List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Crystals of serandite, natrolite, analcime, and aegirine from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada

Mineralogy is an active science in which minerals are discovered or recognised on a regular basis. Use of old mineral names is also discontinued, for example when a name is no longer considered valid. Therefore, a list of recognised mineral species is never complete.

Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various species. Within a mineral species there may be variation in physical properties or minor amounts of impurities that are recognized by mineralogists or wider society as a mineral variety.

The International Mineralogical Association (IMA) is the international scientific group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names. However, minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure. Some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). Presently, each year about 90–110 new mineral species (the sum of all mutations c. 120 per year) are officially approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association.[1]

As of July 2023, the IMA - CNMNC Master List of Minerals lists 5,955 valid minerals, including 1,153 pre-IMA minerals (grandfathered), and 97 questionable minerals.[2] Also as of July 2023, the Handbook of Mineralogy lists 5,663 species,[3] and the IMA Database of Mineral Properties/Rruff Project lists 5,956 valid species (IMA/CNMNC) of a total of 6,189 minerals.[4] The IMA/Rruff database includes 1,164 pre-IMA minerals.[4]

Due to the length of this list, it is divided into alphabetical groups. The minerals are sorted by name.

  • Abbreviations:
    • "*" – discredited (IMA/CNMNC status).
    • "s.p." – special procedure.
    • Q or "?" – questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC, mindat.org or mineralienatlas.de status).
    • N – published without approval of the IMA/CNMNC, or just not an IMA approved mineral but with some acceptance in the scientific community nowadays. The 'IMA database of mineral properties' (rruff.info/ima) has 173 species with 'not an IMA approved mineral' tag, some are an intermediate member of a solid solution series, others are "recently" discredited minerals.[4]
    • I – intermediate member of a solid-solution series.
    • H – hypothetical mineral (synthetic, anthropogenic, etc.)
    • group – a name used to designate a group of species, sometimes only a mineral group name.

Working practices

  • The name of a new mineral is kept confidential by the IMA until it is approved or until its full description is published, its authors' option (approved decision: 'IMA2009-D').[5] The IMA uses a code for its own procedures for the supposed new mineral (and so it is a synonym). Ferri-ottoliniite's proposal was assigned code 'IMA2001-067', it was redefined and approved as 'IMA2001-067a' in 2003, for instance (the ottoliniite root name is discredited since 2012).[6]
  • Current IMA regulations do not allow substances of anthropogenic origin (burning coal mine dumps, coal mine fires, slag, etc.) to be validated as a mineral species. Since 1998, the majority of
    polymorphs (especially polytypes and polytypoids) are not regarded as separate mineral species anymore.[7]
  • IMA/CNMNC identifiers are usually written without space, as years don't get meaningful hits on Google search.
  • "The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana" (8 ed.) was the reference of CNMNC/CNMMN's (IMA) initial work. At the Kobe 2006 general meeting, the IMA council endorsed the creation of an Internet site on minerals ('rruff.info/ima'). So a Master List was needed and the older minerals were reviewed in a document of 130 pages. The final GQN List was published (grandfathered, questionable and published without approval) after a final review of Burke E A J and Nickel E H (approved decision: 'IMA2006-C'). Not only the well established minerals before 1959 was grandfathered (G), but the minerals that could not be discredited as well. The merging of the 'ARD List' (approved, revalidated and discredited) with the 'GQN List' resulted in the first 'IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names'. The 2007 draft of the 'IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names' was a courtesy of the Materials Data, Inc. (MDI), its 2009 review had important modifications.[8][9] The RRUFF database was built with the help of the MDI's 2007 draft, the IMA Master List is an update of the MDI's 2009 review.[10][11][12] Some grandfathered minerals had their status changed to approved afterwards, based on IMA approved reports. Note: the list of approved minerals was revised with 'The New IMA List of Minerals (September 2012)'.[13]
  • The IMA was founded in a meeting in Madrid (1958). The CNMMN (now CNMNC) was one of the original eight commissions, it was founded in 1959. Not all grandfathered mineral were first described prior to 1959. Hatrurite, a phase in cement clinker (alite, C3S), was first described in 1977, for instance.[14]
  • Some mineral names were revised; this changed their first letters. Sodium-pharmacosiderite is now
    chlorapatite had their old names reinstated.[22]
  • Everything is slower on earth sciences, geology, mineralogy:
    • Georgius Agricola's De re metallica libri xii though apparently finished in 1550, was published 1556 (the author died 1555).
    • Some IMA/CNMNC (1959–2000) approved minerals had their complete description published only 2012: 'IMA1998-018' (fluornatromicrolite, published 2011), 'IMA1987-046a' (ferrolaueite, published 2012), 'IMA1978-064' (approval probably based on fake data), 'IMA1977-006' (whelanite, published 2012) and 'IMA1968-003' (discredited, 'IMA2008-B'). 'IMA1995-025' was listed as well, a mistake (natroglaucocerinite, published 1995).[1]
    • The paper of Armbruster et al. (2006) misunderstood the naming rules and renamed a well established mineral name (
      hancockite).[23] Hatert et al. (2013) modified the naming rules.[24] and proposal IMA2015 s.p. was accepted, reverting the renaming.[25]
    • Sample: bergenite was discredited as a barium bearing mineral variety of phosphuranylite (IMA1962 s.p., special procedure). So phosphuranylite was already a valid mineral, and it is listed in the Michael Fleischer's mineral list (1966).[26] Both are listed as grandfathered minerals as they are not listed in the 'ARD List' (approved, revalidated and discredited minerals; 2004).[27][28]
    • The review and approval of new mineral is straight forward most of the time, but there are exceptions. Proposal IMA2009-096 was not accepted, proposal IMA2009-096a was approved as fontarnauite (6.DA.60) in 2014. Proposal IMA1995-020 was not accepted, proposal IMA1995-020c was approved as jarandolite (6.CB.25).[27]
    • Every year some valid names get discredited (in the broader sense).
      • Tohdite (hydrous alumina) was conditionally approved as 'IMA2004-051'. But the re-examination of the holotype material of akdalaite ((Al2O3)5·H2O, 'IMA1969-002') from the Fersman Mineralogical Museum in Moscow showed that both minerals were identical (space group was corrected).[29]
      • Tellurocanfieldite was conditionally approved as 'IMA2012-013'. Its approval was withdrawn as further studies showed it to be a Te-rich variety of canfieldite (Y: 1894, 2.BA.70).[30]
  • Some old minerals were known before their 20th century names were first published.

Miscellany

Notes

Feldspar series
Phase diagram of Al2SiO5
(aluminosilicates).[51]

Nomenclature dictionary

Special minerals (relaxed sense)
  • Native elements (class 1): carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides, elements, alloys, amalgams
  • Special minerals (strict sense): tellurium(VI) oxysalts ([Te6+Ox], trioxotellurate(IV) tetraoxotellurate(VI) [Te4+O3][Te6+O4])
"Ore" minerals (sulfides and oxides)
  • Sulfide class (class 2): sulfides [S], selenides [Se], tellurides [Te], arsenides [As], antimonides [Sb], bismuthides [Bi], sulfantimonides [SbxSy], sulfarsenides [AsxSy], sulfbismuthides [BixSy], sulfastannides [SnxSy], plumboarsenide [As,Pb], plumbobismuthide [Bi,Pb]
  • Oxide class (class 4): sulfites(IV) [SO3]2−, selenites(IV) [SeO3]2−, iodates [IO3], trioxotellurate(IV) [Te4+O3]2−, dihydroxotellurate(IV) [Te4+O(OH)2], pentaoxoditellurate(IV) [(Te4+)2O5]2−, vanadyl anion [V4+O2]2-
Evaporite and similar minerals
  • Halide class (class 3): fluoride [F], chloride [Cl], bromide [Br], iodide [I], tetrafluoroborates [BF4], hexafluorosilicates [SiF6], hexachlorothallate(III) [Tl3+Cl6]
  • Carbonate and nitrate class (class 5): carbonates [CO3], bicarbonate [HCO3]
    • Nitrates (subclass 5.N): nitrates [NO3]
  • Borate class (class 6): metaborates [B2O4], trioxoborate [BO3], tetrahydroborate [B(OH)4]
Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, monomeric minerals
  • Sulfate class (class 7), monomeric minerals: sulfates [SO4]2−, tungstates [WO4]2−, niobates [NbO4]2−, molybdates [MoO4]2−, chromates [CrO4]2−, tetraoxotantalate [TaO4], thiosulphates [SO3S]2−
  • Phosphate class (class 8), monomeric minerals: phosphates(V) [PO4]3−, arsenates(V) [AsO4]3−, vanadates(V) [VO4]3−, hydroxophosphates(V) [PO3OH]2−, dihydroxophosphates(V) [PO2(OH)2], hydroxoarsenates(V) [AsO3OH]2−, dihydroxoarsenates(V) [AsO2(OH)2]
  • Nesosilicates (subclass 9.A), monomeric minerals: tetraoxosilicate [SiO4], hydrotrioxosilicate [SiO3OH]
Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, di- and chain silicates
  • Sorosilicates (subclass 9.B): heptaoxodisilicate [Si2O7], hydrohexaoxodisilicate [Si2O6OH], tetraoxosilicate heptaoxodisilicate [SiO4][Si2O7], decaoxotrisilicate [Si3O10], undecaoxotetrasilicate [Si4O11]
  • Inosilicates (subclass 9.D):
    • Single-chain inosilicates: pyroxenes
    • Double-chain inosilicates: amphiboles
    • Other inosilicates:
Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, framework silicates
  • Cyclosilicates (subclass 9.C):
  • Phyllosilicates (subclass 9.E):
  • Tridimensional silicate frameworks: tectosilicates (subclass 9.F)
    • Silica family (class 4, family DA): dioxosilicate [SiO2]
  • Tectosilicates, zeolites (subclass 9.G):
Mineral structures with a tetrahedral unit, other cases
  • Dimeric and polymeric minerals, phosphate and sulfate class: polyphosphates, polyoxometalates, hexaniobates [Nb6O19], pyrophosphates [P2O7], pyroarsenates [As2O7], decavanadates [V10O28]
Other cases (relaxed sense)
  • Organic minerals, salts of organic acids (class 10, division A): oxalates, citrates, acetates, formiate
  • Cations: divalent [dimercury] [Hg2]2+, uranyl [U6+O2]2+, ammonium [NH4]+, tetramethylammonium [N(CH3)4]+
  • Other building blocks: stannide alloys [Sn], aluminide alloys [Al], aluminosilicates, borosilicates, aluminoborosilicates, paddlewheel cluster [e.g.: uranyl-tricarbonate cluster (UO2)(CO3)3]

Gallery

See also

Further reading

  • Clark, A. (1993). Hey's Mineral Index (3 ed.). London: Chapman & Hall. p. 852.
  • Gaines, R.V.; Skinner, H.C.; Foord, E.E.; Mason, B.; Rosenzweig, A. (1997). Dana's New Mineralogy: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury (8 ed.). New York: Wiley & Sons. p. 1819.
    ISBN 978-0-471-19310-4
    .
  • de Fourestier, Jeffrey (1999). Glossary of Mineral Synonyms. Canadian Mineralogist Special Publication 2 (2 ed.). Ottawa: Mineralogical Association of Canada. p. 445.
    ISBN 978-0-921294-44-3
    .
  • ISBN 978-3-510-65188-7
    .
  • Ferraiolo, J.A. (2003). A Systematic Classification of Minerals. Bowie, US-MD. p. 441.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Back, Malcolm E. (2014). Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species (11 ed.). Tucson AZ: Mineralogical Record Inc. p. 434.
  • ISBN 978-0-903056-27-4. Note: known as DHZ
    .

Notes

  1. ^ No Webmineral reference
  2. ^ No Webmineral reference
  3. ^ No Handbook of Mineralogy reference
  4. ^ No Webmineral reference

References

  1. ^ a b "Missing Minerals". Elements. 3: 360. 2007.
  2. ^ Pasero, Marco; et al. (July 2023). "The New IMA List of Minerals – A Work in Progress". The New IMA List of Minerals. IMA – CNMNC (Commission on New Minerals Nomenclature and Classification). Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  3. ^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (eds.). "Handbook of Mineralogy". Mineralogical Society of America. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  4. ^ a b c "IMA Database of Mineral Properties/RRUFF Project". Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  5. ^ "Minerals approved in 2010" (PDF). IMA/ CNMNC. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  6. ^
    doi:10.2138/am.2012.4276
    .
  7. S2CID 10576420
    .
  8. ^ Nickel EH, Nichols MC (2007). IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names: draft (PDF). Materials Data, Inc.
  9. ^ Nickel EH, Nichols MC (2009). IMA/CNMNC List of Mineral Names (PDF). Materials Data, Inc.
  10. ^ "IMA Mineral List". RRUFF Database.
  11. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.44.6.1557
    .
  12. S2CID 128701814
    .
  13. ^ "The New IMA List of Minerals (September 2012)" (PDF). IMA-CNMNC.
  14. ^ MinDat - Hatrurite
  15. ^ Levinson A A (1966). "A system of nomenclature for rare-earth minerals". American Mineralogist. 51: 152–158.
  16. ^ Nickel, E H; Mandarino, J A (1987). "Procedures involving the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names and guidelines on mineral nomenclature". American Mineralogist. 72: 1031–1042.
  17. ^ Burke E A J (2008). "Tidying up mineral names: an IMA-CNMNC scheme for suffixes, hyphens and diacritical marks" (PDF). The Mineralogical Record. 39: 131–135.
  18. S2CID 41477140
    .
  19. S2CID 54853946
    .
  20. S2CID 38696645
    .
  21. hdl:2268/136406
    .
  22. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2010/0022-2022
    .
  23. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0551
    .
  24. hdl:2268/136406
    .
  25. doi:10.1180/minmag.2015.079.4.05
    .
  26. ^ Michael Fleischer (August 1966). "Index of New Mineral Names, Discredited Minerals, and Changes of Mineralogical Nomenclature in Volumes 1–50 of The American Mineralogist". American Mineralogist (8): 1247–1336.
  27. ^ a b "Master List of IMA-approved minerals (May 2015)" (PDF). IMA-CNMNC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-07-07.
  28. ^ Ernest Nickel; Monte Nichols (9 February 2004). "Mineral Names, Redefinitions & Discreditations Passed by the CNMMN of the IMA" (PDF). Aleph Enterprises.
  29. ^ Mindat.org - Tohdite
  30. ^ Mindat.org - Tellurocanfieldite
  31. ^ Argentit (German)
  32. ^ Mindat.org - Schapbachite
  33. S2CID 140202196
    .
  34. doi:10.1127/0028-3649/2004/2004-0425
    .
  35. doi:10.1080/00380768.1962.10430983
    .
  36. doi:10.1080/00380768.1962.10430993
    .
  37. doi:10.1180/minmag.1967.036.277.20
    .
  38. ^ Wada, Koji; Yoshinaga, Naganori (January–February 1969). "The structure of "Imogolite"" (PDF). The American Mineralogist. 54: 50–71. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  39. doi:10.1346/ccmn.1971.0190210
    .
  40. ^ Fleischer, M. (1983). Glossary of Mineral Species. Tucson, AZ: Mineralogical Record.
  41. S2CID 95074549
    .
  42. ^ Mindat
  43. ^ Sokolova, E.; Hawthorne, F. C.; Abdu, Y.A.; Genovese, A.; Cámara, F. (2015). "Reapproval of betalomonosovite as a valid mineral species: single-crystal X-ray diffraction, HRTEM, Raman and IR". Periodico di Mineralogia. ECMS2015: 157–158.
  44. ^ Mineralienatlas
  45. S2CID 129587895
    .
  46. ^ Mindat
  47. ^ Back, Malcolm E. (2014). Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species (11 ed.). Tucson AZ: Mineralogical Record Inc. p. 434.
  48. ^ Back, Malcolm E.; Mandarino, Joseph A. (2008). Fleischer's Glossary of Mineral Species (10 ed.). Tucson AZ: Mineralogical Record Inc. p. 345.
  49. ^ MinDat - Tiragalloite
  50. ^ MinDat - Grenmarite
  51. doi:10.2138/am-2002-0404
    .
  52. ^ Mindat.org - Chloromagnesite
  53. ^ Mindat.org - Zinkosite
  54. ^ Mindat.org - Biotite
  55. ^ Handbookofmineralogy - Biotite
  56. ^ Rieder, Milan, Cavazzini, Giancarlo, D'yakonov, Yurii S., Frank-Kamenetskii, Viktor A. (1998). "Nomenclature of the micas (IMA/CNMMN Mica Group Subcommittee Report)" (PDF). Canadian Mineralogist. 36: 905–912.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. ^ Mindat.org - Chabazite
  58. ^ Handbookofmineralogy - Chabazite
  59. ^ Mindat.org - Dachiardite
  60. ^ Webmineral - Dachiardite
  61. ^ Mindat.org - Heulandite
  62. ^ Handbookofmineralogy - Heulandite
  63. ^ Mindat.org - Pyrochlore
  64. ^ Webmineral - Pyrochlore
  65. ^ Handbookofmineralogy - Pyrochlore
  66. ^ Mindat.org - Roméite
  67. ^ Webmineral - Roméite
  68. ^ Handbookofmineralogy - Roméite
  69. ^ Mindat.org - Betafite
  70. ^ Webmineral - Betafite
  71. ^ Handbookofmineraology - Betafite
  72. ^ Mindat.org - Microlite group
  73. ^ Mindat.org - Elsmoreite group
  • Web: rruff.info/ima/, 'IMA database of mineral properties' switchboard:
    • 'Not an IMA approved mineral' tag – E.g. buserite
    • 'Discredited' mineral tag – E.g. bindheimite
    • 'Pending publication' tag – E.g. drobecite (IMA 2002-034)
    • 'Questionable mineral species' tag – E.g. shubnikovite

External links

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