List of political conspiracies
This is a list of political conspiracies. In a political context, a conspiracy refers to a group of people united in the goal of damaging, usurping, or overthrowing an established political power. Typically, the final goal is to gain power through a revolutionary coup d'état or through assassination. A conspiracy can also be used for infiltration of the governing system.
List
- 1971 BCE - Apophis Kush Alliance against Egypt as attested to in the second Kamose stele[1]
- 399 BCE – Conspiracy of Cinadon to overthrow the government of ancient Sparta to grant rights to helots and poorer Spartans[2][3]
- 63 BCE - Second Catilinarian conspiracy[4]
- 44 BCE -
- 65 CE - Pisonian conspiracy against Nero[6]
- 1478 Pazzi conspiracy, a plot by Pope Sixtus IV and the Pazzi family to depose the House of Medici in the Republic of Florence[7]
- 1506 - Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and Cardinal Ippolito d'Este in the Duchy of Ferrara, coordinated by their half brother Giulio d'Este and full brother Ferrante d'Este[8]
- 1569 - 1569 Plot against John III of Sweden.[9]
- 1570 - Elizabeth I of England[10]
- 1574 - Mornay Plot against John III of Sweden.[11]
- 1583 - Throckmorton Plot by English Catholics led by Sir Francis Throckmorton to coordinate an invasion of England led by Henry I, Duke of Guise, to murder Elizabeth, and replace her with her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots[12]
- 1586 - Babington Plot, plot by Anthony Babington and John Ballard to assassinate Elizabeth and coordinate an invasion of England by King Philip II of Spain and the Holy League. Discovered by Sir Francis Walsingham and led to execution of Mary, Queen of Scots[13][14]
- 1603 - Arbella Stuart allegedly led by Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham, and sponsored by Spain.[15]
- 1603 - Bye Plot, leads to the execution of Sir George Brooke[16]
- 1605 - Guy Fawkes Day[17]
- 1718–1720 The Pontcallec conspiracy during the minority of Louis XV to overthrow the Regent Philippe II, Duke of Orléans in favour of Philip V of Spain
- 1749 - Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca and take over the island with the help of the Barbary states.[18]
- 1756 - Coup of 1756 was an attempted coup d'état planned by Queen Louisa Ulrika of Sweden to abolish the rule of the Riksdag of the Estates and reinstate absolute monarchy in Sweden.[19]
- 1788 - Anjala conspiracy[20]
- 1789 - Gustav III of Sweden.[21]
- 1793 - Charles XIII of Sweden.[22]
- 1796 – The Directoire
- 1807 - The American Southwest. The accusations would lead to Burr being arrested and later indicted for treason.
- 1820 - The transported to Australia.
- 1832 - Georgian plot, assassination of the Russian imperial administration and restoration of the Georgian monarchy[23]
- 1865 - Abraham Lincoln assassination plot, to include assassination of cabinet members.[24] It had originated as a plot by Confederate sympathizers to kidnap Lincoln and force the Union to negotiate for either a release of prisoners of war or an end to the American Civil War.[25]
- 1898 - The Dreyfus Affair, a coordinated attempt to falsely accuse Alfred Dreyfus of treason[26]
- 1914 - The assassination Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, thereby triggering a series of events that resulted in World War I.[27]
- 1941 - Operation Spark, a planned attempt on the life of Adolf Hitler.[28]
- 1944 - July 20 Plot - An attempt to assassinate Hitler with suitcase bomb at a conference at the Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg, East Prussia, and then use Operation Valkyrie to grab power[29][30]
- 1945 - The Soviet Union's infiltration of the Manhattan Project through atomic spies such as George Koval and Klaus Fuchs. Soviet intelligence was eventually confirmed by a declassified U.S. Army Corps of Engineers report and the Venona project, and assisted the Soviet atomic bomb project.[31][32]
- 1951 - Rawalpindi conspiracy - failed coup against Liaquat Ali Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan.[33]
- 1953 - MI6.[34]
- 1959 - Bangkok Plot - a plan to overthrow Premier of Cambodia Prince Norodom Sihanouk, formulated by Cambodian politicians with international support.[35]
- 1971 - Ugandan Army units loyal to General Idi Amin deposed the government of President Milton Obote while he was abroad attending the annual Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.
- 1972 - Watergate scandal - The burglary of the Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate complex by CREEP and subsequent cover-up scandals that forced President Richard Nixon to resign in 1974.[36]
- 1973 - Chilean coup d'état -a group of military officers led by General Augusto Pinochet and backed by the CIA seized power from democratically-elected leftist President Salvador Allende, ending civilian rule and establishing a U.S.-backed dictatorship
- 1981 - putsch in Spain by the military where politicians in the Congress of Deputies were held hostage for 18 hours. King Juan Carlos Idenounced the coup in a televised address. This caused the coup to eventually collapse.
- 1984 - Provisional IRA at the Grand Hotel in Brighton, resulted in the death of Deputy Chief Whip Anthony Berry.[37]
- 1984 - Rajneeshee bioterror attack[38]
- 1987 -
- 1990 - Kuwaiti government
- 2001 - September 11 attacks - Attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and a planned fourth target in Washington D.C. using hijacked airplanes by al-Qaeda.[41]
- 2003 - Richard Armitage, after her husband Joseph C. Wilson published a New York Times op-ed expressing doubt that Saddam Hussein purchased uranium from Niger. Lead to conviction of Scooter Libby for obstruction of justice and perjury.
- 2015 - ISIS.[42]
- 2021- After losing to Joe Biden in the 2020 Presidential Election, President Donald Trump, along with many of his staffers, appointed officials, and Republican elected officials, conspired to have the legitimate electors from a number of swing states withdrawn and supplanted with electors of the Administration's choosing, culminating in the January 6th, 2021 attempted insurrection at the United States Capitol by right-wing domestic terrorists, in a bid to stop the counting of the electoral vote.
Fabricated conspiracies
- 1924 - The Zinoviev letter, published in the Daily Mail in London before the 1924 general election, is a forgery that impacted the vote. It was signed with the name of Grigory Zinoviev, a politician in the Soviet Union and the leader of the Communist International, and called on violent action by the Communist Party of Great Britain. It was devised by anti-Communist White Russian émigrés in Paris and the Labour Party blamed it for its defeat.[43]
- 1938 - Presumed
False flag operations
- 1931 - The Manchurian Incident - The Imperial Japanese Army sabotaged a railway section near a Chinese garrison at Beidaying as a pretext for a Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
- 1939 - Shelling of Mainila - false-flag artillery attack by the Red Army to provide the Soviet Union with a pretext for the Winter War against Finland.[citation needed]
- 1939 - Operation Himmler and its Gleiwitz incident - false-flag attacks, including on a radio station in Gleiwitz, by Nazi Germany and SS officers disguised as Polish Armed Forces personnel as a pretext for the invasion of Poland
- 1954 -
See also
- List of assassinations
- List of coups and coup attempts by country
- List of terrorist incidents
- List of conspiracy theories
- Seditious conspiracy
- History of espionage
References
- ISBN 977-424-623-3, p. 12
- ISBN 0-415-26276-3
- ^ E. David, "The Conspiracy of Cinadon". Athenæeum 57 (1979), p. 239–259
- ^ "The Catilinarian Conspiracy". ancienthistory.about.com. Archived from the original on 2014-05-16. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
- ^ "The assassination of Julius Caesar, 44 BC". eyewitnesstohistory.com. 2004.
- ^ "The Pisonian Conspiracy". nazoreans.com.
- ^ "The pazzi conspiracy". palazzo-medici.it.
- ^ "The year of Lucretia d'Este, Duchess of Ferrara". mmdtkw.org.
- ^ Sture Arnell (1951). Karin Månsdotter. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN
- ^ "Plots against Elizabeth I". elizabethfiles.com. 29 January 2010.
- ^ Charles de Mornay, urn:sbl:17458, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Ingvar Andersson.), hämtad 2020-08-01.
- ^ "Queen Elisabeth I". englishhistory.net. 2015-02-08. Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
- ^ "The Babington Plot". history-magazine.com.
- ^ "Anthony Babington and the Babington Plot". luminarium.org.
- ^ Francis Edwards, The succession, bye and main plots of 1601-1603 (2006).
- ^ "Conspiracy". alienscientist.com.
- ^ "The Gunpowder plot of 1605". historylearningsite.co.uk.
- ^ Sciberras, Sandro. "Maltese History - E. The Decline of the Order of St John In the 18th Century" (PDF). St. Benedict College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2015.
- ^ Jägerskiöld, Olof (1945). Lovisa Ulrika. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. Libris 8074766
- ^ "Anjala Manor". spottinghistory.com.
- ISBN 978-91-7668-964-6(in Swedish)
- ^ Lilly Lindwall (1917). Magdalena Rudenschöld. Stockholm: Förlag Åhlén & Åkerlund. (in Swedish)
- ^ Stephen F. Jones, "Russian imperial administration and the Georgian nobility: the Georgian conspiracy of 1832." Slavonic and East European Review 65.1 (1987): 53-76. Online
- ^ "The Death of President Lincoln, 1865". eyewitnesstohistory.com.
- ^ "The Family Plot to Kill Lincoln". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
- ^ "Emile Zola writes to Alfred Dreyfus at the height of the Dreyfus affair". shapell.org.
- ^ Vladimir Dedijer, The road to Sarajevo (1966) pp 285-315.
- ^ "The Valkyrie Conspiracy". valkyrie-plot.com.
- ^ "The 20 July bomb plot - a summary". historyinanhour.com. 20 July 2010. Archived from the original on 13 August 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
- ^ "The July bomb plot". historylearningsite.co.uk.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
- ^ "Spies Who Spilled Atomic Bomb Secrets". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
- ^ Hasan Zaheer, The times and trial of the Rawalpindi conspiracy 1951: the first coup attempt in Pakistan (1998)
- ^ Mark J. Gasiorowski, "The 1953 coup d'etat in Iran." International Journal of Middle East Studies 19.3 (1987): 261-286.
- ISBN 978-1-4447-8030-7.
- ^ "What was the Watergate Scandal?". uspolitics.about.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-13. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
- ^ "Hunger strikes and the Brighton bomb". BBC News. 18 March 1999.
- ^ "A strange but true tale of voter fraud and bioterrorism". theatlantic.com. 10 June 2014.
- ^ "The Iran Contra Affair 1986–1987". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Iran contra affair". infoplease.com.
- ^ "Chapter 1.1: 'We Have Some Planes': Inside the Four Flights" (PDF), 9/11 Commission Report, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 2004
- ^ Mario Arturo Ruiz Estrada, and Evangelos Koutronas. "Terrorist attack assessment: Paris November 2015 and Brussels March *2016." Journal of Policy Modeling 38.3 (2016): 553–571. online
- ^ Heaven, Will (2013-10-08). "Top political conspiracy theories".
- ISBN 1-4039-0119-8. Retrieved November 24, 2011
- ^ "Israel Military Intelligence: The Lavon Affair". jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
Further reading
- Burnett, Thom. Conspiracy Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Conspiracy Theories (2006)
- Critchlow, Donald T., John Korasick, Matthew C. Sherman, eds. Political Conspiracies in America: A Reader (2008) online
- Coward, Barry, and Julian Swann. Conspiracies and conspiracy theory in early modern Europe: from the Waldensians to the French revolution (Routledge, 2017).
- Dean, Jodi. Aliens in America: Conspiracy Culture from Outerspace to Cyberspace (Cornell University Press, 1998).
- Knight, Peter, ed. Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia (2003)
- Lewis, Jon E. The Mammoth Book of Cover-Ups: The 100 Most Terrifying Conspiracies of All Time (2008) excerpt
- Newton, Michael, ed. Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia (2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2014), covers 266 assassinations and attempted assassinations of world political leaders from 465 BCE to 2012.
- Newton, Michael, ed. The Encyclopedia of Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories (2005)
- Sifakis, Carl. Encyclopedia of Assassinations (Facts on File 2001),
- Wood, Gordon. “Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century.” William and Mary Quarterly 39 (1982): 401–41. online US history