List of possible impact structures on Earth

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According to the Planetary and Space Science Centre (PASSC) at the University of New Brunswick in Canada, there are 190 confirmed impact structures on Earth. Each is recorded in a database called the Earth Impact Database (EID).[1]

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List of confirmed and possible impact structures

The following tables list geological features on Earth that are known impact events as well as possible, but for which there is currently no confirming scientific evidence in the peer-reviewed literature, impact events. In order for a structure to be

confirmed as an impact crater, it must meet a stringent set of well-established criteria. Some proposed impact structures are likely to eventually be confirmed, whereas others are likely to be shown to have been misidentified (see below). Recent extensive surveys have been done for Australian (2005),[2] African (2014),[3] and South American (2015)[4] craters, as well as those in the Arab world (2016).[5] A book review by A. Crósta and U. Reimold disputes some of the evidence presented for several of the South American structures.[6]

Name Location Country Diameter (km) Age (
Ma
) 		Confirmed Notes Image Coordinates
38th Parallel structures Missouri, etc. United States 2-17 320 ± 10 [7]
37°30′N 88°18′W / 37.5°N 88.3°W / 37.5; -88.3 (Hicks Dome)
37°48′N 90°12′W / 37.8°N 90.2°W / 37.8; -90.2 (Avon crater)
37°48′N 91°24′W / 37.8°N 91.4°W / 37.8; -91.4 (Crooked Creek crater)
37°54′N 92°42′W / 37.9°N 92.7°W / 37.9; -92.7 (Decaturville crater)
37°42′N 92°24′W / 37.7°N 92.4°W / 37.7; -92.4 (Hazelgreen crater)
38°00′N 93°36′W / 38.0°N 93.6°W / 38.0; -93.6 (Weaubleau-Osceola structure)
37°42′N 95°42′W / 37.7°N 95.7°W / 37.7; -95.7 (Rose Dome)
Acraman
 South Australia Australia 90 590 Yes [8] 32°1′S 135°27′E / 32.017°S 135.450°E / -32.017; 135.450
Murgab
)
Tajikistan
Tajikistan
 0.080 0.0003
(1700 AD) 		[9][10][11][12] 38°5′38.5″N 74°16′58″E / 38.094028°N 74.28278°E / 38.094028; 74.28278 (Ak-Bura)
Al Madafi Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 6 6-66 [13][14][15] 28°40′N 37°11′E / 28.67°N 37.18°E / 28.67; 37.18 (Al Madafi)
Alamo bolide impact Nevada United States 100 ± 40 367 [16][17] [note 1] 37°19′N 116°11′W / 37.31°N 116.18°W / 37.31; -116.18 (Alamo)
Amelia Creek Northern Territory Australia 20 600-1660 Yes 20°55′S 134°50′E
Ames Oklahoma United States 470 ± 30 Yes 36° 17′ 4″ N, 98° 11′ 38″ W
Amguid Algeria <1 Yes
26° 5′ 16″ N, 4° 23′ 43″ E
Anéfis Mali Mali 3.9 23? [20][9][21][22] 18°04′19″N 0°02′53″W / 18.072°N 0.048°W / 18.072; -0.048 (Anefis)
Aorounga Central Chad Chad 11.6 <345 Yes [23][24][25]
19°13′44″N 19°15′40″E / 19.229°N 19.261°E / 19.229; 19.261 (Aorounga center)
Aouelloul Mauritania Mauritania 0.39 3.0 ± 0.3 Yes
Araguainha Central Brazil Brazil 40 244.4 Yes 16°47′S 52°59′W
Arganaty Almaty region Kazakhstan 300 250 [26][27][28][note 1] 46°30′N 79°48′E / 46.5°N 79.8°E / 46.5; 79.8 (Arganaty)
Arlit Niger Niger 10 ? [29][30][31] 21°21′11″N 9°08′42″E / 21.353°N 9.145°E / 21.353; 9.145 (Arlit)
Avak Alaska United States 12 3-95 Yes [32]
Azuara Spain Spain 35-40 30-40 [33]
41°07′N 0°13′W / 41.117°N 0.217°W / 41.117; -0.217 (Azuara)
Bajada del Diablo Argentina Argentina 40 0.45 ± 0.3 [34][35][36] 42°49′S 67°28′W / 42.817°S 67.467°W / -42.817; -67.467 (Bajada del Diablo)
Bajo Hondo Argentina Argentina 3.9 <10 [37][38] 42°17′44″S 67°55′27″W / 42.295454°S 67.924133°W / -42.295454; -67.924133 (Bajo Hondo)
Bangui magnetic anomaly Central African Republic Central African Republic 600-800? >542 [39][3][40]
6°00′N 18°18′E / 6°N 18.3°E / 6; 18.3 (Bangui)
Barringer Meteorite
 Arizona United States 1.18 0.049 ± 0.003 Yes [41]
Bateke Plateau
 Gabon Gabon 7.1 <2.6 [42][43] 0°38′45″S 14°27′29″E / 0.64583°S 14.45806°E / -0.64583; 14.45806 (Bateke)
Beaverhead Montana United States 60 600 Yes 44°15′N 114°0′W
Bedout Australia (offshore) Australia 250 250 [44][45][2] 18°S 119°E / 18°S 119°E / -18; 119 (Bedout)
Beyenchime-Salaatin Russia Russia 8 40 ± 20 Yes
Bee Bluff Texas United States 2.4 40? [46][47][48][note 1] 29°02′N 99°51′W / 29.03°N 99.85°W / 29.03; -99.85 (Bee Bluff)
Bigach Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 8 5 ± 3 Yes
Björkö
Björkö, Ekerö
 Sweden 10 1200 [49][50] 59°18′N 17°36′E / 59.30°N 17.60°E / 59.30; 17.60 (Björkö)
Bloody Creek Nova Scotia Canada 40 ? [51] 44°45′N 65°14′W / 44.750°N 65.233°W / 44.750; -65.233 (Bloody Creek)
Bohemian Czech Republic Czech Republic 260-300 >700? [52][9][53][54] 50°00′N 14°42′E / 50.0°N 14.7°E / 50.0; 14.7 (Bohemian)
Boltysh Kirovohrad Oblast Ukraine 24 65.17 Yes 48°54′N 32°15′E
Bow City Alberta Canada 8 70 [55] 50°25′N 112°16′W / 50.417°N 112.267°W / 50.417; -112.267 (Bow City)
Bowers Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 100 3-5 [56][57][58][59] 71°12′S 176°00′E / 71.2°S 176°E / -71.2; 176 (Bowers)
Brushy Creek Feature Louisiana United States 2.0 0.011–0.030 [60][61][62][63] 30°46′N 90°44′W / 30.76°N 90.73°W / 30.76; -90.73 (Brushy Creek Feature)
Bukit Bunuh Perak Malaysia 5–6 1.34–1.84 [64][65] 5°04′30″N 100°58′30″E / 5.075°N 100.975°E / 5.075; 100.975 (Bukit Bunuh)
Burckle
 Indian Ocean 30? 3000 BC [66][67][68] 30°52′S 61°22′E / 30.86°S 61.36°E / -30.86; 61.36 (Burckle)
Carswell
 Saskatchewan Canada 39 115 Yes 58°27′N 109°30′W
Catalina
structures
(Navy, Catalina, Emery Knoll) 		Pacific Ocean (NE) 12, 32, 37 16-18 [69][70][71] 32°55′N 118°05′W / 32.91°N 118.09°W / 32.91; -118.09 (Catalina)
Cerro do Jarau Paraná Brazil 10 117 [72][73][74] 30°12′S 56°32′W / 30.200°S 56.533°W / -30.200; -56.533 (Cerro)
Charity Shoal Ontario Canada 1.2 <470 [75][76][77][78]
44°2′15″N 76°29′37″W / 44.03750°N 76.49361°W / 44.03750; -76.49361 (Charity Shoal)
Charlevoix Quebec Canada 54 342 Yes 47°32′N 70°18′W
Chesapeake Bay Virginia United States 40 34.86 ± 0.23 Yes [79] 37°17′N 76°1′W
Clearwater East Quebec Canada 26 460-470 Yes [80]
Clearwater West Quebec Canada 36 290 Yes 56°13′N 74°30′W
Chicxulub Yucatán Mexico 150 66.051 ± 0.031 Yes 21°20′N 89°30′W
Corossol Quebec Canada 4 <470 [81][82][83][84] 50°03′N 66°23′W / 50.050°N 66.383°W / 50.050; -66.383 (Corossol)
Darwin Crater Tasmania Australia 1.2 0.816 [85][note 1]
42°19′S 145°40′E / 42.317°S 145.667°E / -42.317; 145.667 (Darwin crater)
Decorah Iowa United States 5.6 470 [86][87][88]
43°18′50″N 91°46′20″W / 43.31389°N 91.77222°W / 43.31389; -91.77222 (Decorah)
Deniliquin New South Wales Australia 520 400–500 No 35°32′0″S 144°58′0″E / 35.53333°S 144.96667°E / -35.53333; 144.96667 (Deniliquin)
Dhala
 Madhya Pradesh India 11 1700-2100 Yes 25°18′N 78°8′E
Diamantina River ring feature Queensland Australia 120 300 [89][90]
22°09′S 141°54′E / 22.150°S 141.900°E / -22.150; 141.900 (Winton crustal anomaly)
Dumas magnetic anomaly Saskatchewan Canada 3.2 70 ± 5 [91][92] 49°55′N 102°07′W / 49.92°N 102.12°W / 49.92; -102.12 (Dumas)
Duolun Inner Mongolia China 120 ± 50 129 ± 3 [93][94] 42°3′N 116°15′E / 42.050°N 116.250°E / 42.050; 116.250 (Duolun)
El-Baz Egypt Egypt 4 ? [95][25][96] 24°12′N 26°24′E / 24.200°N 26.400°E / 24.200; 26.400 (El-Baz)
Eltanin Pacific Ocean (SE) 35? 2.5 [97][98][99][note 1] 57°47′S 90°47′W / 57.783°S 90.783°W / -57.783; -90.783 (Eltanin)
Faya Basin Chad Chad 2 385 ± 15 [100][101] 18°10′N 19°34′E / 18.167°N 19.567°E / 18.167; 19.567 (Faya)
Falkland Plateau anomaly Atlantic Ocean
(near Falkland Islands) 		250-300 250 [102][103][104][105][106] 51°S 62°W / 51°S 62°W / -51; -62 (Malvinas)
Fried Egg structure Atlantic Ocean (near Azores) 6 17 [107][108] 36°N 27°W / 36°N 27°W / 36; -27 (Fried Egg)
Garet El Lefet Libya Libya 3 ? [109][110][111] 25°00′N 16°30′E / 25.0°N 16.5°E / 25.0; 16.5 ("Garet El Lefet")
Gatun Panama Panama 3 20 [112][113][114] 09°05′58″N 79°47′22″W / 9.09944°N 79.78944°W / 9.09944; -79.78944 (Gatun structure)
General San Martín Argentina Argentina 11 1.2 [115][116][117] 38°0′S 63°18′W / 38.000°S 63.300°W / -38.000; -63.300 (General San Martin)
Gnargoo Western Australia Australia 75 <300 [118][119] 24°48′24″S 115°13′29″E / 24.80667°S 115.22472°E / -24.80667; 115.22472 (Gnargoo)
Gosses Bluff
 Northern Territory Australia 22 142.5 Yes 23°49′S 132°18′E
Guarda Portugal Portugal 30 200 [120][121][122] 40°38′N 07°06′W / 40.633°N 7.100°W / 40.633; -7.100 (Guarda)
Hartney anomaly Manitoba Canada 8 120 ± 20 [123][92][124] 49°24′N 100°40′W / 49.4°N 100.67°W / 49.4; -100.67 (Hartney)
Haughton Nunavut Canada 23 39 Yes 75°23′N 89°40′W
Hiawatha Greenland Greenland 31 57.99 ± 0.54 [125][126][127]
78°44′N 66°14′W / 78.733°N 66.233°W / 78.733; -66.233 (Hiawatha)
Hico Texas United States 9 <60 [128][129][130] 32°01′N 98°02′W / 32.01°N 98.03°W / 32.01; -98.03 (Hico)
Hotchkiss Alberta Canada 4 220 ± 100 [131][132] 57°32′20″N 118°52′41″W / 57.539°N 118.878°W / 57.539; -118.878 (Hotchkiss)
Howell Tennessee United States 2.5 380 ± 10 [133][134][135] 35°14′N 86°37′W / 35.23°N 86.61°W / 35.23; -86.61 (Howell)
Ibn-Batutah Libya Libya 2.5 120 ± 20 [136][137] 21°34′10″N 20°50′15″E / 21.56944°N 20.83750°E / 21.56944; 20.83750 (Ibn-Batutah)
Ilumetsa Põlva County Estonia 0.08 0.0066
(<4600 BC) 		[138][139] 57°57′N 27°24′E / 57.950°N 27.400°E / 57.950; 27.400
Ishim Akmola region Kazakhstan 300 430-460 [140][141][142][note 1] 52°0′N 69°0′E / 52.000°N 69.000°E / 52.000; 69.000 (Ishim Akmola)
Iturralde Bolivia Bolivia 8.0 0.011–0.030 [143]
12°35′S 67°40′W / 12.583°S 67.667°W / -12.583; -67.667 (Iturralde)
Jackpine Creek magnetic anomaly British Columbia Canada 25 120 ± 20 [144][145] 55°36′N 120°06′W / 55.6°N 120.1°W / 55.6; -120.1 (Jackpine)
Jalapasquillo Puebla Mexico 1.2 <10 [146][147] 19°13′23″N 97°25′44″W / 19.2231°N 97.429°W / 19.2231; -97.429 (Jalapasquillo)
Jebel Hadid Libya Libya 4.7 <66 [148][149] 20°52′12″N 22°42′18″E / 20.87000°N 22.70500°E / 20.87000; 22.70500 (Jebel Hadid)
Jeptha Knob Kentucky United States 4.3 425 [150][note 1] 38°11′N 85°07′W / 38.183°N 85.117°W / 38.183; -85.117 (Jeptha Knob)
Johnsonville South Carolina United States 11 300? [151][9][152][note 1] 33°49′N 79°22′W / 33.817°N 79.367°W / 33.817; -79.367 (Snows Island)
Jwaneng South Botswana Botswana 1.3 <66 [153][154] 24°42′S 24°46′E / 24.700°S 24.767°E / -24.700; 24.767 (Jwaneng South)
Kamensk Southern Federal District Russia 25 49 Yes 48°21′N 40°30′E
Kebira
 Egypt Egypt 31 100 [155][156]
24°40′N 24°58′E / 24.667°N 24.967°E / 24.667; 24.967 (Kebira)
Kilmichael Mississippi United States 13 45 [157][158][159][160] 33°30′N 89°33′W / 33.5°N 89.55°W / 33.5; -89.55 (Kilmichael)
Krk Croatia Croatia 12 40 [161][162] 45°04′N 14°37′E / 45.06°N 14.62°E / 45.06; 14.62 (Krk)
Kurai Basin
Altai Region
 Russia 20 <200 [163][164] 50°12′N 87°54′E / 50.200°N 87.900°E / 50.200; 87.900 (Kurai)
La Dulce Argentina Argentina 2.8 0.445? [165][116] 38°13′S 59°13′W / 38.21°S 59.21°W / -38.21; -59.21 (La Dulce)
Labynkyr
 Russia Russia 67 150? [166][9][167][168][note 1] 62°19′30″N 143°05′24″E / 62.325°N 143.090°E / 62.325; 143.090 (Labynkyr)
Lac Iro Chad Chad 13 ? [169][3][170]
10°10′N 19°40′E / 10.167°N 19.667°E / 10.167; 19.667 (Iro Lake)
Lairg Gravity Low Scotland Scotland 40 1200 [171] 58°1′12″N, 4°24′0″W
Lake Cheko Siberia Russia 50 0.0001
(1908 AD) 		[172] 60°57′50″N 101°51′36″E / 60.964°N 101.86°E / 60.964; 101.86 (Cheko)
Lake Tai (Tai Hu) Jiangsu China 70 ± 5 365 ± 5 [173][174][175] 31°14′N 120°8′E / 31.233°N 120.133°E / 31.233; 120.133 (Tai)
Loch Leven Scotland Scotland 18x8 290 [176][177] 56°12′N 3°23′W / 56.200°N 3.383°W / 56.200; -3.383 (Loch Leven)
Lonar Deccan Plateau, Southern India India 1.83 0.57 ± 0.05 Yes [178]
Lorne Basin New South Wales Australia 30 250 ± 2 [179][180] 31°36′S 152°37′E / 31.60°S 152.62°E / -31.60; 152.62 (Lorne)
Lycksele 2 Sweden Sweden 130 1500 ± 300 [181][182][183] 64°55′N 18°47′E / 64.92°N 18.78°E / 64.92; 18.78 (Lycksele)
Madagascar 3 Madagascar Madagascar 12 ? [184][185] 18°50′20″S 46°13′16″E / 18.839°S 46.221°E / -18.839; 46.221 (Madagascar)
Magyarmecske anomaly Hungary Hungary 7 299 [186][187] 45°57′N 17°58′E / 45.95°N 17.97°E / 45.95; 17.97 (Magyarmecske)
Mahuika New Zealand (offshore) New Zealand 20? 0.0006
(1400 AD) 		[188][189][67] 48°18′S 166°24′E / 48.3°S 166.4°E / -48.3; 166.4 (Mahuika)
Manicouagan Quebec Canada 100 215.56 ± 0.05 Yes 51°23′N 68°42′W
Maniitsoq Greenland Greenland 100 3000 [190][191][192] 65°15′N 51°50′W / 65.250°N 51.833°W / 65.250; -51.833 (Maniitsoq)
Mejaouda (El Mrayer) Mauritania Mauritania 3 <542? [193][9][111][21][194] 22°43′19″N 7°18′43″W / 22.722°N 7.312°W / 22.722; -7.312 (Mejaouda)
Merewether
Newfoundland
 Canada 20 0.0009
(1100 AD) 		[195][196][note 1] 58°02′N 64°03′W / 58.04°N 64.05°W / 58.04; -64.05 (Merewether)
Meseta de la Barda Negra Argentina Argentina 1.5 4 ± 1 [197][198] 39°10′S 69°53′W / 39.167°S 69.883°W / -39.167; -69.883 (Barda Negra)
Middle-Urals Ring Russia Russia 400–550 >542 [199][200][201] 56°N 56°E / 56°N 56°E / 56; 56 (Urals Ring)
Mistassini-Otish Quebec Canada 600 2200 [202][203] 50°34′N 73°25′W / 50.57°N 73.42°W / 50.57; -73.42 (Mistassini lake)
Mount Ashmore dome Indian Ocean (in Timor Sea) >50 35 [204][205][206] 12°33′S 123°12′E / 12.55°S 123.2°E / -12.55; 123.2
Mousso Chad Chad 3.8 <542 [207][208] 17°58′N 19°53′E / 17.967°N 19.883°E / 17.967; 19.883 (Mousso)
Mt. Oikeyama Japan Japan 90 0.030? [209][210] 35°24′18″N 138°00′47″E / 35.405°N 138.013°E / 35.405; 138.013 (Oikeyama)
Mulkarra South Australia Australia 17 105 [211][212] 27°51′S 138°55′E / 27.85°S 138.92°E / -27.85; 138.92 (Mulkarra)
Nastapoka (Hudson Bay) arc Quebec Canada 450 1800? [213][9][214][215]
57°00′N 78°50′W / 57.000°N 78.833°W / 57.000; -78.833 (Hudson Bay)
Nadir Atlantic Ocean (Guinea Plateau, West Africa) ≥8.5 66 ± 0.8 [216] 9°24′N 17°06′W / 9.4°N 17.1°W / 9.4; -17.1 (Nadir)
Ouro Ndia Mali Mali 3 <2.6 [217][9][21] 14°59.8′N 4°30.0′W / 14.9967°N 4.5000°W / 14.9967; -4.5000 (Ouro Ndia)
Pantasma Nicaragua Nicaragua 10 ? [218] 13°22′N 85°57′W / 13.37°N 85.95°W / 13.37; -85.95 (Pantasma)
Panther Mountain New York United States 10 375 [219][220][221]
42°03′N 74°24′W / 42.050°N 74.400°W / 42.050; -74.400 (Panther Mountain)
Peerless Montana United States 6 470 ± 10 [222][223] 48°48′N 105°48′W / 48.8°N 105.8°W / 48.8; -105.8 (Peerless)
Piratininga Paraná Brazil 12 117 [224][73][225] 22°28′S 49°09′W / 22.467°S 49.150°W / -22.467; -49.150 (Piratininga)
Popigai Siberia Siberia 100 35.7±0.2 Yes 71°39′N 111°11′E
Praia Grande Santos Basin, offshore Brazil 20 84 [226][73][74] 25°39′S 45°37′W / 25.650°S 45.617°W / -25.650; -45.617 (prai grande)
Ramgarh Rajasthan India 3 ? [227][228][229][note 1]
25°20′16″N 76°37′29″E / 25.33778°N 76.62472°E / 25.33778; 76.62472 (Ramgarh)
Ross Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 600? <38 [230][57][231] 77°30′S 178°30′E / 77.5°S 178.5°E / -77.5; 178.5 (Ross)
Rubielos de la Cérida Spain Spain 80x40 30-40 [232][233][234][note 1]
40°46′59″N 1°15′00″W / 40.783°N 1.25°W / 40.783; -1.25 (Rubielos)
Sakhalinka Pacific Ocean (NW) 12 70 [235][236][237][238][239] 30°15′N 170°03′E / 30.250°N 170.050°E / 30.250; 170.050 (Sakhalinka)
São Miguel do Tapuio Piauí Brazil 22 120 [240][9][74][241][242][243] 5°37.6′S 41°23.3′W / 5.6267°S 41.3883°W / -5.6267; -41.3883 (Sao Miguel Do Tapuio)
Shanghewan Jilin China 30 ? [244][245][246] 44°29′N 126°11′E / 44.483°N 126.183°E / 44.483; 126.183 (Shangewan)
Shiva Indian Ocean 500 66 [247] 18°40′N 70°14′E / 18.667°N 70.233°E / 18.667; 70.233 (Shiva)
Shiyli Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 5.5 46 ± 7 [248][249][note 1] 49°10′N 57°51′E / 49.167°N 57.850°E / 49.167; 57.850 (Shiyli)
Silverpit Atlantic Ocean (North Sea) 20 60 ± 15 [250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257]
54°14′N 1°51′E / 54.233°N 1.850°E / 54.233; 1.850 (Silverpit)
Sirente Italy Italy 10 0.0017
(320 ± 90 AD) 		[258][259] 42°10′38″N 13°35′45″E / 42.17722°N 13.59583°E / 42.17722; 13.59583 (Sirente)
Sithylemenkat Lake Alaska United States 12 0.033? [260][261][262][263] 66°07′34″N 151°23′20″W / 66.12611°N 151.38889°W / 66.12611; -151.38889 (Sithylemenkat)
Smerdyacheye Lake
 Russia Russia 20 0.01–0.03? [264][265] 55°44′06″N 39°49′23″E / 55.735°N 39.823°E / 55.735; 39.823 (Smerdyacheye)
Sudan 1 (
Red Sea Hills
) 		Sudan Sudan 6 ? [266][267][268] 17°57.1′N 37°56.1′E / 17.9517°N 37.9350°E / 17.9517; 37.9350 (Red Sea)
Sudan 2 (Bayuda) Sudan Sudan 10 ? [269][270][271]
A map of Sudan showing three craters
Mahas
Mahas
Bayuda
Bayuda
Red Sea Hills
Red Sea Hills
 18°03.5′N 33°30.2′E / 18.0583°N 33.5033°E / 18.0583; 33.5033 (Bayuda)
Sudan 3 (Mahas) Sudan Sudan 2.8 ? [citation needed] 20°01.9′N 30°13.7′E / 20.0317°N 30.2283°E / 20.0317; 30.2283 (Mahas)
Sudbury Ontario Canada 130 1849 Yes 46°36′N 81°11′W
Svetloyar Lake Russia Russia 40 0.0026
(600 BC) 		[272][273][note 1] 56°49′08″N 45°05′35″E / 56.819°N 45.093°E / 56.819; 45.093 (Svetloyar)
Takamatsu Japan Japan 4-8 15 [274][275][276][277][278] 34°18′N 134°03′E / 34.3°N 134.05°E / 34.3; 134.05 (Takamatsu)
Tarek (Gilf Kebir) Egypt Egypt 2.1 112? [279][9][280][281] 24°36′04″N 27°12′18″E / 24.601°N 27.205°E / 24.601; 27.205 (Tarek)
Tatarsky North Pacific Ocean (NW) 14 ? [282][283] 49°57′35″N 141°23′40″E / 49.95972°N 141.39444°E / 49.95972; 141.39444 (Tatarsky1)
Tatarsky South Pacific Ocean (NW) 20 ? [284][283] 48°17′38″N 141°23′40″E / 48.29389°N 141.39444°E / 48.29389; 141.39444 (Tatarsky2)
Tefé River
Amazonas
 Brazil 15 65 ± 20 [285][74][286] 4°57′S 66°03′W / 4.950°S 66.050°W / -4.950; -66.050 (Tefé)
Talundilly
 Queensland Australia 84 128 ± 5 [287][288][289] 24°44′S 144°37′E / 24.73°S 144.62°E / -24.73; 144.62 (Talundilly)
Temimichat Mauritania Mauritania 0.7 2? [290][9][291] 24°15′N 9°39′W / 24.250°N 9.650°W / 24.250; -9.650 (Temimichat)
Tsenkher Mongolia Mongolia 3.6 5 [292][293][294] 43°38′41″N 98°22′09″E / 43.64472°N 98.36917°E / 43.64472; 98.36917 (Tsenkher)
Toms Canyon New Jersey United States 22 35 [295][296][297][298] 39°08′N 72°51′W / 39.133°N 72.850°W / 39.133; -72.850 (Toms Canyon)
Kara Nenetsia, offshore Russia 65 70.3 ± 2.2 Yes [299][300]
69°17′N 65°21′E / 69.28°N 65.35°E / 69.28; 65.35 (Ust-Kara)
Vélingara Senegal Senegal 48 23-40 [301][302]
13°02′N 14°08′W / 13.033°N 14.133°W / 13.033; -14.133 (Vélingara)
Versailles Kentucky United States 1.5 <400 [303][304] 38°05′N 84°40′W / 38.09°N 84.67°W / 38.09; -84.67 (Versailles)
Vredefort Free State South Africa 180-300 2023 Yes [305] 27°0′S 27°30′E
Vichada Vichada Colombia 50 30? [306][9]
4°30′N 69°15′W / 4.500°N 69.250°W / 4.500; -69.250 (Vichada)
Victoria Island California United States 5.5 37-49 [307] 37°53′N 121°32′W / 37.89°N 121.53°W / 37.89; -121.53 (Victoria Island structure)
Warburton East South Australia Australia 200 300-360 [308][309][310] 28°00′S 140°30′E / 28°S 140.5°E / -28; 140.5 (Warbuton)
Warburton West South Australia Australia 200 300-360 [308][309][311]
Weaubleau (Weaubleau-Osceola) Missouri United States 19 330 ± 10 [312][313][314]
38°00′N 93°36′W / 38.0°N 93.6°W / 38.0; -93.6 (Weaubleau)
Wembo-Nyama (Omeonga) DR Congo DR Congo 36-46 60? [315][316][317] 3°37′52″S 24°31′07″E / 3.63111°S 24.51861°E / -3.63111; 24.51861 (Wembo-Nyama ring structure)
Wilkes Land 2 Antarctica 480 250-500 [318]
70°S 140°E / 70°S 140°E / -70; 140 (Wilkes)
Wolfe Creek Great Sandy Desert, Western Australia Australia 0.87 < 0.3 Yes
Woodbury Georgia United States 7 500 ± 100 [319][320][321][322] 32°55′N 84°33′W / 32.92°N 84.55°W / 32.92; -84.55 (Woodbury)
Yallalie Western Australia Australia 12 99? [323][9][324][325][326][327][note 1] 30°26′40″S 115°46′16″E / 30.44444°S 115.77111°E / -30.44444; 115.77111 (Yallalie)
Zerelia West Greece Greece 20 0.0070
(5000 BC) 		[328][329] 39°09′48″N 22°42′32″E / 39.16333°N 22.70889°E / 39.16333; 22.70889 (Zerelia West)
Zerelia East Greece Greece 10 0.0070
(5000 BC) 		[328][329] 39°09′43″N 22°42′51″E / 39.16194°N 22.71417°E / 39.16194; 22.71417 (Zerelia East)

Overview

Russia's

better source needed
]

The

Harappan civilization and mentioned as a fireball in Sanskrit texts.[333]

Shortly after the Hiawatha Crater was discovered, researchers suggested that the impact could have occurred as late as ~12,800 years ago, leading some to associate it with the controversial

YDIH said, "I'd unequivocally predict that this crater is the same age as the Younger Dryas."[335]

These claims were criticised by other scholars. According to impact physicist

YDIH has since been refuted comprehensively by a team of earth scientists and impact experts.[337]

A 2022 study using Argon–Argon dating of shocked zircon crystals in impact melt rocks found outwash less than 10 km downstream of the glacier pushed the estimate back to around 57.99 ± 0.54 million years ago, during the late Paleocene.[338][127] Confirmation would require drilling almost one km (3,300 ft) through the ice sheet above the crater to obtain a sample of dateable, solidified impact melt from the crater.

The age of the Bloody Creek crater[339] is uncertain.

As the trend in the Earth Impact Database for about 26 confirmed craters younger than a million years old shows that almost all are less than two km (1.2 mi) in diameter (except the three km (1.9 mi) Agoudal and four km (2.5 mi)

ka) is suggested to be a crater about 100 km (62 mi) across somewhere in Indochina,[343][344] with Hartung and Koeberl (1994) proposing the elongated 100 km × 35 km (62 mi × 22 mi) Tonlé Sap lake in Cambodia (visible in the map at the side) as a suspect structure.[345]

The

better source needed
]

Several twin impacts have been proposed, such as the Rubielos de la Cérida and Azuara (30–40 Ma),[347] Cerro Jarau and Piratininga (c. 117 Ma),[73] and Warburton East and West (300–360 Ma).[348] However, adjacent craters may not necessarily have formed at the same time, as demonstrated by the case of the confirmed Clearwater East and West lakes.

Some confirmed impacts like

gravity anomalies. The magnetic anomalies Bangui and Jackpine Creek,[145] the gravity anomalies Wilkes Land crater and Falkland Islands,[350] and others have been considered as being of impact origin. Bangui apparently has been discredited,[25][351] but appears again in a 2014 table of unconfirmed structures in Africa by Reimold and Koeberl.[3]

Several anomalies in

astroblemes including Viewfield, Red Wing Creek, Eagle Butte, Dumas, and Hartney, of which only the last two are unconfirmed.[92]

The Eltanin impact has been confirmed (via an iridium anomaly and meteoritic material from ocean cores) but, as it fell into the Pacific Ocean, apparently no crater was formed. The age of Silverpit and the confirmed Boltysh crater (65.17 ± 0.64 Ma), as well as their latitude, has led to the speculative hypothesis that there may have been several impacts during the KT boundary.[352][353] Of the five oceans in descending order by area, namely the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, and Arctic, only the smallest (the Arctic) does not yet have a proposed unconfirmed impact crater.

Craters larger than 100 kilometres (62 mi) in the Phanerozoic (after 541 Ma) are notable for their size as well as for the possible coeval events associated with them especially the major extinction events.

For example, the Ishim impact structure

Chicxulub impact caused the one for Cretaceous–Paleogene
(c. 66 Ma).

However, other extinction theories employ coeval periods of massive volcanism such as the Siberian Traps (Permian-Triassic) and Deccan Traps (Cretaceous-Paleogene).

Undiscovered but inferred

strewnfield. Shaded areas represent tektite
finds.

There is geological evidence for impact events having taken place on Earth on certain specific occasions, which should have formed craters, but for which no impact craters have been found. In some cases this is because of erosion and Earth's crust having been recycled through plate tectonics, in others likely because exploration of the Earth's surface is incomplete, or because no actual crater was formed because the impacting object exploded as a cosmic air burst. Typically the ages are already known and the diameters can be estimated.

Parent crater of Expected crater diameter Age Notes
Pica glass Unknown 12 ka [357]
Libyan desert glass Unknown 29 Ma [358][359][360][361]
Dakhleh glass 0.4 km 150 ka [362][363]
Argentinian impact glasses Unknown 6, 114, and 445 ka;

5.3 and 9.2 Ma

[364][365][366]
Australasian tektites
 32–114 km 780 ka [344]
Central American tektites 14 km 820 ka [367][368][369]
Skye ejecta deposits Unknown 60 Ma [370]
Stac Fada Member 40 km 1.2 Ga [371][372][373]
Barberton Greenstone Belt spherules 500 km 3.2 Ga [374][375]
Marble Bar impact spherules "hundreds of kilometers" 3.4 Ga [376]

Mistaken identity

Some geological processes can result in circular or near-circular features that may be mistaken for impact craters. Some examples are

tuff rings, forest rings, and others. Conversely, an impact crater may originally be thought as one of these geological features, like Meteor Crater (as a maar) or Upheaval Dome
(as a salt dome).

The presence of

shatter cones are important criteria in favor of an impact interpretation, though massive landslides (such as the Köfels landslide of 7800 BC which was once thought to be impact-related) may produce shock-like fused rocks called "frictionite".[377]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Shown as "proven" by Mikheeva (2017),[18][unreliable source?] not "confirmed" by EID (2018).[19]

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  86. ^ Decorah
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  193. ^ Mejaouda
  194. ^ Roger Weller. Mejaouda crater Archived 2016-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
  195. ^ Merewether crater
  196. ^ J. B. Garvin and J. J. Frawley (2008). Geometric Properties Of The Merewether Structure, Newfoundland, Canada.Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX (2008)
  197. ^ Meseta de la Barda Negra
  198. ^ A.C. Ocampo, A.C. Garrido, J. Rabassa, M.C. Rocca, J.C. Echaurren, and E. Mazzoni (2005). A Possible Impact Crater In Basalt At Meseta De La Barda Negra, Neuquen, Argentina, 68th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting
  199. ^ Middle Urals
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  201. ^ G. Burba (2003). The geologic evolution of the Ural Mountains: A supposed exposure to a giant impact Archived 2021-08-31 at the Wayback Machine. Microsymposium 38, MS011
  202. ^ Mistassini
  203. ^ S. Genest and F. Robert The Mistassini-Otish impact structure, Northern Quebec, Canada: an update – 1987
  204. ^ Mount Ashmore
  205. S2CID 129839418
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  206. ^ Examining a new asteroid crater found in the Timor Sea Archived 2016-06-29 at the Wayback Machine. ScienceWise 2010, Australian National Uni
  207. ^ Mousso
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  209. ^ Oikeyama
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  211. ^ Mulkarra
  212. ^ J. B. Plescia (1999). Mulkarra Impact Structure, South Australia: A Complex Impact Structure, Lunar and Planetary Science XXX
  213. ^ Nastapoka
  214. ^ Dietz R.S., McHone J.F. (1990). Chesterfield structure (Hudson Bay): possible astrobleme. Lunar and Planet. Sci.: Abstr. Pap. 21st Lunar and Planet. Sci. Conf., March 12–16. Vol. 21, Houston (Tex.), p. 286
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  217. ^ Ouro Ndia
  218. ^ Pantasma
  219. ^ Panther Mountain
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  222. ^ Peerless
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  226. ^ Praia Grande
  227. ^ Ramgarh
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  230. ^ Ross
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  235. ^ Sakhalinka
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  244. ^ Shanghewan
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  246. Bibcode:1988LPI....19.1296W
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  247. ^ Shiva
  248. ^ Shiyli
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  264. ^ Smerdyacheye
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  272. ^ Svetloyar Lake
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  274. ^ Takamatsu
  275. ^ Y. Miura (2007) Analyses Of Surface And Underground Data Of Takamatsu Crater In Japan. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII
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  279. ^ Tarek
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  281. ^ Roger Weller. Tarek crater Archived 2016-09-16 at the Wayback Machine
  282. ^ Tatarsky North
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  284. ^ Tatarsky South
  285. ^ Tefé
  286. ^ J. de Menezes, C. de Souza, F. Fortes, and C. Filho (1999). Geophysical Evidence Of A Possible Impact Structure At The K-T Boundary Of The Solimões Basin, Brazil Archived 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine, 6th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society
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  288. ^ K. Bron (2015) The Tookoonooka-Talundilly tsunami sequence: constraining marine impact stratigraphy, Australian School of Petroleum, The University of Adelaide
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  290. ^ Temimichat
  291. ^ Roger Weller. Temimichat crater Archived 2016-09-16 at the Wayback Machine
  292. ^ Tsenkher
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  295. ^ Toms Canyon
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  298. doi:10.2110/jsr.2011.42
  299. ^ Ust-Kara
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  301. ^ Vélingara
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  303. ^ Versailles
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  318. ^ Wilkes Land 2
  319. ^ Woodbury
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  323. ^ Yallalie
  324. S2CID 38389086
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Bibliography

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