List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States

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President Gerald Ford announces his decision to pardon former president Richard Nixon, September 8, 1974, in an Oval Office address to the nation.

This is a partial list of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States. The

Constitution; the only limits mentioned in the Constitution are that pardons are limited to federal offenses, and that they cannot affect an impeachment process: "The president shall ... have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment".[1]

Though pardons have been challenged in the courts, and the power to grant them challenged by Congress, the courts have consistently declined to put limits on the president's discretion. The president can issue a full pardon, reversing a criminal conviction (along with its legal effects) as if it never happened. A pardon can be issued from the time an offense is committed, and can even be issued after the full sentence has been served. The president can issue a reprieve, commuting a criminal sentence, lessening its severity, its duration, or both while leaving a record of the conviction in place. Additionally, the president can make a pardon conditional, or vacate a conviction while leaving parts of the sentence in place, like the payment of fines or restitution.[1][2]

Pardons granted by presidents from George Washington until Grover Cleveland's first term (1885–89) were handwritten by the president; thereafter, pardons were prepared for the president by administrative staff requiring only that the president sign it.[3] The records of these presidential acts were openly available for public inspection until 1934. In 1981 the Office of the Pardon Attorney was created and records from President George H. W. Bush forward are listed.[4]

Summary

President Pardons Notes
George Washington 16
John Adams 20
Thomas Jefferson 119
James Madison 196
James Monroe 419
John Quincy Adams 183
Andrew Jackson 386
Martin Van Buren 168
William Henry Harrison 0
John Tyler 209
James K. Polk 268
Zachary Taylor 38
Millard Fillmore 170
Franklin Pierce 142
James Buchanan 150
Abraham Lincoln 343
Andrew Johnson 654 Excludes thousands of pardons for ex-Confederates
Ulysses S. Grant 1332
Rutherford B. Hayes 893
James A. Garfield 0
Chester A. Arthur 337
Grover Cleveland 1107 Estimate
Benjamin Harrison 613
William McKinley 918 Estimate
Theodore Roosevelt 981 Estimate
William Howard Taft 758
Woodrow Wilson 2480
Warren G. Harding 800
Calvin Coolidge 1545
Herbert Hoover 1385
Franklin D. Roosevelt 3687
Harry S. Truman 2044
Dwight D. Eisenhower 1157
John F. Kennedy 575
Lyndon B. Johnson 1187
Richard Nixon 926
Gerald Ford 409
Jimmy Carter 566 Excludes over 200,000 pardoned for Vietnam draft evasion
Ronald Reagan 406
George H. W. Bush 77
Bill Clinton 459
George W. Bush 200
Barack Obama 1927
Donald Trump 237
Joe Biden 11 Excludes 6,500 pardoned for simple possession of marijuana

George Washington

President George Washington pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 16 people.[3] Among them are:

  • Philip Vigol (or Wigle) and John Mitchel, convicted of treason for their roles in the Whiskey Rebellion

John Adams

Federalist president John Adams pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 20 people.[3] Among them are:

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Republican president Thomas Jefferson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 119 people.[3] One of his first acts upon taking office was to issue a general pardon for any person convicted under the Sedition Act.[5] Among them are:

James Madison

Democratic-Republican president James Madison pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 196 people.[3] Among them are:

James Monroe

Democratic-Republican president James Monroe pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 419 people.[3] Among them are:

  • Numerous individuals convicted of piracy.[7]

John Quincy Adams

Democratic-Republican president John Quincy Adams pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 183 people.[3] Among them are:

  • Captain L. O. Helland – arrested for having more passengers on board the vessel (Restauration) than were allowed by American law; pardoned in 1825
  • Wekau and Chickhonsic – Ho-Chunk leaders pardoned for their role in the Winnebago War[8]

Andrew Jackson

Democratic president Andrew Jackson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 386 people.[3] Among them is:

  • George Wilson – convicted of robbing the United States mails. Strangely, Wilson refused to accept the pardon. The case went before the
    Supreme Court, and in United States v. Wilson the court stated: "A pardon is a deed, to the validity of which delivery is essential, and delivery is not complete without acceptance. It may then be rejected by the person to whom it is tendered; and if it is rejected, we have discovered no power in this court to force it upon him." While Wilson refused the pardon, he avoided being hanged unlike his accomplice who was. A report in The National Gazette of Philadelphia dated January 14, 1841, suggests that he was in prison for ten years until released. He received another pardon from President Martin Van Buren, which he accepted. However, the Smithsonian magazine has written that Wilson was hanged as a result of refusing the pardon.[9]

Martin Van Buren

Democratic president Martin Van Buren pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 168 people.[3] Among them are:

William Henry Harrison

Whig president William Henry Harrison was one of only two presidents who issued no pardons, the other being James A. Garfield. This was due to Harrison's death shortly after taking office.

John Tyler

Whig president John Tyler pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 209 people.[3] Among them are:

  • Alexander William Holmes – sailor convicted of voluntary manslaughter (U.S. v. Holmes); pardoned

James K. Polk

Democratic president James K. Polk pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 268 people.[3] Among them are:

Zachary Taylor

Whig president Zachary Taylor pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 38 people.[3]

Millard Fillmore

Whig president Millard Fillmore pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 170 people.[3] Among them are:

  • Daniel Drayton and Edward Sayres – convicted in the Pearl incident (transporting slaves to freedom) in 1848; pardoned

Franklin Pierce

Democratic president Franklin Pierce pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 142 people.[3]

  • Noah Hanson – a free black man who was tried and convicted of assisting slaves to escape, convicted in 1851; pardoned in 1854; only known presidential pardon of a Black person for Underground Railroad activities.[10]

James Buchanan

Democratic president James Buchanan pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 150 people.[3] Among them are:

Abraham Lincoln

Republican president Abraham Lincoln pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 343 people.[3] Among them are:

Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson pardoning Rebels at the White House, sketched by Stanley Fox

Democratic president Andrew Johnson pardoned about 7,000 people in the "over $20,000" class (taxable property over $20,000) by May 4, 1866. More than 600 prominent North Carolinians were pardoned just before the election of 1864.[17] President Andrew Johnson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 654 people.[3] Among them are:

Ulysses S. Grant

Republican president Ulysses S. Grant pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,332 people.[3] Among them are:

  • Amnesty Act of 1872
    .

Rutherford B. Hayes

Republican president Rutherford B. Hayes pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 893 people.[3] Among them is:

James A. Garfield

Republican president James A. Garfield was one of only two presidents who issued no pardons, the other being William Henry Harrison. This is because Garfield only served a few months before being assassinated.

Chester A. Arthur

Republican president Chester A. Arthur pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 337 people.[3] Among them is:

Grover Cleveland

Democratic president Grover Cleveland pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,107 (est.) people during his two, non-consecutive terms.[3] Among them are:

Benjamin Harrison

Republican president Benjamin Harrison pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 613 people.[3] Among them are:

Grover Cleveland

See list under first term.

William McKinley

Republican president William McKinley pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 918 (est.) people.[3] Among them are:

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican president Theodore Roosevelt pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 981 (est.) people.[3][20] Among them are:

  • Servillano Aquino – Filipino general received death sentence in 1902 for anti-American activities in the Philippines; pardoned after 2 years
  • Al Jennings – former train robber sentenced to life in prison for robbery in 1899, freed on technicality three years later; pardoned in 1904
  • Stephen A. Douglas Puter – convicted of land fraud in 1906; pardoned after 18 months so he could turn state's evidence

William Howard Taft

Republican president William Howard Taft pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 758 people.[3] Among them are:

  • John Hicklin Hall – attorney and politician convicted in 1908 for his role in the Oregon land fraud scandal; pardoned
  • Charles W. Morse – ice shipping magnate convicted in 1909 of violations of federal banking laws; pardoned in 1912 due to ill health (later found to be feigned)
  • William Van Schaick – steamboat captain convicted for criminal negligence for the General Slocum steamship disaster of 1904, pardoned after 3+1⁄2 years in prison

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic president Woodrow Wilson pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 2,480 people.[3] Among them are:

  • George Burdick – a New York newspaper editor, who had refused to testify in federal court regarding the sources used in his article concerning the collection of customs duties. He pleaded the 5th Amendment; President Wilson then granted him a full pardon for all of his federal offenses, which he refused. He continued to plead the 5th, at which he was sentenced by a federal judge for contempt. It was then that the Supreme Court (in Burdick v. United States) reinforced the necessity of accepting a pardon to be valid; the federal judge had imprisoned Burdick on the grounds that he was claiming falsely his need for protection against self-incrimination.[21]
  • Espionage Act
    in June 1918, pardoned after serving nine months. Only person convicted under this law to receive a full executive pardon.
  • Mike Boyle – Convicted before
    Sherman Anti-Trust Act and was sentenced to one year's imprisonment. He served four months and was pardoned.[22]
  • Ben Reeves – Son of Deputy United States Marshal Bass Reeves. Convicted of Murder on January 24, 1903, he was sentenced to life in prison. His sentence was commuted on November 10, 1914.[23]

Warren G. Harding

Republican president Warren G. Harding pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 800 people.[3] Among them are:

Calvin Coolidge

Republican president Calvin Coolidge pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,545 people.[3] Among them are:

Herbert Hoover

Republican president Herbert Hoover pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,385 people.[3] Among them are:

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Democratic president Franklin D. Roosevelt granted 3,687 pardons in his four terms in office.[3] Among them are:

Harry S. Truman

Democratic president Harry S. Truman pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 2,044 people.[24] Among them are:

  • George Caldwell – Louisiana building contractor convicted in 1940 of income tax evasion and bribery for requiring kickbacks from contractors, paroled the following year; pardoned
  • Carter
  • Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts
    , convicted of fraud and mail fraud in 1947; pardoned in 1950
  • Richard W. Leche – former Governor of Louisiana, convicted of mail fraud in 1940; pardoned in 1947
  • Congressman
    convicted of accepting bribes in 1947; pardoned in 1952.
  • Seymour Weiss – hotel executive and Democratic Party campaign financier, convicted of tax evasion and mail fraud in 1940, released in 1942; pardoned in 1947
  • 1,523 people convicted of violating the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940; full pardon[25]

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower pardoned, commuted or rescinded the convictions of 1,157 people.[24] Among them is:

  • Maurice L. Schick – military court-martial for brutal murder in 1954; death sentence commuted to life imprisonment in 1960, with the condition that he would never be released. Legal challenge went to the Supreme Court, questioning the constitutionality of the punishment "Life Imprisonment Without Parole". Decided in Schick v. Reed
    that to be so sentenced was constitutional.

It is important to note that "until the Eisenhower Administration, each pardon grant was evidenced by its own separate warrant signed by the president. President Eisenhower began the practice of granting pardons by the batch, through the device of a "master warrant" listing all of the names of those pardoned, which also delegated to the Attorney General (or, later, the Deputy Attorney General or Pardon Attorney) authority to sign individual warrants evidencing the president's action."[26]

John F. Kennedy

Democratic president John F. Kennedy pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 575 people.[24] Among them are:

Lyndon B. Johnson

Democratic president Lyndon B. Johnson pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 1,187 people.[24] Among them are:

Richard Nixon

Republican president Richard Nixon pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 926 people.[24] Among them are:

  • Jimmy Hoffa – prominent labor union leader convicted of fraud and bribery (tax evasion) in 1964; sentence commuted (with conditions) on December 23, 1971
  • Angelo DeCarlo – convicted of conspiracy to commit murder and extortion in March 1970; was pardoned in late 1972 due to poor health, died on October 20, 1973.

Gerald Ford

Republican president Gerald Ford pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 409 people.[24] Among them are:

  • Richard Nixon – granted a full and unconditional pardon in 1974 just before he could be indicted in the Watergate scandal. This was the only time that a U.S. president received a pardon.
  • Ernest C. Brace – pardoned of his 1961 court-martial from the United States Marine Corps in light of his almost eight years as a POW in Vietnam.[27]
  • Iva Toguri D'Aquino, aka – "Tokyo Rose" – convicted of treason in 1949, paroled in 1956. She was pardoned on January 19, 1977, Ford's last day in office. The only U.S. citizen convicted of treason during World War II to be pardoned.
  • Robert E. Lee – Confederate general during the Civil War, full rights of citizenship were posthumously restored
  • Vietnam war draft resisters – Ford offered conditional amnesty to over 50,000 draft resisters.
  • Maurice L. Schick – military court-martial for brutal murder; commuted to life with the possibility of parole.[28]

Jimmy Carter

Democratic president Jimmy Carter pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 566 people,[24] and in addition to that pardoned over 200,000 Vietnam War draft evaders.[29] Among them are:

Ronald Reagan

Republican president Ronald Reagan pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 406 people.[24] Among them are:

George H. W. Bush

Main article: List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush

Republican president George H. W. Bush pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 77 people.[24] Among them are:

Bill Clinton

Main article: List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton

Democratic president Bill Clinton pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 459 people.[24] Among them are:

George W. Bush

Main article: List of people pardoned by George W. Bush

Republican president George W. Bush pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 200 people.[24] Among them were:

Barack Obama

Main article: List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama

Democratic president Barack Obama pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the conviction of 1,927 people.[38] Among them were:

  • four-star general, he pleaded guilty to giving false statements to federal investigators in 2016 and was awaiting sentencing. Pardoned on January 17, 2017.[39]
  • Dwight J. Loving, U.S. Army private sentenced to death in Texas for murdering two taxi drivers in 1988. Commuted to life without parole on January 17, 2017.[40]
  • Chelsea Manning, U.S. Army whistleblower convicted by court-martial in July 2013, sentenced to 35 years in prison for providing classified documents to WikiLeaks. Commuted on January 17, 2017.[41]
  • Willie McCovey, professional baseball player, pleaded guilty to tax evasion in 1995 and received two years probation and a $5,000 fine. Pardoned on January 17, 2017.[42]
  • Ian Schrager, former co-owner of the famed dance club Studio 54, pleaded guilty to tax evasion in 1979 and received three and a half years in prison and a $20,000 fine. Pardoned on January 17, 2017.[43]
  • Oscar López Rivera, FALN member sentenced in 1981 to 55 years in prison for seditious conspiracy, use of force to commit robbery, interstate transportation of firearms, and conspiracy to transport explosives with intent to destroy government property, and subsequently to an additional 15 years for attempted escape in 1988. Commuted on January 17, 2017.[44]

Donald Trump

Main article: List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump

Republican president Donald Trump pardoned, commuted, or rescinded the convictions of 237 people. Among them were:

  • Joe Arpaio, former Sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona, was convicted of contempt of court for refusing to end the practice of "immigrant round ups," and was awaiting sentencing. Pardoned on August 25, 2017.[45]
  • Sholom Rubashkin, an Iowa meatpacking magnate sentenced to 27 years in prison for bank fraud in 2010. Commuted on December 20, 2017.[46]
  • U.S. Navy sailor pleaded guilty to unauthorized possession and retention of national defense information in 2016, released the following year. Pardoned on March 9, 2018.[47]
  • Lewis "Scooter" Libby, former chief of staff to the vice president of the United States, convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice in connection with the CIA leak scandal. The sentence was already commuted to time served by President George W. Bush in July 2007, shortly after Libby's conviction. Pardoned on April 13, 2018.[36][48][49]
  • Jack Johnson, a champion boxer who was convicted in 1913 while traveling with his white girlfriend for violating the Mann Act, which made it illegal to transport women across state lines for "immoral" purposes, released after one year. Posthumously pardoned on May 24, 2018.[50][51][52][53]
  • Dinesh D'Souza, author and documentary filmmaker, convicted of campaign finance violations in 2014. Pardoned on May 31, 2018.[54][55][56]
  • Alice Johnson, an unemployed parcel delivery worker and first-time drug offender sentenced to life without parole in 1996 for conspiracy to possess cocaine, attempted possession of cocaine, and money laundering. Commuted on June 6, 2018.[57][58][59][60][61]
  • federal land. Commuted and pardoned on July 10, 2018.[62][63][64][65][66]
  • Michael Behenna, former United States Army First Lieutenant who was convicted in 2009 of murdering an unarmed prisoner during the Iraq War. Sentenced to 25 years in military prison, paroled in 2014. Pardoned on May 7, 2019.[67]
  • Conrad Black, a British newspaper publisher convicted in 2007 of fraud and obstruction of justice for scheming to siphon off millions of dollars from the sale of newspapers, spent 3+1⁄2 years in prison and was deported. Pardoned on May 15, 2019.[68]
  • Pat Nolan, former California state legislator who pleaded guilty to racketeering in 1994, served 2 years and 2 months in prison. Pardoned on May 16, 2019.[69]
  • Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and fined; died in 1965. Posthumously pardoned by Trump on October 10, 2019.[70]
  • Mathew L. Golsteyn, a US Army officer who served in the War in Afghanistan. He was accused of murder after the 2010 killing of an unarmed Afghan bomb maker who was a prisoner of war, and the U.S. Army had opened an investigation of him in 2016. Pardoned on November 15, 2019.[71]
  • Clint Lorance, a former first lieutenant with the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division in the U.S. Army and veteran of the War in Afghanistan. He was convicted on two counts of second-degree murder for ordering soldiers in his platoon to open fire at three men sitting on a motorcycle in southern Afghanistan in July 2012 while his platoon was on combat patrol. During the trial all platoon members testified that the men were sitting, unmoving on a motorcycle while the defendant claimed the motorcycle was approaching at a high speed. He was sentenced to 19 years in prison in August 2013, and sent to Fort Leavenworth. Pardoned on November 15, 2019.[72]
  • U.S. Senate to succeed President-elect Barack Obama. Was convicted of soliciting bribes, extortion, and wire fraud on June 27, 2011, and sentenced to 14 years in prison. Was commuted to time served on February 18, 2020.[73]
  • Bernard Kerik, former New York City Police Commissioner, pleaded guilty to tax fraud and perjury in 2010 for concealing apartment renovations paid for by a contractor that the city had blacklisted because of suspected ties to organized crime. Was sentenced to four years in prison in 2010; was released in May 2013. Pardoned on February 18, 2020.[73]
  • Roger Stone, a longtime political operative and friend of Donald Trump, was convicted in November 2019 on charges of witness tampering, obstructing an official proceeding, and five counts of making false statements in the course of inhibiting the investigation of the Trump campaign by Robert Mueller. He was sentenced to 40 months in prison, but on July 10, 2020, President Trump commuted the sentence before Stone reported to prison.[74] Trump pardoned Stone on December 23, 2020.[75]
  • 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which gave American women the right to vote.[76][77] The president of the National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House wrote that accepting the offer of a pardon would wrongly validate the trial proceedings in the same manner that paying the original fine would have, noting Anthony's former outrage and refusal.[78][79]
  • Michael Flynn, retired United States Army lieutenant general and the 25th National Security Advisor. Flynn withdrew his original guilty plea for making false statements to the FBI, and federal district judge Emmet G. Sullivan had ruled the matter to be placed on hold. Flynn was pardoned on November 25, 2020.[80]
  • Alex van der Zwaan, a New York–based Dutch lawyer who was convicted on a guilty plea in Feb. 2018 of making false statements to law enforcement officers in the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 election.[81] Mr. van der Zwaan served his 30-day jail sentence, paid a $20,000 fine, and was deported after his release from jail.[82] Trump pardoned him on December 23, 2020.[83]
  • Kodak Black, an American rapper who confessed to lying on background checks associated with purchasing firearms during two separate instances in 2019.[84] Commuted on January 20, 2021, after already having served "nearly half" of his 46-month sentence.[85]

Joe Biden

As of December 2023, Democratic president Joe Biden pardoned, commuted, or rescinded several convictions, including the following:

  • On April 26, 2022, Biden issued 3 full pardons and 75 commutations.[86]
    • Presidential Protective Division. He was charged and convicted of bribery
      in 1964.
  • On October 1, 2022, Biden granted clemency to two Venezuelans, nephews of Nicolás Maduro's wife involved in the Narcosobrinos affair, as part of a prisoner exchange. Among the released American detainees were five oil executives, part of the group known as the Citgo Six.[87]
  • On October 6, 2022, Biden pardoned all those convicted of what was previously the federal offense of simple possession of marijuana, totaling 6,500, via Proclamation 10467.[88] This excluded non-U.S. citizens and those who were considered illegal immigrants at the time of their arrest.[89][90]
  • On December 30, 2022, Biden issued 6 pardons.[91]
    • Beverly Ann Ibn-Tamas, for
      second-degree murder
      in alleged self-defense against her husband in 1977.
    • Charlie Byrnes Jackson, Gary Parks Davis, Edward Lincoln De Coito III, and John Dix Nock III, for the illegal distribution of marijuana, cocaine, and whiskey.
    • Vincente Ray Flores, for consuming drugs while serving in the military in 2006.
    • John Dix Nock III, for renting and making for use, as an owner, a place for the purpose of manufacturing marijuana plants.
    • Edward Lincoln De Coito III, for conspiracy to distribute marijuana.
    • Gary Parks Davis, for illegal use of communication facility to facilitate unlawful cocaine transaction.
  • On September 14, 2023, Biden issued 2 pardons and 1 commutation.[92]
    • Kaveh Lotfolah Afrasiabi, for conspiracy to act as an unregistered agent of a foreign principal; acting as an unregistered agent of a foreign principal.
    • Amin Hasanzadeh, for conspiracy to unlawfully export technology to Iran and to defraud the United States; unlawful export of technology to Iran (seven counts).
    • Reza Sarhangpour Kafrani, for conspiracy to unlawfully export goods to Iran via the United Arab Emirates, and to defraud the United States; unlawful exports and attempted unlawful export of goods to Iran via the United Arab Emirates (two counts); failure to file electronic export information; international money laundering (six counts).
  • On December 20, 2023, Biden pardoned Colombian businessman Alex Saab as part of a prisoner exchange. Saab was detained on charges of conspiracy to commit money laundering and laundering of monetary instruments (eight counts).[93][94]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Constitutional Topic: Presidential Pardons". usconstitution.net. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  2. ^ Pfiffner, James. "Essays on Article II:Pardon Power". The Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Ruckman, P. S. Jr. (November 4, 1995). "Federal Executive Clemency in United States". Archived from the original on March 26, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  4. ^ Clark, Josh (August 9, 2007). "How Presidential Pardons Work". howstuffworks.com. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  5. ISBN 978-0802123428
    .
  6. ^ Ingersoll, Charles Jared (1852). History of the second war between the United States of America and Great Britain: declared by act of Congress, the 18th of June, 1812, and concluded by peace, the 15th of February, 1815. Vol. 2. Lippincott, Grambo & Co. pp. 82–83.
  7. ISBN 978-0-313-31426-1
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-674-03518-8
    .
  9. ^ Trex, Ethan. "11 notable presidential pardons". CNN. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  10. ^ "Sold – Only Known Presidential Pardon of a Black Person For Underground Railroad Activities". Raab Collection. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  11. ^ "President James Buchanan, on His Next to Last Day in Office, Pardons a Judge". Shapell Manuscript Collection. SMF.
  12. ^ "Abraham Lincoln: Deciding the Fate of 300 Indians Convicted of War Crimes in Minnesota's Great Sioux Uprising". historynet.com. June 12, 2006. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  13. ^ p. 34, Vallandigham, Clement Laird. The Trial Hon. Clement L. Vallandigham by a Military Commission: and the Proceedings Under His Application for a Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Circuit Court of the US for the Southern District of Ohio. Cincinnati, OH: Rickey and Carroll, 1863.
  14. ^ "President Lincoln pardons his sister-in-law". History.com. A&E Television Networks. November 13, 2009. Retrieved April 17, 2023. "Author History.com Editors"
  15. ^ Soodalter, Ron (December 15, 2013). "All in the Family". Opinionator. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  16. ^ "Abraham Lincoln Exercises Clemency". Shapell Manuscript Collection. SMF.
  17. ^ Franklin, John Hope (1961). Reconstruction After the Civil War. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 33–34.
  18. ^ Johnson, Andrew. (December 25, 1868). Proclamation 179 – Granting Full Pardon and Amnesty for the Offense of Treason Against the United States During the Late Civil War. presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
  19. ^ Harrison, Benjamin (January 4, 1893). "Proclamation 346 – Granting Amnesty and Pardon for the Offense of Engaging in Polygamous or Plural Marriage to Members of the Church of Latter-Day Saints". presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  20. ^ More are listed at the Presidential pardons page at Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt.
  21. United States Supreme Court. "Burdick v. United States 236 U.S. 79 (1915)"
    . justia.com.
  22. ^ "The Bulletin 15 May 1920 — Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Historic Newspaper Program".
  23. ^ United States Attorney General. "Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1915".
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Presidential Clemency Statistics: 1900 to Present". US Department of Justice – Office of the Pardon Attorney. October 10, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
  25. ^ "Proclamation 2762--Granting pardon to certain persons convicted of violating the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 as amended". National Archives. Office of the Federal Register (OFR). August 15, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  26. ^ Love, Margaret Colgate (2000). "Of Pardons, Politics and Collar Buttons: Reflections on the President's Duty to be Merciful". Fordham Urban Law Journal. 27 (5): 1491. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  27. ^ "A CODE TO KEEP: The True Story of America's Longest-Held Civilian Prisoner of War in Vietnam by Ernest C. Brace". Kirkus Reviews. February 23, 1988. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
  28. ^ "Commutations granted by President Gerald Ford (1974–77)". Justice.gov. January 8, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  29. ^ a b "Texts of Documents on the Pardon". The New York Times. January 22, 1977. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  30. ^ Trex, Ethan (January 5, 2009). "11 notable presidential pardons". CNN. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  31. ^ a b Ingram Chronicles, Forbes, June 9, 1999
  32. ^ "Federal Presidential Pardon". Levin & Zeiger LLP. April 25, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  33. ^ Rudin, Ken (January 26, 2001). "I Beg Your Pardon". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  34. ^ "Statement of U.S. Attorney Johnny Sutton Following Today's Oral Argument Before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Re: United States of America V. Ignacio Ramos and Jose Alonso Compean" (PDF) (Press release). U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney's Office, Western District of Texas. December 3, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 14, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
  35. ^ Rose, Lisa (November 30, 2008). "Talent and friends get singer John Forte out of jail". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
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list of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States
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