List of sequenced plastomes
A
The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their
A compilation of all available complete plastid genomes is maintained by the NCBI in a public repository.[2]
Plants
Bryophytes s.l.
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aneura mirabilis | 108,007 | [3][4] | parasitic liverwort; plastome contains many pseudogenes | ||
Anthoceros formosae | 161,162 | 122 | [5] | hornwort; extensive RNA editing of plastome | |
Marchantia polymorpha | 121,024 | [6] | liverwort | ||
Nothoceros aenigmaticus | 153,208 | 124 | [7] | hornwort | |
Pellia endiviifolia | 120,546 | 123 | [8] | liverwort | |
Physcomitrella patens | 122,890 | 118 | [9] | moss | |
Ptilidium pulcherrimum | 119,007 | 122 | [10] | liverwort | |
ruralis
|
122,630 | [11] | moss |
Ferns and Lycophytes
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Family | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adiantum capillus-veneris | 150,568 | [12] | Pteridaceae | |||
Alsophila spinulosa
|
156,661 | 117 | [13] | Cyatheaceae | ||
Angiopteris evecta | 153,901 | [14] | Marattiaceae | |||
Equisetum arvense | 133,309 | Equisetaceae | ||||
Huperzia lucidula | 154,373 | [15] | Lycopodiaceae | |||
Isoetes flaccida | 145,303 | Isoetaceae | ||||
Psilotum nudum | 138,829 | 117 | [16] | Psilotaceae | ||
Selaginella uncinata | 138,829 | [17] | Selaginellaceae
|
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Family | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equisetum hyemale | Equisetaceae | |||||
Lygodium japonicum | Lygodiaceae
| |||||
Marsilea crenata | Marsileaceae | |||||
Ophioglossum californicum | Ophioglossaceae | |||||
Selaginella moellendorffii | Selaginellaceae
|
Gymnosperms
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Family | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cryptomeria japonica
|
131,810 | 114 | [18] | Cupressaceae | ||
Cycas micronesica | [19] | Cycadaceae
|
||||
Cycas taitungensis
|
163,403 | 133 | [20] | Cycadaceae
|
||
Ephedra equisetina | Ephedraceae | |||||
Ginkgo biloba | 156,945 | 134 | [21] | Ginkgoaceae | ||
Gnetum parvifolium | Gnetaceae
|
|||||
Picea engelmannii | Se404-851 | 123,542 | 114 | [22] | Pinaceae | |
Picea glauca | PG29 | 123,266 | 114 | [23] | Pinaceae | |
Picea glauca | WS77111 | 123,421 | 114 | [24] | Pinaceae | |
Picea sitchensis | Q903 | 124,049 | 114 | [25] | Pinaceae | |
Pinus koraiensis
|
116,866 | Pinaceae | ||||
Pinus thunbergii | 119,707 | [26] | Pinaceae | |||
Podocarpus macrophyllus | Podocarpaceae | |||||
Welwitschia mirabilis
|
119,726 | 101 | [27] | Welwitschiaceae |
Flowering plants
This sortable table is expected to compile complete plastid genomes representing the largest range of sizes, number of genes, and angiosperm families.
Species | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Year | Family | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acorus americanus | 153,819 | [19] | 2007 | Acoraceae
|
||
Agrostis stolonifera | 135,584 | 110 | [28] | 2010 | Poaceae | |
Alniphyllum eberhardtii | 155,384 | 113 | [29] | 2017 | Styracaceae | |
Alstroemeria aurea | 155,510 | 112 | [30] | 2013 | Alstroemeriaceae | |
Amborella trichopoda
|
162,686 | [31] | 2003 | Amborellaceae
|
||
Anethum graveolens
|
153,356 | [19] | 2007 | Apiaceae | ||
Arabidopsis thaliana | 154,478 | [32] | 1999 | Brassicaceae | ||
Atropa belladonna | 156,687 | [33] | 2002 | Solanaceae | ||
Brachypodium distachyon | 135,199 | 110 | [28] | 2010 | Poaceae | |
Buxus microphylla | 159,010 | 113 | [34] | 2007 | Buxaceae | |
Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus | 153,337 | 115 | [35] | 2003 | Calycanthaceae | |
Carpinus tientaiensis
|
160,104 | 114 | [36] | 2017 | Betulaceae | |
Chloranthus spicatus | 157,772 | 113 | [34] | 2007 | Chloranthaceae | |
Citrus sinensis var. 'Ridge Pineapple'
|
155,189 | [37] | 2006 | Rutaceae | ||
Cocos nucifera
|
154,731 | 130 | [38] | 2013 | Arecaceae | |
Coffea arabica | 155,189 | [39] | 2007 | Rubiaceae | ||
Coix lacryma-jobi
|
140,745 | [40] | 2009 | Poaceae | ||
Conopholis americana | 45,673 | 42 | [41] | 2013 | Orobanchaceae | Non-photosynthetic parasite |
Cucumis sativus
|
155,293 | [42] | 2007 | Cucurbitaceae | ||
Cuscuta exaltata | 125,373 | [43] | 2007 | Convolvulaceae | ||
Cuscuta gronovii | 86,744 | 86 | [44] | 2007 | Convolvulaceae | |
Cuscuta reflexa | 121,521 | 98 | [44] | 2007 | Convolvulaceae | |
Cypripedium formosanum | 178,131 | [45] | 2015 | Orchidaceae
|
||
Cytinus hypocistis | 19,400 | 23 | [46] | 2016 | Cytinaceae | Holoparasitic
|
Daucus carota | 155,911 | [47] | 2006 | Apiaceae | ||
Dioscorea elephantipes | 152,609 | 112 | [34] | 2007 | Dioscoreaceae | |
Drimys granadensis | 160,604 | 113 | [48] | 2006 | Winteraceae | |
Epifagus virginiana
|
70,028 | 42 | [49] | 1992 | Orobanchaceae | |
Epipogium aphyllum | 30,650 | 27 | [50] | 2015 | Orchidaceae
|
Mycoheterotrophic
|
Epipogium roseum | 19,047 | 29 | [50] | 2015 | Orchidaceae
|
Mycoheterotrophic
|
Erodium carvifolium | 116,935 | 107 | [51] | 2016 | Geraniaceae | |
Erodium chrysanthum | 168,946 | 96 | [51] | 2016 | Geraniaceae | |
Erodium texanum | 130,812 | 106 | [52] | 2011 | Geraniaceae | |
Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus | 160,286 | [53] | 2005 | Myrtaceae | ||
Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestrale
|
159,599 | [54] | 2008 | Polygonaceae | ||
Geranium palmatum | 155,794 | 105 | [52] | 2011 | Geraniaceae | |
Glycine max
|
152,218 | [55] | 2005 | Fabaceae | ||
Gossypium barbadense | 160,317 | 114 | [56] | 2006 | Malvaceae | |
Gossypium hirsutum | 160,301 | [57] | 2006 | Malvaceae | ||
Helianthus annuus
|
151,104 | [58] | 2007 | Asteraceae | ||
Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare
|
136,482 | 110 | [28] | 2010 | Poaceae | |
Hydnora visseri | 27,233 | 24 | [59] | 2016 | Aristolochiaceae | Non-photosynthetic holoparasite |
Illicium oligandrum | 148,552 | 113 | [34] | 2007 | APG III )
|
|
Ipomoea purpurea | 162,046 | [43] | 2007 | Convolvulaceae | ||
Jasminum nudiflorum | 165,121 | [60] | 2007 | Oleaceae | ||
Juglans regia | 160,367 | 129 | [61] | 2017 | Juglandaceae | |
Lactuca sativa
|
152,765 | [58] | 2007 | Asteraceae | ||
Lemna minor | 165,955 | [62] | 2008 | Araliaceae | ||
Licania alba | 162,467 | 112 | [63] | 2014 | Chrysobalanaceae | |
Lilium longiflorum | 152,793 | 114 | [30] | 2013 | Liliaceae | |
Liriodendron tulipifera | 159,866 | [48][64] | 2006 | Magnoliaceae | ||
Lolium perenne | 135,282 | 110 | [28] | 2010 | Poaceae | |
Lonicera japonica | 155,078 | [1] | 2010 | Caprifoliaceae | ||
Lotus japonicus | 150,519 | [65] | 2000 | Fabaceae | ||
Manihot esculenta
|
161,453 | [66] | 2008 | Euphorbiaceae | ||
Monotropa hypopitys | 35,336 | 45 | [67] | 2016 | Ericaceae | Mycoheterotrophic |
Monsonia speciosa | 128,787 | 106 | [52] | 2011 | Geraniaceae | |
Morus indica | 156,599 | [68] | 2006 | Moraceae | ||
Musa balbisiana | 169,503 | 113 | [69] | 2016 | Musaceae | |
Nandina domestica
|
156,599 | [70] | 2006 | Berberidaceae | ||
Neottia nidus-avis | 92,060 | 56 | [71] | 2011 | Orchidaceae
|
Mycoheterotrophic |
Nelumbo nucifera | 163,330 | [1] | 2010 | Nelumbonaceae | ||
Nicotiana tabacum | 155,943 | 113 | [72] | 1986 | Solanaceae | |
Nuphar advena | 160,866 | 117 | [73] | 2007 | Nymphaeaceae | |
Nymphaea alba | 159,930 | [74] | 2004 | Nymphaeaceae | ||
Oenothera argillicola strain Douthat 1 | 165,055 | 113 | [75] | 2008 | Onagraceae | |
Oenothera biennis strain suaveolens Grado | 164,807 | 113 | [75] | 2008 | Onagraceae | |
Oenothera elata subsp. hookeri strain johansen Standard | 165,728 | 113 | [75] | 2008 | Onagraceae | |
Oenothera glazioviana strain r/r-lamarckiana Sweden | 165,225 | 113 | [75] | 2008 | Onagraceae | |
Oenothera parviflora strain atrovirens Standard | 163,365 | 113 | [75] | 2008 | Onagraceae | |
Oryza sativa indica 93-11 | 134,496 | [76] | 2005 | Poaceae | ||
Oryza sativa japonica Nipponbare | 134,551 | 110 | [77][28] | 1989 | Poaceae | |
Oryza sativa japonica PA64S | 134,551 | [76] | 2005 | Poaceae | ||
Osyris alba | 147,253 | 101 | [78] | 2015 | Santalaceae | Hemiparasitic
|
Panax ginseng | 156,318 | [79] | 2004 | Araliaceae | ||
Pelargonium × hortorum | 217,942 | [80] | 2006 | Geraniaceae | ||
Petrosavia stellaris | 103,835 | 58 | [81] | 2014 | Petrosaviaceae | Mycoheterotrophic |
Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana | 148,964 | [82] | 2006 | Orchidaceae
|
||
Phaseolus vulgaris 'Negro Jamapa' | 150,285 | [83] | 2007 | Fabaceae | ||
Pilostyles aethiopica | 11,348 | 5 | [84] | 2016 | Apodanthaceae | Endo-holoparasite |
Pilostyles hamiltonii | 15,167 | 5 | [84] | 2016 | Apodanthaceae | Endo-holoparasite |
Piper cenocladum | 160,624 | 113 | [48] | 2006 | Piperaceae | |
Platanus occidentalis | 161,791 | [70] | 2006 | Platanaceae | ||
Populus alba | 156,505 | [85] | 2006 | Salicaceae | ||
Ranunculus macranthus | 155,158 | 117 | [73] | 2007 | Ranunculaceae | |
Rhizanthella gardneri | 59,190 | 33 | [86] | 2011 | Orchidaceae
|
Subterranean mycoheterotroph
|
Saccharum officinarum | 141,182 | 110 | [28] | 2010 | Poaceae | |
Sciaphila densiflora | 21,485 | 28 | [87] | 2015 | Triuridaceae | Mycoheterotrophic |
Solanum tuberosum
|
155,298 | [88] | 2006 | Solanaceae | ||
Sorghum bicolor | 140,754 | 110 | [28] | 2010 | Poaceae | |
Spinacia oleracea
|
150,725 | [89] | 2001 | Amaranthaceae | ||
Trachelium caeruleum | 162,321 | [90] | 2008 | Campanulaceae | ||
Trifolium subterraneum | 144,763 | 111 | [91] | 2008 | Fabaceae | |
Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring
|
134,545 | 110 | [92][93][28] | 2000 | Poaceae | |
Typha latifolia | 165,572 | 113 | [28] | 2010 | Typhaceae | |
Vaccinium macrocarpon | 176,045 | 147 | [94] | 2013 | Ericaceae | |
Viscum album | 128,921 | 96 | [78] | 2015 | Viscaceae | Hemiparasitic
|
Viscum minimum | 131,016 | 99 | [78] | 2015 | Viscaceae | Hemiparasitic
|
Vitis vinifera | 160,928 | [95] | 2006 | Vitaceae | ||
Yucca schidigera | 156,158 | [21] | 2005 | APG III )
|
||
Zea mays
|
140,384 | 110 | [96][28] | 2010 | Poaceae |
Green algae
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bryopsis plumosa | 106,859 | 115 | [100] | |
Chaetosphaeridium globosum | 131,183 | 124 | [101] | |
Chara vulgaris | ||||
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | 203,395 | 99 | ||
Chlorella vulgaris | 150,613 | 209 | [102] | |
Chlorokybus atmophyticus
|
201,763 | 70 | [103] | |
Dunaliella salina | CCAP 19/18 | 269,044 | 102 | [104] |
Emiliania huxleyi | 105,309 | 150 | ||
Helicosporidium | 37,454 | 54 | [105] | |
Leptosira terrestris | 195,081 | 117 | [106] | |
Mesostigma viride
|
42,424 | |||
Monomastix | 114,528 | 94 | [107] | |
Nephroselmis olivacea | 200,799 | 127 | [108] | |
Oedogonium cardiacum | 196,547 | 103 | [109] | |
Oltmannsiellopsis viridis | 151,933 | 105 | [110] | |
Ostreococcus tauri | 71,666 | 86 | [111] | |
Pseudendoclonium akinetum | 195,867 | 105 | [112] | |
Pycnococcus provasolii | 80,211 | 98 | [107] | |
Pyramimonas parkeae | 101,605 | 110 | [107] | |
obliquus
|
161,452 | 96 | [113] | |
Staurastrum punctulatum | [114] | |||
Stigeoclonium helveticum | 223,902 | 97 | [115] | |
Tydemania expeditionis | 105,200 | 125 | [100] | |
Ulva sp. | UNA00071828 | 99,983 | 102 | [116] |
Volvox carteri | 420,650 | 91 | [117] | |
Zygnema circumcarinatum |
Red algae
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Year | Taxon | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahnfeltia plicata | 190,451 | 205 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | Ahnfeltiales | ||
Apophlaea sinclairii | 182,437 | 189 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | Hildenbrandiales | ||
Asparagopsis taxiformis | 177,091 | 203 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Bangiopsis subsimplex | 204,784 | 194 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Calliarthron tuberculosum | 178,981 | 238 | [119] | 2013 | |||
japonicum
|
171,634 | 199 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Chondrus crispus | 180,086 | 240 | [119] | 2013 | Gigartinales | ||
Cyanidioschyzon merolae
|
10D | 149,987 | 243 | [120] | 2003 | ||
Cyanidium caldarium | RK1 | 164,921 | 230 | [121] | 2000 | ||
Erythrotrichia carnea
|
210,691 | 191 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Galdieria sulphuraria | 074W | 167,741 | 233 | [122] | 2015 | ||
Gelidium elegans | 174,748 | 234 | [123] | 2016 | |||
Gelidium sinicola | UC276620 | 177,095 | 232 | [124] | 2019 | May be synonymous with G. coulteri | |
Gelidium vagum | 179,853 | 234 | [123] | 2016 | |||
Gracilaria changii | 183,855 | 231 | [125] | 2018 | Gracilariales | ||
Gracilaria chorda | 182,459 | 201 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | Gracilariales | ||
Gracilaria salicornia | 179,757 | 235 | [126] | 2014 | Gracilariales | ||
Gracilaria tenuistipitata | var. liui | 183,883 | 238 | [127] | 2004 | Gracilariales | |
Gracilaria vermiculophylla | 180,254 | 239 | unpublished | Gracilariales | |||
Grateloupia filicina | 195,990 | 265 | unpublished | ||||
Grateloupia taiwanensis | 191,270 | 266 | [128] | 2013 | |||
Hildenbrandia rivularis | 189,725 | 184 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Hildenbrandia rubra | 180,141 | 190 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Kumanoa americana | 184,025 | 234 | [129] | 2018 | |||
Palmaria palmata | 192,960 | 245 | [129] | 2018 | |||
Plocamium cartilagineum | 171,392 | 197 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Porphyra pulchra | 194,175 | 251 | [123] | 2016 | Bangiales | ||
Porphyra purpurea | 191,028 | 253 | [130] | 1993 | Bangiales | ||
Porphyra umbilicalis | 190,173 | 250 | [131] | 2017 | Bangiales | ||
Porphyridium purpureum | NIES 2140 | 217,694 | 260 | [132] | 2014 | ||
Porphyridium sordidum | 259,429 | 227 | [118] | 2016 | |||
Pyropia fucicola | 187,282 | [133] | 2015 | Partial genome | |||
Pyropia haitanensis | PH 38 | 195,597 | 254 | [134] | 2013 | ||
Pyropia kanakaensis | 189,931 | [133] | 2015 | Partial genome | |||
Pyropia perforata | 189,789 | 247 | [133] | 2015 | |||
Pyropia yezoensis | 191,952 | 264 | [134] | 2013 | |||
Rhodochaete parvula
|
221,665 | 195 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Rhodymenia pseudopalmata | 194,153 | 201 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Riquetophycus sp. | 180,384 | 202 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Schimmelmannia schousboei | 181,030 | 202 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Schizymenia dubyi | 183,959 | 204 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Sebdenia flabellata | 192,140 | 205 (coding) | [118] | 2016 | |||
Sporolithon durum | 191,464 | 239 | [123] | 2016 | |||
Thorea hispida | 175,193 | 228 | [129] | 2018 | |||
Vertebrata lanosa
|
167,158 | 192 | [135] | 2015 | Also assigned to genus Polysiphonia |
Glaucophytes
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cyanophora paradoxa | [136] |
Meta-algae and apicomplexans
Meta-algae are organisms with photosynthetic organelles of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic origin, and their close non-photosynthetic, plastid-bearing, relatives. Apicomplexans are a secondarily non-photosynthetic group of chromalveoates which retain a reduced plastid organelle.
Photosynthetic chromalveolates
Dinoflagellate plastid genomes are not organised into a single circular DNA molecule like other plastid genomes, but into an array of mini-circles.
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chromera velia
|
|||||
Chroomonas mesostigmatica | CCMP1168 | 139,403 | 189 | [137] | |
Chroomonas placoidea | CCAP978/8 | 139,432 | 186 | [137] | Contains 3 annotated pseudogenes |
Cryptomonas curvata | CNUKR | 128,285 | 182 | [137] | |
Cryptomonas paramecium | CCAP977/2a | 77,717 | 115 | [138] | |
Emiliania huxleyi | CCMP 373 | 105,309 | 154 | [139] | |
theta
|
121,524 | 167 | [140] | ||
Heterosigma akashiwo | NIES 293 | 159,370 | 198 | [141] | |
Odontella sinensis | 119,704 | 175 | [142] | ||
Phaeodactylum tricornutum | 117,369 | 170 | [143] | ||
salina
|
CCMP1319 | 135,854 | 183 | [144] | |
Storeatula sp. | CCMP1868 | 140,953 | 187 | [137] | |
Teleaulax amphioxeia
|
HACCP-CR01 | 129,772 | 179 | [145] | |
Thalassiosira pseudonana | 128,814 | 180 | [143] |
Chlorarachniophytes
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bigelowiella natans | 69,166 | 98 | [146] | |
Gymnochlora stellata
|
CCMP2053 | 67,451 | 97 | [147] |
Lotharella oceanica
|
CCMP622 | 70,997 | 94 | [148] |
Lotharella vacuolata
|
CCMP240 | 71,557 | 95 | [147] |
Partenskyella glossopodia | RCC365 | 72,620 | 99 | [147] |
Euglenophytes
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Astasia longa | 73.2kb | 84 | ||
Euglena gracilis | 143.2kb | 128 | [149] |
Apicomplexans
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chromera velia
|
||||
Eimeria tenella | Penn State | 34.8kb | 65 | [150] |
Plasmodium falciparum | 34.7kb | 68 | ||
Theileria parva | Mugaga | 39.6kb | 71 | |
Toxoplasma gondii | RH | 35.0kb | 65 |
Nucleomorph genomes
In some photosynthetic organisms that ability was acquired via
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amorphochlora amoebiformis | 373,958 | 340 | [151] | |
Bigelowiella natans | CCMP 621 | 442,036 | 426 (344 protein coding) | [152][153] |
Chroomonas mesostigmatica | CCMP1168 | 702,852 | 581 (505 protein coding) | [154] |
Cryptomonas paramecium | 487,066 | 519 (466 protein coding) | [155] | |
theta
|
672,788 | 743 (632 protein coding) | [156] | |
Hemiselmis andersenii | 571,872 | 525 (471 protein coding) | [157] | |
Lotharella oceanica
|
612,592 | 654 (608 protein coding) | [158] | |
Lotharella vacuolata
|
431,876 | 359 | [151] |
Cyanelle genomes
The unicellular eukaryote
Species | Variety | Size (bp) | Genes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Paulinella chromatophora | 1.02Mb | 867 | [159] |
See also
- List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
- List of sequenced bacterial genomes
- List of sequenced archaeal genomes
- Genome skimming
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- S2CID 85950875.
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External links
- HAMAP proteomes: Plastids
- Complete Plastid Genomes
- Chloroplast Genome Database
- NCBI Eukaryotic Plastid Genomes
- chloroplast genome list Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine In: Montreal genomics Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
- Psilotum nud[1]um
- PMID 184.