List of military engagements of World War I
This list of military engagements of World War I covers terrestrial, maritime, and aerial conflicts, including campaigns, operations, defensive positions, and sieges. Campaigns generally refer to broader strategic operations conducted over a large bit of territory and over a long period of time. Battles generally refer to short periods of intense combat localized to a specific area and over a specific period of time. However, use of the terms in naming such events is not consistent. For example, the
Western Front
The Western Front comprised the fractious borders between France, Germany, and the neighboring countries. It was infamous for the nature of the fight that developed there; after almost a full year of inconclusive fighting, the front had become a giant trench line stretching from one end of Europe to the other.[1]
1914
The
The city was surrounded by a ring of 12 heavily armed forts, garrisoned by 70,000 men under the command of Gérard Leman. A night attack on 5 August was repulsed with heavy losses to the Germans to the extreme surprise of the supremely confident German army.[citation needed] The next day, rather than confront the forts in battle, the German commander Erich Ludendorff attacked the city through the back, through a break in the line of fortresses that the Belgians had intended to fortify, but never did so. Although they succeeded in capturing the city, the Germans knew that they could not continue advancing troops into Belgium without first breaking down the forts. Aided by 17-inch Howitzers, the Germans finally succeeded in bringing down the forts on 16 August.[2]
The unprecedented Belgian resistance seriously prolonged the opening German assault at the outbreak of World War I, allowing France and Britain time to organize themselves and a defense of Paris. In addition, it was an important moral victory for the Allies.
Battle of the Frontiers
The early French initiative, to capture territory lost to the Germans in the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War, which France started, was played out in a series of frontier battles between the Germans and the French, known collectively as the Battle of the Frontiers. The battles at Mulhouse, Lorraine, the Ardennes, Charleroi, and Mons were launched more or less simultaneously, and marked the collision of the German and French war plans, the Schlieffen Plan and Plan XVII, respectively.[1][3]
The
The French quickly captured the border town of
In France, the conquering of the German city
The invasion and recapture of
The battle was initiated by the French
Rupprecht adopted a strategy in which he would fall back under the French attacks, then counter-attack once he lured the French all the way to his fortifications. As the French army advanced, it met stern resistance in the form of German
Diverging from the
The
The pre-war French strategy expected German forces in the area to be light, and the French light, rapid firing artillery was expected to convey an advantage in forested terrain over the bigger German guns. Instead, it became increasingly apparent to all of the commanders in the region that a significant enemy presence was gathering, for the Germans had planned an offensive through the area.[6]
The sets of armies joined battle on both sides. General
The German troops started moving through the forest on 19 August. Conditions worsened, and by the time the two armies met, the forest was covered in a deep fog, resulting in the two forces stumbling into one another. At first, the French took the Germans as a light screening force; however, in reality the French were heavily outnumbered. The first day of the battle consisted of light skirmishes; the main battle did not begin until 21 August.[6]
According to the pre-war French strategy document, Plan XVII, German forces in the area were only expected to be light, with French light, rapid-firing artillery proving advantageous in a wooded terrain such as that found in the Ardennes. However, what emerged was totally opposite; the French eagerly charged at German positions in the woods, and were mowed down by machine-gun fire. The French armies retreated hurriedly in the face of superior German tactical positioning, and the Germans chased them all the way back into the French border. In addition to losing a key strategic position, the French forfeited iron resources in the region as well.[6]
The
However, by the time the Fifth Army arrived, units of the German Second Army were already in the area. Joffre authorized an attack across the Sambre, predicting that the German force had 18 divisions, comparable to Lanrezac's 15, plus another 3 British reinforcements (the British Expeditionary Force). However, Lanrezac predicted much higher numbers, closer to the actual number—32 German divisions. He preferred to wait for reinforcements, however that same day the Germans attacked across the river and established two beachheads, neither of which fell despite several French counterattacks.
The next day, the main attack began; the fighting carried on through the day, and into the next. The French centre suffered severe losses and retreated; but the west and east flanks both held their ground. However, the retreat of cavalry divisions to the far west exposed the French west flank. With news of his situation, and the fact that his flanks could give and be completely enwrapped, Lanrezac ordered a general retreat into northern France.
The French town of
1914
- Battle of Le Cateau
- Battle of Guise
- First Battle of the Marne
- First Battle of the Aisne
- Siege of Antwerp
- First Battle of Albert
- First Battle of Arras
- Battle of the Yser
- First Battle of Ypres
- First Battle of Champagne
1915
- Winter operations 1914-1915
- Battle of Neuve Chapelle
- Second Battle of Ypres
- Second Battle of Artois
- Battle of Festubert
- Battle of Loos
- Actions of the Hohenzollern Redoubt
- Second Battle of Champagne
1916
- Actions of the Bluff, 1916
- Battle of Verdun
- Battle of Hulluch
- Battle of Mont Sorrel
- Battle of the Somme
- Battle of Fromelles
- Battle of Pozières
- Battle of Ginchy
1917
- Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917
- Operation Alberich
- Nivelle Offensive
- Battle of Arras (1917)
- Battle of Vimy Ridge
- Third Battle of Champagne
- Battle of Messines
- Third Battle of Ypres, also called the Battle of Passchendaele
- Battle of La Malmaison
- Battle of Cambrai (1917)
1918
- German spring offensive
- Second Battle of the Somme (1918), also known as the Battle of St. Quentin or the Second Battle of the Somme(to distinguish it from the 1916 battle)
- Battle of Estaires
- Third Battle of the Aisne
- Battle of Cantigny
- Battle of Belleau Wood
- Second Battle of the Marne
- Battle of Soissons (1918)
- Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
- Hundred Days Offensive
- Battle of Amiens
- Second Battle of the Somme (1918), also known as the Third Battle of the Somme
- Battle of Saint-Mihiel
- Battle of Epéhy
- Battle of the Hindenburg Line
- Battle of the Argonne Forest
- Battle of Cambrai (1918)
- Second Battle of the Sambre
Italian Campaign
- First Battle of the Isonzo
- Second Battle of the Isonzo
- Third Battle of the Isonzo
- Fourth Battle of the Isonzo
- Fifth Battle of the Isonzo
- Trentino Offensive or the "Battle of Asiago"
- Battle of Gorizia"
- Seventh Battle of the Isonzo
- Eighth Battle of the Isonzo
- Ninth Battle of the Isonzo
- Tenth Battle of the Isonzo
- Battle of mount Ortigara
- Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo
- Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo or the "Battle of Caporetto"
- Battle of the Piave River
- Battle of San Matteo
- Battle of Vittorio Veneto
Eastern Front
Campaing of 1914 (Entente strategic victory; Russia captures Galicia and part of the Carpathian Mountains, as well as disrupts the Schlieffen plan, forcing Germany to fight on two fronts)[8][9][10]
- East Prussian campaign (German victory)
- Battle of Stallupönen (Russian victory)
- Battle of Gumbinnen (Russian victory)
- Battle of Orlau (Russian victory)[11]
- Battle of Kaushen (Russian victory)[12]
- Battle of Gross-Bresau (Russian victory)[13]
- Battle of Tannenberg(Decisive German victory)
- Battle of Galicia (Decisive Russian victory)
- Battle of Kraśnik (Austro-Hungarian victory)
- Battle of Komarów (1914) (Austro-Hungarian victory)
- Battle of Gnila Lipa (Russian victory)
- Battle of Rawa (Key Russian victory)
- Battle of Yaroslavitsy (1914) (Russian victory)
- First Battle of the Masurian Lakes (German victory)
- Battle of Augustów (1914) (Russian victory)
- Second Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914) (German victory)
- Raid on Memel (successful Russian raid on East Prussia)[14]
- Battle of the Vistula River (Key Russian victory)
- Battle of Łódź (1914) (Russian tactical victory; German strategic victory)
- Battle of Limanowa (Central powers victory)
- Czenhostowa-Cracow offensive (Russian victory)[15]
- Battle of the Lupovsky Pass (Russian victory)
Third Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914) (German victory)
Campaing of 1915 (Central powers victory, however, the Germans are unable to bring Russia out of the war. Russians return a wide strip to Galicia[16])[17][18]
- Battle of Carpathians (Russian victory)
- Siege of Przemysl(Russian victory)
- Kozevo offensive (Russian victory)
- Battle of the Mount Makovka (Russian victory)
- Battle of Bolimov(Indecisive)
- First Battle of Przasnysz (Russian victory)
- Battle of Łomża (Partial Russian victory)[19]
- Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes (German victory)
- Easter battle at Kalvarija(Indecisive)
- Second Battle of the Vistula River (Russian victory)
- Great Retreat (Russian)(German victory)
- Gorlice–Tarnów offensive (Central powers victory)
- Vistula–Bug offensive (German victory)
- Bug–Narew Offensive (German victory)
- Skoropadsky's attack under Kraupishken(Russian victory)[20]
- Second battle of Przasnysz (German Tactical victory, Russian strategic victory[21])
- Attack of the Dead Men (Russian victory)
- March on Grubeshov (Russian victory)
- Battle of Dniestr and Zolota Lypa (Partial Russian victory)
- Riga–Schaulen offensive (German victory)
- Siege of Kovno (German victory)
- Siege of Novogeorgievsk (German victory)
- Prut operation (Russian victory)[22]
- Battle of Smorgon (Russian victory)
- Vilno-Dvinsk offensive (Key Russian victory)
- Sventiany Offensive(Indecisive)
Campaing 1916 (Russian victory; recapture Galicia and Bukovina; the Russians are forcing the Germans to stop the attacks on Verdun by their actions)
- Lake Naroch Offensive(Tactical German victory; strategic Entente victory)
- Baranovichi offensive (Central powers victory)
- Brusilov Offensive(Russian victory)
- Battle of Lutsk (Russian victory)
- Battle of Kostiuchnówka (Russian victory)
- Battle of Kowel (Central powers victory)
Campaing 1917 (Central powers victory)
- Christmas Battles (Russian victory)
- February Revolution (Partial destruction of the Russian army due to the democratization of troops)
- Kerensky Offensive(Central powers victory)
- Battle of Zborov (1917) (Entente victory)
- Battle of Borders (Russian victory; Central Powers retreat on Austria territory)[23]
- Riga offensive (1917) (German victory)
- Russian Revolution (Russian army has been destroyed from the inside)
Campaing 1918 (Central powers victory; Russia is coming out of the war)
- Operation Faustschlag (Decisive central powers victory; end of Eastern front)
- Battle of Bakhmach (Soviet victory)
- Crimea Operation (1918) (German-Ukraine victory)
- Battle of Chongar Bridge (Ukraine victory)
- Sivash breakthrough(Ukraine victory)
- Battle of Sevastopol (1918) (German-Ukraine victory)
Romanian Campaign
1916
- Battle of Transylvania (Central Powers victory)
- Battle of Turtucaia (Central Powers victory)
- Battle of Dobrich (Bulgarianvictory)
- First Battle of Cobadin (Romanian-Russian victory)
- Battle of Sibiu (1916) (Central Powersvictory)
- Battle of the Olt Valley (Romanian victory)
- Nagyszeben Offensive (Romanian victory)
- Flămânda Offensive (Central Powers victory)
- Battle of Brassó (1916) (Central Powers victory)
- Battle of Bran-Câmpulung Area (Romanian victory)
- Battle of Prahova Valley (Romanian victory)
- First Battle of Oituz (Romanian victory)
- Second Battle of Cobadin (Central Powers victory)
- First Battle of the Jiu Valley (Romanian victory)
- Second Battle of the Jiu Valley (Central Powers victory)
- Battle of Vulcan Pass (Central Powers victory)
- Second Battle of Oituz (Romanian victory)
- Battle of Târgu Jiu (Central Powers victory)
- Battle of Robănești (German victory)
- Battle of Bucharest (Central Powers victory)
- Prunaru Charge (Central Powersvictory)
- Battle of the Argeș (Central Powers victory)
- Battle of Râmnicu Sărat (Central Powers victory)
1917
- Romanian Campaign (1917)(Russo-Romanian victory)
- Battle of Mărăști (Romanian-Russian victory)
- Battle of Mărășești (Romanian-Russian victory)
- Third Battle of Oituz (Romanian-Russian victory)
Caucasus Campaign
1914
- Black Sea raid (Ottoman victory)
- Capture of Bajazet (Russian victory)[24]
- Bergmann Offensive (Ottoman victory)
- Battle of Sarikamish (Decisive Russian victory)
- Battle of Ardahan (Russian victory)
- Battle of Cape Sarych (Russian victory)
1915
- Defense of Van (1915) (Russo-Armenian victory)
- Battle of Manzikert (1915) (Ottoman victory)
- Battle of Kara Killisse(Russian victory)
- Battle of Dilman (Russian victory)
- Zeitun Resistance (1915) (Armenian victory)
- Battle of Kirpen Island (Russian victory)
- Battle of the Bosphorus (Russian victory)
1916
- Action of 8 January 1916 (Russian victory)
- Airstrike on Zonguldak (Russian victory)
- Erzurum Offensive(Russian victory)
- Ognot offensive (Russian victory)
- Battle of Muş (Ottoman victory)
- Battle of Koprukoy (Russian victory)
- Trebizond Campaign (Russian victory)
- Lazistan offensive (Russian victory)
- Landing in Riza (Russian victory)
- Lazistan offensive (Russian victory)
- Battle of Çapakçur (Ottoman victory)
- Battle of Erzincan (Russian victory)
- Battle of Bitlis (Russian victory)
- Battle of Kop Mount (Russian victory)
1918
- Battle of Goychay (Ottoman victory)
- Battle of Choloki (1918) (Transcaucasian victory)
- Battle of Binagadi (Ottoman victory)
- Battle of Kurdamir (Ottoman victory)
- Battle of Abaran (Armenian victory)
- Battle of Karakilisa (Armenian victory)
- Battle of Baku (Ottoman victory)
- Battle of Sardarabad (Decisive Armenian victory)
- Bicheharov offensive in Dagestan (White Russian victory)
- First siege of Petrovsk (Russian victory)
- Izzet Pasha's offensive in Dagestan (Ottoman victory)[25]
- Dagestan campaign (The Biceharists successfully counteract the Turks, but are forced to temporarily leave Dagestan; Ottoman output from Dagestan)[26]
- Battle of Tarkin heights (Russian victory)[27]
- Battle of Mammadkali (Key Russian victory; The Biceharists maintain the unity of the Army, the Turks temporarily retreat)[28]
- Second Siege of Petrovsk (Ottoman victory)
Serbian Campaign
- Battle of Cer
- Srem Offensive
- First bombardment of mount Lovćen
- Battle of Drina
- Second bombardment of mount Lovćen
- Battle of Kolubara
- Battle of Morava
- Battle of Kosovo (1915)
- Battle of Ovche Pole
- Montenegrin campaign
Gallipoli Campaign
The
- Landing at Anzac Cove
- Landing at Cape Helles
- First Battle of Krithia
- Second Battle of Krithia
- Third Battle of Krithia
- Battle of Gully Ravine
- Battle of Sari Bair
- Battle of Krithia Vineyard
- Battle of Lone Pine
- Battle of the Nek
- Battle of Chunuk Bair
- Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)
- Battle of Scimitar Hill
- Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign
Macedonian front
- Battle of Krivolak
- Battle of Kosturino
- 1st Battle of Doiran
- Battle of Florina
- Battle of Struma
- Monastir Offensive
- Battle of Malka Nidzhe
- Battle of Kajmakchalan
- 1st Battle of Cerna Bend
- 2nd Battle of Monastir
- 2nd Battle of Doiran
- 2nd Battle of Cerna Bend
- Battle of Skra-di-Legen
- Vardar Offensive
Sinai and Palestine Campaign
- First Suez Offensive
- Battle of Romani or "The Second Suez Offensive"
- Battle of Bir el Abd
- Battle of Magdhaba
- Battle of Rafa
- Battle of Mughar Ridge
- Battle of Jerusalem
- Fall of Damascus
- First Battle of Gaza
- Second Battle of Gaza
- Third Battle of Gaza or the "Battle of Beersheba"
- Battle of Beersheba
- Battle of Megiddo
Mesopotamian Campaign
- Fao Landing
- Fall of Basra
- Battle of Qurna
- Capture of Amara
- Battle of Nasiriyah
- Battle of Es Sinn
- Battle of Ctesiphon
- Siege of Kut
- Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad
- Battle of the Wadi
- Battle of Hanna
- Battle of Dujaila Redoubt
- First Battle of Kut
- Battle of Khanaqin
- Second Battle of Kut
- Fall of Baghdad
- Samarra offensive
- Battle of Jebel Hamlin
- Battle of Istabulat
- Battle of Ramadi
- Capture of Tikrit
- Battle of Sharqat
African theatre of World War I
- Fall of Cameroon
- Fall of German South-West Africa (Namibia)
- Fall of Togo
- Fall of German East Africa
- Senussi Campaign
- Battle of the Bees
- Battle of Rufiji Delta
- Battle of Kilimanjaro
- Battle of Sandfontein
- Battle of Segale
- Battle of Agagia
- Battle of Chra
- Battle of Namacurra
- Battle of Lioma
Asia-Pacific theatre
- Swedish intervention in Persia
- Siege of Tsingtao
- Occupation of German Samoa
- Battle of Bita Paka
- Siege of Toma
- Central Asian revolt of 1916
- Kelentan Rebellion
- Japanese Occupation Of German Pacific Colonial Possessions
Atlantic Theatre
- First Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)
- Battle of Coronel (1914)
- Battle of the Falkland Islands (1914)
- Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby (1914)
- Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)
- Otranto Barrage (1915–1918)
- Battle of Jutland (1916)
- Battle of Dover Strait (1917)
- Second Battle of Heligoland Bight (1917)
- Zeebrugge Raid (1918)
Mediterranean
- Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau (1914)
- Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign (1915–1916)
- Battle of the Otranto Straits (1917)
- Battle of Imbros (1918)
Asia-Pacific Theatre
- Battle of Rabaul
- Battle of Tsingtao (1914)
- Battle of Penang (1914)
- Battle of Coronel (1914)
- Battle of Cocos (1914)
- Japanese Occupation Of German Pacific Colonial Possessions
Air engagements
World War I was the first war to see major use of planes for offensive, defensive and reconnaissance operations, and both the Entente Powers and the Central Powers used planes extensively. Almost as soon as they were invented, planes were drafted for military service.
See also the following articles:
- Aviation in World War I
- Aviation history (1914-1918)
- Flying aces
- List of World War I flying aces
- Strategic bombing during World War I
- Zeppelins in World War I
Co-belligerent conflicts
These conflicts are considered part of the First World War because one or more of the combatants were aligned with a main belligerent power which may have provided materiel, military, financial, or political support.
Pre-First World War
- Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)
- Italo-Turkish War (1911-1912)
- First Balkan War (1912–13)
- Second Balkan War (1913)
- Muscat rebellion (1913-20)
- Zaian War (1914-21)
- Kurdish rebellions during World War I (1914-17)
During the First World War
- Maritz Rebellion (1914–15)
- Easter Rising (1916)
- Warlord Era (1916–1928)
- Senussi Campaign (1915–17)
- Arab Revolt (1916-1918)
- Russian Revolution (1917)
- Finnish Civil War (1918)
- Russian Civil War (1918–22)
- North Russia Campaign (1918–19)
- Russian westward offensive (1918–19)
Post-First World War
- Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)
- Hungarian-Romanian War (1918–19)
- Polish-Soviet War (1919–21)
- Latvian War of Independence (1918–20)
- Irish War of Independence (1919–21)
- Turkish War of Independence (1919–23)
- Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)
- Vlora War (1920)
- Irish Civil War (1922–23)
References
- ^ a b c Cowley and Parker (editors), pp. 521–526
- ^ a b Duffy, Michael (2000–2009). "Battles - The Battle of Liege, 1914". Retrieved 2009-11-10.
- ^ Duffy, Michael (2000–2009). "Battles - The Battle of the Frontiers, 1914". Retrieved 2009-11-10.
- ^ a b c Duffy, Michael (2000–2009). "Battles - The Battle of Mulhouse, 1914". Retrieved 2009-11-10.
- ^ a b c d Duffy, Michael (2000–2009). "Battles - The Battle of Loraine, 1914". Retrieved 2009-11-10.[dead link]
- ^ a b c d e Duffy, Michael (2000–2009). "Battles - The Battle of the Ardennes, 1914". Retrieved 2009-11-10.
- ^ Duffy, Michael (2000–2009). "Battles - The Battle of the Maubeuge, 1914". Retrieved 2009-11-10.
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- ^ Царствование Императора Николая 2/ Сергей Ольденбург.-М.:Центрполиграф, 2022.-654 с. ISBN 978-5-227-09905-1
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- ^ Олейников А. Россия-щит Антанты. С предисловием Николая Старикова.-СПб.:Питер, 2016.-336 с.-( серия «Николай Стариков рекомендует прочитать») ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4
- ^ Царствование Императора Николая 2/ Сергей Ольденбург.-М.:Центрполиграф, 2022.-654 с. ISBN 978-5-227-09905-1
- ^ Олейников А. Россия-щит Антанты. С предисловием Николая Старикова.-СПб.:Питер, 2016.-336 с.-( серия «Николай Стариков рекомендует прочитать») ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4
- ^ Царствование Императора Николая 2/ Сергей Ольденбург.-М.:Центрполиграф, 2022.-654 с. ISBN 978-5-227-09905-1
- ^ История России, которую приказали забыть. Нико- лай II и его время; [5-е издание] / А. А. Борисюк. - М.: Вече, 2023. - 160 с. ISBN 978-5-4484-3841-7
- ^ Олейников А. Россия-щит Антанты. С предисловием Николая Старикова.-СПб.:Питер, 2016.-336 с.-( серия «Николай Стариков рекомендует прочитать») ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4
- ^ Олейников А. Россия-щит Антанты. С предисловием Николая Старикова.-СПб.:Питер, 2016.-336 с.-( серия «Николай Стариков рекомендует прочитать») ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4
- ^ Воспоминания : Конец 1917 - декабрь 1918 / Павел Скоропадский; [вступ. ст. В.Г. Черкасова-Георгиевского]. - М. : ПРОЗАиК, 2019. - 315, [5] с., [24] с. ил. ISBN 978-5-91631-282-9
- ^ Корольков Г. К. Несбывшиеся Канны. –М., 1926.С. 36
- ^ Олейников А. Россия-щит Антанты. С предисловием Николая Старикова.-СПб.:Питер, 2016.-336 с.-( серия «Николай Стариков рекомендует прочитать») ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4
- ^ Олейников А. Россия-щит Антанты. С предисловием Николая Старикова.-СПб.:Питер, 2016.-336 с.-( серия «Николай Стариков рекомендует прочитать») ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4
- ^ Царствование Императора Николая 2/ Сергей Ольденбург.-М.:Центрполиграф, 2022.-654 с. ISBN 978-5-227-09905-1
- ^ Никитин Б. В. Роковые годы (Новые показания участника). — М.: Айрис-пресс, 2007. — ISBN 978-5-8112-2740
- ^ Шуберт К. К. Русский отряд парусных судов на Каспийском море // Флот в Белой борьбе (Сост. С. В. Волков). — М.: ЗАО Центрполиграф, 2002. — 607 с. — ISBN 5-9524-0028-0
- ^ Никитин Б. В. Роковые годы (Новые показания участника). — М.: Айрис-пресс, 2007. — ISBN 978-5-8112-2740
- ^ Никитин Б. В. Роковые годы (Новые показания участника). — М.: Айрис-пресс, 2007. — ISBN 978-5-8112-2740
Sources
- James M. McPherson; Stephen B. Oates; Celab Carr; Geoffrey Ward; Richard M. Ketchum; et al. (2001). Robert Cowley; Geoffrey Parker (eds.). A Reader's Campanion to Military History (Paperback ed.). ISBN 0-618-12742-9.