainian, imposed on villages, based on a Ukrainian memoir collection (222), and she presents many vivid anecdotes. Still she never explains how many people these actions affected. She cites a Ukrainian decree from November 1932 calling for 1100 brigades to be formed (229). If each of these 1100 brigades searched 100 households, and a peasant household had five people, then they took food from 550,000 people, out of 20 million, or about 2-3 percent."[44]
Great purge
 1936–1938 Nationwide 700,000[46][47]–1,200,000[48] Ordered by Joseph Stalin.
Polish Operation of the NKVD 1937, August– 1938, November Nationwide 111,091[49] Largest ethnic shooting during the
Great Purge
. Polish Nationalism was a very big movement in The USSR at the time, resulting in the deaths of many Polish Nationalists dubbed as "Fascists" by The Soviet Union.
Sandarmokh 1937-38 Sandarmokh, Karelia 9,000 (Disputed)[50][51][52] Mass executions of prisoners.
Vinnytsia massacre 1937–1938 Vinnytsia, Ukraine 9,000[53]–11,000[54](Disputed)
Katyn massacre 1940, April–May
Katyn Forest, Kalinin and Kharkiv
prisons 		21,857[55] Mass executions of Polish nationals by NKVD.
Lunca massacre 1941, 7 February Lunka, Ukraine 600[56]
Fântâna Albă massacre 1941, April 1
Northern Bukovina
 44–3,000[57][58]
NKVD prisoner massacres 1941, June–July
Occupied Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Baltic states
 ~100,000[citation needed] The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions of political prisoners carried out by the NKVD, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, across Eastern Europe, primarily Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, and Bessarabia. After the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the NKVD troops were supposed to evacuate political prisoners into the interior of the Soviet Union, but the hasty retreat of the Red Army, the lack of transportation and other supplies and the general disregard for legal procedures often meant that the prisoners were executed. Approximately two thirds of the 150,000 prisoners[59] were murdered; most of the rest were transported into the interior of the Soviet Union, but some were abandoned in the prisons if there was no time to execute them, and others managed to escape.[60]
Lychkovo massacre July 18, 1941 Lychkovo, Demyansky Around 41 Mass killing of 41 people, primarily
children, by Nazi Germany[61][62]
Khatyn massacre 1943, March 22
Khatyn
 Around 149 people, including 75 children under 16 years of age.[63] Extermination of a whole village in Belarus by Nazi Germany
Khaibakh massacre 1944, February 27 Chechnya, Soviet Union 230–700[64][65] During the deportation of the Chechen and Ingush peoples. Siberian winter was too hard to handle for the Chechens, who lived in a mostly hot climate.
Soviet famine of 1946–1947 in Ukraine 1946–1947 Ukraine 300,000–1,000,000 [66]
Kengir uprising 1954, May 6 – June 26 Kengir, Steplag, Kazakh SSR 500–700[67][68]
Novocherkassk massacre 1962, June 1 – 2 Novocherkassk, Rostov Oblast, Russian SFSR 26[69] Massacre of rallying unarmed civilians
1971 Krasnodar bus bombing 1971, June 14 Krasnodar 10 A homemade suitcase bomb placed near the gas tank by mentally ill Peter Volynsky exploded, killing 10 persons and wounding 20–90 others
Aeroflot Flight 773 bombing 1971, October 10 Near Baranovo, Naro-Fominsky District 25
Aeroflot Flight 109 bombing 1973, May 18 Chita-Kadala International Airport, Chita Oblast 81 An Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-104B flying from Irkutsk Airport to Chita Airport exploded in flight after a passenger detonated a bomb when refused passage to China. The plane crashed east of Lake Baikal, killing all 82 passengers.[70]
Letipea massacre 1976, August 8 Letipea, Estonian SSR 11 (including the perpetrator) A conflict between workers and drunken Soviet border guards escalated when one of the guards opened fire with a machine gun, killing multiple workers as well as one of his fellow guards
1977 Moscow bombings 1977, January 8 Moscow 7 A bomb was detonated on a Moscow Metro train as it rolled into Kurskaya station. Seven people died and 37 were seriously injured
Korean Air Lines Flight 007 1983, September 1 Sea of Japan, near Moneron Island, west of Sakhalin Island 269
Soviet Union Air Force Su-15 Flagon pilot Major Gennadi Osipovich near Moneron Island when the commercial aircraft enters Soviet airspace. All 269 on board are killed, including U.S. Congressman Larry McDonald. * September 6 – The Soviet Union admits to shooting down Korean Air Lines Flight 007
, stating that the pilots did not know it was a civilian aircraft when it violated Soviet airspace.
Aeroflot Flight 6833 Hijacking 1983, November 18 Tbilisi, Georgian SSR to Leningrad 8 7 Georgians hijack Aeroflot Flight 6833 in hopes of escaping the Soviet Union. The siege ended with Soviet forces storming the plane and resulting in the deaths of 3 passengers, 2 crew members and 3 hijackers. The remaining hijackers were executed.
Jeltoqsan massacre 1986, December 16–19
Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR
 168-200[71]
Sumgait massacre 1988, February 26 – March 1
Azerbaijan SSR
 32
Aeroflot Flight 3739 Hijacking 1988, March 8 Veshchevo 9 (including 5 of the hijackers) A Tu-154B-2 (СССР-85413), was hijacked by the Ovechkin family, a family of 11 who were attempting to flee the Soviet Union and demanded to be flown to London. The flight engineer persuaded the hijackers to allow a stop in Finland to refuel, but the pilot tricked the hijackers by landing at Veshchevo instead. Realizing they had been tricked, one of the hijackers killed a flight attendant, Tamara Zharkaya. After landing, the aircraft was stormed and another hijacker blew himself up, starting a small fire in the tail that was quickly put out. Four hijackers committed suicide and three passengers also died during the takeover. Two surviving hijackers were tried and received prison sentences
Gugark pogrom March – December 1988 Gugark District, Armenian SSR 11 (per official Soviet data)

21 (per Arif Yunusov)

Anti-Azerbaijani pogroms in Response to similar pogroms of Armenians in Azerbaijan
Kirovabad pogrom 1988, November
Azerbaijan SSR
 7 (per Soviet authorities),[72] 130 (per human rights activists)[73]
January Massacre
 1990, January 19–20 Baku, Azerbaijan 131-170[74][75] Known also as the Black January (Qara Yanvar)
Tbilisi Massacre
 1989, April 9 Tbilisi, Georgia 21[76][77] hundreds of civilians wounded and killed with sapper spades[76]
Vorkuta uprising 1953, starting July 19 Vorkuta 42[78][79][80]
1990 Dushanbe riots 1990, February 12-14 Dushanbe, Tajik SSR 26 Anti-Armenian and anti-communist unrest in Dushanbe, 565 injured.
1990 Osh clashes 1990, June 4-6 Osh, Kyrgyz SSR 300-600 deaths (official estimate); 1,000-10,000 (unofficial estimate) Ethnic conflict between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks
1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing 1990, August 10 Khanlar, Azerbaijan 15–20 A bus carrying about 60 passengers from Georgia's capital Tbilisi to Aghdam in Azerbaijan is bombed in Khanlar (now Goygol). The bombing was carried out by two ethnic Armenians named Armen Avanesyan and Mikhail Tatevosov, who were members of Vrezh, an underground militant anti-Azerbaijan group operated out of Rostov-on-Don.
January Events
 1991, January 11–13 Vilnius, Lithuania 14[81] After Lithuania recently declared its independence, the USSR sent in the army to crackdown on the "nationalist government". Immediately, hundreds of thousands of unarmed Lithuanians went to the streets to defend the local parliament, TV tower, the radio station and other key buildings. 14 people died during the violence. In 2019, Lithuania sentenced 67 people for war crimes and crimes against humanity.[82]
Patrikeyevo massacree 1991, July 14 Patrikeyevo, Bazarnosyzgansky District, Ulyanovsk Oblast 11 Privates Vitaly Semenikhin and Muradov killed 8 soldiers, 3 warrant officers and wounded 2 other soldiers.[83][84][85][86][87]

See also

References

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  40. ISBN 9780801486777
    . Retrieved 2 December 2021 – via Google Books. 'TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom have received information that in the Kuban and Ukraine a massive outflow of peasants 'for bread' has begun into Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Volga, Western, and Moscow regions. / TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom do not doubt that the outflow of peasants, like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power, the SRs and the agents of Poland, with the goal of agitation 'through the peasantry' ... TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom order the OGPU of Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Middle Volga, Western and Moscow regions to immediately arrest all 'peasants' of Ukraine and the North Caucasus who have broken through into the north and, after separating out the counterrevolutionariy elements, to return the rest to their place of residence.' ... Molotov, Stalin
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Further reading

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