Miscarriage risks
(Redirected from
List of miscarriage risks
)Miscarriage risks are those circumstances, conditions, and substances that increase the risk of miscarriage. Some risks are modifiable and can be changed. Other risks cannot be modified and can't be changed. Risks can be firmly tied to miscarriages and others are still under investigation. In addition, there are those circumstances and treatments that have not been found effective in preventing miscarriage. When a woman keeps having miscarriages, infertility is present.[1]
- Anatomical defect in the mother[2][3][4]
- Amniocentesis[5]
- Chorionic villus sampling[6][7]
- Age >30[8][9][10][11][12]
- Smoking and exposure tobacco smoke[11][failed verification][13][14][15]
- Obesity[11]
- Diabetes[16]
- Thyroid disorders (e.g. hypothyroidism)[17][18][19][20]
- Cannabis use[22]
- Chromosomal abnormalities[23][10]
- Infectious diseases
- Radiation exposure[24][19]
- Endocrine
- Genetic and chromosome abnormalities[25][26]
- Autosomal trisomy
- Monosomy X (45, X)
- Triploidy
- Structural abnormality of the chromosome
- Double or triple trisomy[27]
- Uterine structural abnormalities
- Uterine fibroids[14]
- Cervical abnormalities[14][28]
- Hormonal abnormalities
- Reproductive tract infection
- Tissue rejection
-
- Coeliac disease[32][33]
- Lupus[34][35]
- Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome[36]
- Anti-thyroid autoantibodies[37]
- Placenta abnormality[27][38][39]
- Previous miscarriage[11]
- Eating disorders bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa[19]
- Hyperemesis gravidarum[19]
- Illicit or recreational drugs[11][failed verification]
- Caffeine[14]
- Food poisoning
- Some surgeries[40] and medications[14]
- Trauma[33]
- Chemotherapy[19][36]
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)[14][45][46][47]
- Luteal phase defect[48]
- Mycoplasma genitalium infection[49]
- Rubella (German measles)[14]
- Cytomegalovirus[14]
- Bacterial vaginosis[14]
- Sexually transmitted infections
- Malaria[14]
- Chemicals
- Working conditions
- Night shift work[50]
- >40-hour work week[50]
- Lack of accommodation for strenuous working conditions[51]
- Psychological stress[52]
References
- ^ a b "Glossary | womenshealth.gov". womenshealth.gov. 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2017-09-11. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Hoffman, p. 181–182.
- PMID 26955410.
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- PMID 28869276.
- PMID 20051662.
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- ^ "Pregnancy Over Age 30". MUSC Children's Hospital. Archived from the original on November 13, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
- PMID 16973530.
- ^ ISBN 9781451148015. Archivedfrom the original on September 10, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f "How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage?". www.nichd.nih.gov. July 15, 2013. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
- ^ Hoffman, p. 175.
- PMID 9929522.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Choices, NHS (2017-12-07). "Miscarriage - Causes - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
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- ISBN 9781451171419.
- ^ a b c d e Hoffman, p. 173.
- PMID 25087688.)
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In fact, maternal marijuana use has been associated with foetal growth restrictions, spontaneous miscarriage, and cognitive deficits in infancy and adolescence.
- PMID 25179715.
- ^ "Is there a cure for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?". www.nichd.nih.gov/. October 21, 2013. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
- S2CID 2133855.
- ^ Cunningham, F; Leveno KJ; Bloom SL; Spong CY; Dashe JS; Hoffman BL; Casey BM; Sheffield JS (2013). "Abortion". Williams Obstetrics. McGraw-Hill.
- ^ a b Hoffman, p. 171.
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- .
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- ^ a b Hoffman, p. 172.
- S2CID 32186964.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ "Pregnancy and lupus". womenshealth.gov. 2017-04-20. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hoffman, p. 272.
- PMID 21622978.
- ^ "Blighted Ovum: Symptoms, Causes and Prevention". American Pregnancy Association. April 26, 2012. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
- ^ "Blighted ovum: What causes it?". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
- ^ Hoffman, pp. 172–173.
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- PMID 21896698.)
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{{cite journal}}
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- ^ Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (December 2007). "Long-term consequences of polycystic ovarian syndrome" (PDF). Green-top Guideline No. 27. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
- ^ "Trying to conceive | womenshealth.gov". womenshealth.gov. 2016-12-13. Retrieved 2017-09-11. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- PMID 25900174.
- ^ PMID 27459445.(review)
- ^ Silver-Greenberg, Jessica (2018-10-21). "Miscarrying at Work: The Physical Toll of Pregnancy Discrimination". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-11-08.
- PMID 28496110.
Bibliography
- Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071716727.