List of prime ministers of Canada
The prime minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. Twenty-three people (twenty-two men and one woman) have served as prime ministers. Officially, the prime minister is appointed by the governor general of Canada, but by constitutional convention, the prime minister must have the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the house. But if that leader lacks the support of the majority, the governor general can appoint another leader who has that support or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. By constitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament and, since the early 20th century, this has more specifically meant the House of Commons.[1]
The 23rd and current prime minister is Justin Trudeau, who assumed office on 4 November 2015. There are currently five living former prime ministers. The most recent former prime minister to die was Brian Mulroney, on 29 February 2024.
Model
The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on the sovereign’s behalf by the governor general. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was modelled after that which existed in the United Kingdom at the time. John A. Macdonald was commissioned by the Viscount Monck on 24 May 1867, to form the first government of the Canadian Confederation. On 1 July 1867, the first ministry assumed office.[2]
Term
The prime minister begins their term has been determined by the date sworn into their portfolio, as an oath of office as prime minister is not required.[3] However, since 1957, the incoming prime minister has sworn an oath as prime minister.[3] Before 1920, prime ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the governor general and the last day of the ministries were the date he died or the date of resignation.[3] Since 1920, the outgoing prime minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.[3] The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day".[3] Thus, although the outgoing prime minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.[4] Two prime ministers have died in office: John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891), and John Thompson (1892–1894), both of natural causes. All others have resigned, either after losing an election or upon retirement.
Prime ministers
Canadian custom is to count by the individuals who were prime minister, not by terms.[5] Since Confederation, 23 prime ministers have been "called upon" by the governor general to form 29 Canadian Ministries.[5]
Abbreviation key: | No.: Incumbent number, Min.: Ministry, Refs: References |
Colour key: | Historical Conservative parties (including Liberal-Conservative, Conservative (Historical),
Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive Conservative) |
Provinces key: | AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia, ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan |
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Electoral mandates (Assembly) | Political party | Riding | Cabinet | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (1 of 2) |
John A. Macdonald (1815–1891) |
1 July 1867 |
5 November 1873 |
Title created (caretaker government)
1st Parl. )
2nd Parl. )
|
Liberal–Conservative | MP for Kingston, ON | 1st | Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal | ||
2 | Alexander Mackenzie (1822–1892) |
7 November 1873 |
8 October 1878 |
Appointment ( 2nd Parl. )
3rd Parl. )
|
Liberal (Ldr. 1873) |
MP for Lambton, ON | 2nd | [7][8] | ||
Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Passage of the Indian Act; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Created the office of the Auditor General | ||||||||||
— (2 of 2) |
John A. Macdonald (1815–1891) |
17 October 1878 |
6 June 1891 |
4th Parl. )
5th Parl. )
6th Parl. )
7th Parl. )
|
Liberal–Conservative | MP for Victoria, BC (1878–1882) MP for Carleton, ON MP for Kingston, ON |
3rd | [9][10] | ||
National Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel. Died in office (stroke). | ||||||||||
3 | John Abbott (1821–1893) |
16 June 1891 |
24 November 1892 |
Appointment ( 7th Parl. )
|
Liberal–Conservative | Senator for Quebec | 4th | [11][12] | ||
Minister without Portfolio; Succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson. In ill health; retired. First prime minister born in what would become Canada, and first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate. | ||||||||||
4 | John Sparrow David Thompson (1845–1894) |
5 December 1892 |
12 December 1894 |
Appointment ( 7th Parl. )
|
Liberal–Conservative | MP for Antigonish, NS | 5th | Minister of Justice; first Catholic prime minister. Manitoba Schools Question . Died in office (heart attack). | ||
5 | Mackenzie Bowell (1823–1917) |
21 December 1894 |
27 April 1896 |
Appointment ( 7th Parl. )
|
Conservative | Senator for Ontario | 6th | Minister of Militia and Defence; Manitoba Schools Question . Last prime minister to serve while in the Senate and last prime minister not to be born in Canada or pre-Canada until Turner. | ||
6 | Charles Tupper (1821–1915) |
1 May 1896 |
8 July 1896 |
Appointment (None Parl.) | Conservative | MP for Cape Breton, NS | 7th | Minister of Railways and Canals; Oldest Canadian PM to take office. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question . Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister. | ||
7 | Wilfrid Laurier (1841–1919) |
11 July 1896 |
6 October 1911 |
8th Parl. )
9th Parl. )
10th Parl. )
11th Parl. )
|
Liberal (Ldr. 1887) |
MP for Quebec East, QC | 8th | Department of External Affairs established; first French Canadian prime minister; Removed the right of status Indians to vote. | ||
8 | Robert Borden (1854–1937) |
10 October 1911 |
10 July 1920 |
12th Parl. )
13th Parl. )
|
Government (Unionist) (Ldr. 1901) |
MP for Halifax, NS (1911–1917) MP for Kings, NS |
9th (1911–17) 10th (1917–20) |
Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations . | ||
9 (1 of 2) |
Arthur Meighen (1874–1960) |
10 July 1920 |
29 December 1921 |
Appointment ( 13th Parl. )
|
Conservative (Ldr. 1920) |
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB | 11th | Canadian National Railways . | ||
10 (1 of 3) |
William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874–1950) |
29 December 1921 |
28 June 1926 |
14th Parl. )
15th Parl. )
|
Liberal (Ldr. 1919) |
MP for York North, ON (1921–1925) MP for Prince Albert, SK |
12th | Lord Byng . | ||
— (2 of 2) |
Arthur Meighen (1874–1960) |
29 June 1926 |
25 September 1926 |
Appointment ( 15th Parl. )
|
Conservative | MP for Portage la Prairie, MB | 13th | King–Byng Affair . | ||
— (2 of 3) |
William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874–1950) |
25 September 1926 |
7 August 1930 |
16th Parl. )
|
Liberal | MP for Prince Albert, SK | 14th | [25][28] | ||
Balfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression. | ||||||||||
11 | R. B. Bennett (1870–1947) |
7 August 1930 |
23 October 1935 |
17th Parl. )
|
Conservative (Ldr. 1927) |
MP for Calgary West, AB | 15th | Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Statute of Westminster; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada . | ||
— (3 of 3) |
William Lyon Mackenzie King (1874–1950) |
23 October 1935 |
15 November 1948 |
18th Parl. )
19th Parl. )
20th Parl. )
|
Liberal | MP for Prince Albert, SK (1935–1945) MP for Glengarry, ON |
16th | Japanese Canadian internment; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair . First and to date only prime minister to serve three non-consecutive terms. | ||
12 | Louis St. Laurent (1882–1973) |
15 November 1948 |
21 June 1957 |
Appointment ( 20th Parl. )
21st Parl. )
22nd Parl. )
|
Liberal (Ldr. 1948) |
MP for Quebec East, QC | 17th | Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate . | ||
13 | John Diefenbaker (1895–1979) |
21 June 1957 |
22 April 1963 |
23rd Parl. )
24th Parl. )
25th Parl. )
|
1956 )
|
MP for Prince Albert, SK | 18th | Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme. | ||
14 | Lester B. Pearson (1897–1972) |
22 April 1963 |
20 April 1968 |
26th Parl. )
27th Parl. )
|
Liberal (Ldr. 1958) |
MP for Algoma East, ON | 19th | . | ||
15 (1 of 2) |
Pierre Trudeau (1919–2000) |
20 April 1968 |
4 June 1979 |
Appointment ( 27th Parl. )
28th Parl. )
29th Parl. )
30th Parl. )
|
Liberal (Ldr. 1968) |
MP for Mount Royal, QC | 20th | Just Society"; decriminalizing homosexuality and legalizing abortion; October Crisis and use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metrication of Canada; National Housing Act amendments; inflation and eventual state intervention; Creation of Via Rail . | ||
16 | Joe Clark (b. 1939) |
4 June 1979 |
3 March 1980 |
31st Parl. )
|
Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 1976) |
MP for Yellowhead, AB | 21st | [*][39] | ||
Youngest Canadian PM; Freedom of Information Act; Canadian Caper; defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget. | ||||||||||
— (2 of 2) |
Pierre Trudeau (1919–2000) |
3 March 1980 |
30 June 1984 |
32nd Parl. )
|
Liberal (Ldr. 1968) |
MP for Mount Royal, QC | 22nd | [*][38] | ||
1980 Quebec referendum; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Montreal Protocol; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation. | ||||||||||
17 | John Turner (1929–2020) |
30 June 1984 |
17 September 1984 |
Appointment ( 32nd Parl. )
|
Liberal (Ldr. 1984) |
Did not hold a seat in legislature | 23rd | Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Trudeau Patronage Appointments . Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister. First prime minister since Bowell not to have been born in Canada. | ||
18 | Brian Mulroney (1939–2024) |
17 September 1984 |
25 June 1993 |
33rd Parl. )
34th Parl. )
|
Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 1983) |
MP for Manicouagan, QC (1984–1988) MP for Charlevoix, QC |
24th | Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax; Charlottetown Accord; Sanctions against South Africa; Acid Rain treaty; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Emergencies Act; Environmental Protection Act; Privatization of Air Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement; Nunavut Land Claims Agreement; Airbus affair . | ||
19 | Kim Campbell (b. 1947) |
25 June 1993 |
4 November 1993 |
Appointment ( 34th Parl. )
|
Progressive Conservative (Ldr. 1993) |
MP for Vancouver Centre, BC
|
25th | Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; first female prime minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election . | ||
20 | Jean Chrétien (b. 1934) |
4 November 1993 |
12 December 2003 |
35th Parl. )
36th Parl. )
37th Parl. )
|
Liberal (Ldr. 1990) |
MP for Saint-Maurice, QC | 26th | Gomery Inquiry . | ||
21 | Paul Martin (b. 1938) |
12 December 2003 |
6 February 2006 |
Appointment ( 37th Parl. )
38th Parl. )
|
Liberal (Ldr. 2003) |
MP for LaSalle—Émard, QC | 27th | Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord | ||
22 | Stephen Harper (b. 1959) |
6 February 2006 |
4 November 2015 |
39th Parl. )
40th Parl. )
41st Parl. )
|
Conservative (Ldr. 2004) |
MP for Calgary Southwest, AB | 28th | Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal; Anti-terrorism Act, 2015 . | ||
23 | Justin Trudeau (b. 1971) |
4 November 2015 |
incumbent | 42nd Parl. )
43rd Parl. )
44th Parl. )
|
Liberal (Ldr. 2013) |
MP for Papineau, QC | 29th | defence of Ukraine; Yaroslav Hunka scandal; confidence and supply agreement with NDP; diplomatic dispute with India, Canada Child Benefit, $10 a day childcare, Canadian Dental Care Plan . | ||
|
Living former prime ministers
See also
- List of prime ministers of Canada by time in office
- Fathers of Confederation
- Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada
- List of joint premiers of the Province of Canada
- Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)
- List of Canadian federal parliaments
- List of Canadian monarchs
- List of prime ministers of Canada by religious affiliation
- Spouse of the prime minister of Canada
References
- ISBN 0-662-39689-8, archived from the original(PDF) on 29 December 2009, retrieved 24 March 2011
- ^ a b "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation: Life of a Ministry". Government of Canada Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Prime Ministers of Canada: Gallery". Parliament of Canada. 15 January 2007. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of the Canadian Parliament. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MACKENZIE, The Hon. Alexander, P.C." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MACDONALD, The Right Hon. Sir John Alexander, P.C., G.C.B., Q.C., D.C.L., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – ABBOTT, The Hon. Sir John Joseph Caldwell, P.C., Q.C., K.C.M.G., B.C.L., D.C.L." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – THOMPSON, The Right Hon. Sir John Sparrow David, P.C., K.C.M.G., Q.C." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BOWELL, The Hon. Sir Mackenzie, P.C., K.C.M.G." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TUPPER, The Right Hon. Sir Charles, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C.M.G., C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., M.D." Parliament of Canada. 30 October 1915. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – LAURIER, The Right Hon. Sir Wilfrid, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., B.C.L., D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ a b "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BORDEN, The Right Hon. Sir Robert Laird, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C., D.C.L., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ a b "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MEIGHEN, The Right Hon. Arthur, P.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ a b c "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – KING, The Right Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie, P.C., O.M., C.M.G., B.A., M.A., A.M., LL.B., Ph.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – BENNETT, The Right Hon. Richard Bedford, P.C., K.C., K.G.St.J., LL.B." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – ST-LAURENT, The Right Hon. Louis Stephen, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D., D.C.L." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – DIEFENBAKER, The Right Hon. John George, C.H., P.C., Q.C., B.A., M.A., LL.B., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., F.R.S.A., D.Litt., D.S.L." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – PEARSON, The Right Hon. Lester Bowles, P.C., C.C., O.M., O.B.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ a b "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TRUDEAU, The Right Hon. Pierre Elliott, P.C., C.C., C.H., Q.C., M.A., LL.L., LL.D., F.R.S.C." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CLARK, The Right Hon. Charles Joseph, P.C., C.C., A.O.E., B.A., M.A., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – TURNER, The Right Hon. John Napier, P.C., C.C., Q.C., M.A., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ a b "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – MULRONEY, The Right Hon. Martin Brian, P.C., C.C., G.O.Q., B.A., LL.L." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CAMPBELL, The Right Hon. A. Kim, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.B., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – CHRÉTIEN, The Right Hon. Joseph Jacques Jean, P.C., C.C., O.M., Q.C., B.A., LL.L., LL.D." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – HARPER, The Right Hon. Stephen, P.C., B.A., M.A." Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Contact Information – TRUDEAU, The Right Hon. Justin, P.C., B.A., B.Ed". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ a b c "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
Further reading
- Brodie, I. (2018). At the Centre of Government: The Prime Minister and the Limits on Political Power. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-5378-1.
- Coucill, I. (2005). Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation. Pembroke Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55138-185-5.
- Dutil, P. (2017). Prime Ministerial Power in Canada: Its Origins under Macdonald, Laurier, and Borden. The C.D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-3476-6.
- Donaldson, G. (1994). The Prime Ministers of Canada. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-385-25454-0.
- English, J.R.; Dutil, P. (2023). Statesmen, Strategists and Diplomats: Canada's Prime Ministers and the Making of Foreign Policy. The C. D. Howe Series in Canadian Political History Series. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-6855-6.
- Schlee, Gary (2018). Unknown and unforgettable : a guide to Canada's Prime Ministers. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. OCLC 1108336247.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Stewart, J.D.M. (2018). Being Prime Minister. Dundurn. ISBN 978-1-4597-3849-2.
External links
- Prime Minister's Official Site – Government of Canada
- The Prime Ministers of Canada – The Historica Dominion Institute
- Prime Ministers of Canada – Library of Parliament
- Prime Ministers – Canada History