List of sovereign states by date of formation
This article possibly contains original research. (July 2019) |
Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.
This list includes the 195 states which are currently member states of the United Nations or non-member observer states with the United Nations General Assembly. This does not include extinct states, but does include several states with limited recognition.[note 1]
For
Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty to Great Britain in 1707), while France is a Republic founded in 1870 (though the term France generally refers to the current French Fifth Republic government, formed in 1958).
An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an almost entirely modern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest extant constitution being that of San Marino, dating to 1600).
Pre-1940 1940–1949 1950–1959 | 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 | 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–present |
Many countries have some remote (or fantastically remote) symbolic foundation date as part of their
The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of formation events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history, please see the main article for that country.
Africa
Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria | 19 September 1958 | Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic proclaimed | 202 BC | Massinissa unifies Numidia which extended from the Moulouya river in the west to Cyrenaica in the east | 18 March 1845 | Lalla Maghnia treaty between |
5 July 1962 | Algeria reclaims sovereignty over the entire Algerian territory upon independence from France | |||||
Angola | 1975 | 11 November 1975 | Independence from Portugal | |||
Benin | 1 March 1960 | 1 August 1960 | Independence from France | 15 January 1894 | Borders of French Protectorate of Dahomey set at conclusion of Second Franco-Dahomean War | |
Botswana | 30 September 1966 | 30 September 1966 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 31 December 1999 | Sedudu ruled to belong to Botswana rather than Namibia by the International Court of Justice. | |
Burkina Faso | 30 September 2022 | Coup d'état | 5 August 1960 | Independence from France | ||
Burundi | 28 November 1966 | Monarchy replaced by republic | 1 July 1962 | Independence from Belgium | ||
Cabo Verde | 5 July 1975 | 5 July 1975 | Independence from Portugal | |||
Cameroon | 20 May 1972 | 1 January 1960 | Independence from France | 1 October 1961 | Merger of part of British Cameroons with Cameroon
| |
Central African Republic | 21 September 1979 | Monarchy replaced by republic | 13 August 1960 | Independence from France | ||
Chad | 10 October 2022 | National Transitional Council established | 11 August 1960 | Independence from France | 3 February 1997 | Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad |
Comoros | 6 July 1975 | Independence from France declared | ||||
Democratic Republic of Congo | 17 May 1997 | 30 June 1960 | Independence from Belgium | |||
Republic of Congo | 15 August 1960 | Independence from France | ||||
Djibouti | 27 June 1977 | Independence from France | ||||
Egypt | 18 June 1953 | Egyptian revolution of 1952 , Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declared
|
28 February 1922 | The UK ends its protectorate, granting independence to Egypt | 1925 | The eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries. |
Equatorial Guinea | 12 October 1968 | Independence from Spain | ||||
Eritrea | 27 April 1993 | Independence from declared
|
1 April 2002 | Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia | ||
Eswatini | 8 February 2006 | Constitution of Eswatini | 6 September 1968 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||
Ethiopia | 21 August 1995 | 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia | 900 | Zagwe dynasty | 1 April 2002 | Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia |
Gabon | 17 August 1960 | Independence from France | ||||
Gambia | 18 February 1965 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
Ghana | 6 March 1957 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 13 December 1956 | Union of British Togoland with Gold Coast | ||
Guinea declaration | 2 October 1958 | Independence from France | ||||
Guinea-Bissau | 24 September 1973 | Independence from Portugal declared | ||||
10 September 1974 | Independence from Portugal recognized | |||||
Ivory Coast | 4 December 1958 | Autonomous republic within French Community | ||||
7 August 1960 | Independence from France | |||||
Kenya | 12 December 1963 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
Lesotho | 4 October 1966 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 12 March 1868 | Area that is now Lesotho placed under British rule | ||
Liberia | 26 July 1847 | Independence from American Colonization Society | 6 January 1986 | Current constitution came into effect | ||
Libya | 4 August 2014 | House of Representatives takes power.[note 2] | 24 December 1951 | Independence from UN Trusteeship (British and French administration after Italian governance ends in 1947)
|
13 February 1984 | Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad. |
Madagascar | 14 October 1958 | The Malagasy Republic was created as autonomous state within French Community | ||||
26 June 1960 | France recognizes Madagascar's independence | |||||
Malawi | 6 July 1964 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
Mali | 25 November 1958 | French Sudan gains autonomy | 8 April 1960 | Senegal secedes from Mali Federation | ||
22 September 1960 | Independence from France | |||||
Mauritania | 28 November 1960 | Independence from France | 11 August 1979 | Mauritania withdraws from Tiris al-Gharbiyya (part of Western Sahara) | ||
Mauritius | 12 March 1968 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 1965 | Separation of Chagos Archipelago | ||
Morocco | 18 November 1955 | Protectorate Abolished | 788, AD | Enthronement of Idris I in Volubilis | 6 November 1975 | Green March |
Mozambique | 27 October 1994 | Mozambique holds its first multiparty election since the Civil War | 25 June 1975 | Independence from Portugal | ||
Namibia | 21 March 1990 | Independence from South African rule | 1 March 1997 | Walvis Bay integrated into Namibia | ||
Niger | 4 December 1958 | Autonomy within French Community | ||||
3 August 1960 | Independence from France | |||||
Nigeria | 1 October 1960 | Independence from the United Kingdom | 15 January 1970 | Biafra re-integrated into Nigeria | ||
1 June 1961 | Northern Cameroons integrated in Nigeria
| |||||
Rwanda | 1 July 1962 | Independence from Belgium | ||||
São Tomé and Príncipe | 12 July 1975 | Independence from Portugal | ||||
Senegal | 20 August 1960 | Independence from France | ||||
Seychelles | 29 June 1976 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
Sierra Leone | 27 April 1961 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
Somalia | 20 August 2012 | Federal Government of Somalia established.[note 3] | 1 July 1960 | Union of Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland )
|
18 May 1991 (disputed) | Somaliland declares independence, but is not recognized by any UN state. |
South Africa | 31 May 1961 | Republic declared | 11 December 1931 | Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominion of the Union of South Africa and the UK | 21 March 1990 | De facto: South West Africa declares independence, forming Namibia |
4 February 1997 | The post-Apartheid Constitution of South Africa comes into effect | 31 May 1910 | Creation of the autonomous Union of South Africa from the previously separate colonies of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange River | 27 April 1994 | De jure: Reincorporation of the nominally independent but unrecognised bantustans into post-apartheid South Africa | |
South Sudan | 9 July 2011 | 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum | 9 July 2011 | Separation of Southern Sudan from Sudan
|
||
Sudan | 15 April 2010 | First democratic election since the Second Sudanese Civil War | 1 January 1956 | Independence from Egyptian and British joint rule | 9 July 2011 | South Sudan secedes from Sudan |
Tanzania | 1 July 1991 | Amendment to Constitution of Tanzania ends status as one-party state | 9 December 1961 | Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom | 26 April 1964 | Merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form Tanzania |
Togo | 30 August 1958 | Autonomy within French Union | ||||
27 April 1960 | Independence from France | |||||
Tunisia | 25 July 2022 | 2022 Constitution of Tunisia | 20 March 1956 | Independence from France | ||
Uganda | 1 March 1962 | Self-government granted | ||||
9 October 1962 | Independence from the United Kingdom | |||||
Zambia | 24 October 1964 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
Zimbabwe | 22 December 1987 | Robert Mugabe revises the Constitution of Zimbabwe to create an executive presidency.[note 4] | 11 November 1965 | Unilateral declaration of independence by Southern Rhodesia
|
1901 | BSAC separates North-Eastern Rhodesia from Southern Rhodesia |
18 April 1980 | Recognized independence from the United Kingdom as Zimbabwe |
Americas
Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antigua and Barbuda | 1 November 1981 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
Argentina | 10 December 1983 | The current Constitution of Argentina enters in force | 25 May 1810 | May Revolution installs first local government | 18 October 1884 | Conquest of the Desert |
9 July 1816 | Argentine Declaration of Independence from Spain. | |||||
Bahamas | 7 January 1964 | Internal self-governance granted | ||||
10 July 1973 | Independence from the United Kingdom | |||||
Barbados | 30 November 1966 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
Belize | 1 January 1964 | Self-governing colony | 1859 | Treaty establishes border between British Honduras and Guatemala | ||
21 September 1981 | Independence from the United Kingdom | |||||
Bolivia | 25 January 2009 | Constitution of Bolivia | 6 August 1825 | Bolivian War of Independence from Spain. | 11 November 1903 | Treaty of Petrópolis with Brazil whereby Bolivia gained lands in Mato Grosso in exchange for the territory of Acre |
21 July 1844 | Independence recognized by Spain
| |||||
Brazil | 5 October 1988 | Constitution of Brazil established as the third Federative Republic | 7 September 1822 | Independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves declared | 11 November 1903 | Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Bolivia whereby Brazil was given the territory of Acre in exchange for lands in Mato Grosso |
29 August 1825 | Independence recognized by Portugal | |||||
15 November 1889 | Proclamation of the Federal Republic | |||||
Canada | 1 July 1867 | Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status), establishing as a federation
|
11 December 1931 | Statute of Westminster | 1 April 1999 | Nunavut Territory created as per native land claims act from two thirds of the area of Northwest Territories. |
17 April 1982 | Constitution Act, 1982 established | |||||
Chile | 17 August 1989 | military dictatorship
|
18 September 1810 | First Government Junta | 3 July 1929 | Chile awarded Arica district in Treaty of Lima |
12 February 1818 | Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain | |||||
25 April 1844 | Independence recognized by Spain
| |||||
Colombia | 4 July 1991 | Colombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic. | 20 July 1810 | Colombia declares independence from Spain. | 4 July 1991 | The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly. |
17 December 1819 | Colombia merged with Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador. | |||||
19 November 1831 | Gran Colombia dissolved creating a pact with Panama as the Republic of New Granada. | |||||
22 May 1858 | The Republic of New Granada was replaced to the Granadine Confederation under the 1858 constitution. | |||||
8 May 1863 | The Granadine Confederation was replaced to the United States of Colombia under the constitutional change of 1864. | |||||
30 January 1881 | Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain | |||||
8 August 1886 | Establishment of the current sovereignty of Colombia as a republic. | |||||
Costa Rica | 7 November 1949 | Constitution of Costa Rica | 15 September 1821 | Costa Rica declared independence from Spain | 25 July 1824 | Partido de Nicoya |
15 November 1838 | Independence from Federal Republic of Central America | |||||
10 May 1850 | Independence recognized by Spain
| |||||
Cuba | 1 January 1959 | Cuban Revolution | 10 October 1898 | Several wars were declared against Spain from 1868 to 1898, ending with the military support of USA to the Cuban Revolution. | ||
10 December 1898 | Spain loses the war against the United States and the military occupation of Cuba by the U.S. begins. | |||||
20 May 1902 | United States military occupation ends[2] | |||||
Dominica | 3 November 1978 | Constitution of Dominica
|
27 February 1967 | Became an associated state of the United Kingdom | ||
3 November 1978 | Independence from the United Kingdom | |||||
Dominican Republic | 28 November 1966 | Civilian constitution of the Dominican Republic following the Dominican Civil War.[note 5] | 27 February 1844 | The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti | 9 May 1936 | Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border. |
14 October 1874 | Independence recognized by Spain
| |||||
Ecuador | 28 September 2008 | Constitution of Ecuador established. | 10 August 1809 | First declaration of Independence from Spain | 26 February 1946 | Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Peru |
24 May 1822 | Second declaration of independence from Spain of Gran Colombia, of which Ecuador is a part of | |||||
13 May 1830 | Dissolution of Gran Colombia | |||||
16 February 1840 | Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain | |||||
El Salvador | 16 December 1983 | Constitution of El Salvador established as the third Unitary presidential republic | 15 September 1821 | El Salvador becomes independent from Spain, and 4 months later becomes province in First Mexican Empire | ||
1 July 1823 | El Salvador becomes a state of Federal Republic of Central America from the First Mexican Empire | |||||
2 February 1841 | Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America, El Salvador becomes independent nation | |||||
18 February 1841 | El Salvador was internationally recognized. | |||||
24 June 1865 | Independence recognized by Spain
| |||||
Grenada | 30 September 1978 | Paul Scoon Takes power after the US Invasion Which Ousted the PRG | 27 February 1967 | Associated state of the United Kingdom | ||
7 February 1974 | Full independence from the United Kingdom | |||||
Guatemala | 31 May 1985 | Constitution of Guatemala established | 15 September 1821 | Guatemala becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain | ||
17 April 1839 | Independence from Federal Republic of Central America declared | |||||
29 May 1863 | Independence recognized by Spain
| |||||
Guyana | 26 May 1966 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
Haiti | March 1987 | Constitution of 1987 (superseded) | 1 January 1804 | The French colony Saint-Domingue gains independence as Haiti | 27 February 1844 | The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti |
9 May 1936 | Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border. | |||||
Honduras | 11 January 1982 | Constitution of Honduras. | 15 September 1821 | Honduras becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain | 1 September 1972 | Swan Islands returned to Honduras from United States occupation |
26 October 1838 | Independence from Federal Republic of Central America | |||||
17 November 1894 | Independence from Spain recognized | |||||
Jamaica | 6 August 1962 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
Mexico | 7 February 1917 | Constitution of Mexico | 16 September 1810 | Independence from Spain declared | 30 December 1853 | Gadsden Purchase |
27 September 1821 | Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
| |||||
28 December 1836 | Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
| |||||
Nicaragua | 9 January 1987 | Constitution of Nicaragua established | 15 September 1821 | Nicaragua becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain | ||
5 November 1838 | Independence from Federal Republic of Central America | |||||
24 July 1850 | Independence recognized by Spain
| |||||
Panama | 11 October 1972 | Constitution of Panama established | 3 November 1903 | Independence from Colombia | 31 December 1999 | Sovereignty of Panama Canal Zone transferred to Panama from the United States |
10 May 1904 | Independence from Spain recognized | |||||
Paraguay | 20 June 1992 | Democratic Constitution of Paraguay | 14 May 1811 | Independence from Spain declared | 1938 | Paraguay awarded a large portion of the Gran Chaco as a result of the Chaco War |
10 September 1880 | Independence from Spain recognized | |||||
Peru | 31 December 1993 | Constitution of Peru established | 28 July 1821 | Independence from Spain declared | 26 February 1942 | Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Ecuador |
14 August 1879 | Independence from Spain recognized | |||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 27 February 1967 | Associated state of the United Kingdom | 19 December 1980 | Anguilla separated from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla | ||
19 September 1983 | Independence from the United Kingdom | |||||
Saint Lucia | 27 February 1967 | Associated statehood | ||||
22 February 1979 | Independence from the United Kingdom | |||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 27 October 1969 | Associated statehood | ||||
27 October 1979 | Independence from the United Kingdom | |||||
Suriname | 15 December 1954 | Self-government granted | ||||
25 November 1975 | Independence from Netherlands | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | 31 August 1962 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
United States | 4 March 1789 | United States Constitution enters into force, replacing the previous Articles of Confederation and creating a new system of government
|
4 July 1776 | Declaration of Independence from Great Britain is adopted by the United States Congress | 21 August 1959 | United States Territory: Territory of Hawaii joins the United States as the State of Hawaii |
3 September 1783 | Independence from Great Britain recognized | 7 September 1981 | Republic of Colombia as a result of a treaty signed in 1972
| |||
Uruguay | 8 December 1996 | 1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum | 25 August 1825 | Independence from Empire of Brazil declared, joined in union with United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (current Argentina). | ||
27 August 1828 | Treaty of Montevideo signed, recognizing Uruguay's independence by Brazil
| |||||
19 July 1870 | Independence recognized by Spain
| |||||
Venezuela | 20 December 1999 | New Constitution of Venezuela establishes the Bolivarian Fifth Republic | 19 April 1810[3] | Independence from Spain declared | 3 October 1899 | British Guyana .
|
13 January 1830 | Dissolution of Gran Colombia | |||||
30 March 1845 | Independence recognized by Spain
|
Asia
Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 15 August 2021 | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan .
|
1747 | Durrani Empire | ||
Armenia | 21 September 1991 | 2015 Armenian constitutional referendum creates a parliamentary republic | 189 BC | Kingdom of Armenia under Artaxiad dynasty[4] | 5 December 1936 | Establishment of the Armenian SSR
|
880 | Evolving as a feudal kingdom in the ninth century, Armenia experienced a brief cultural, political and economic renewal under the Bagratuni dynasty. | |||||
21 September 1991 | Independence recognized by the Soviet Union | |||||
Bahrain | 14 February 2002 | 2002 Constitution of Bahrain | 15 August 1971 | End of treaties with the United Kingdom | 1 July 1521 | Portuguese conquest of current territory |
Bangladesh | 4 November 1972 | De jure: Constitution of Bangladesh | 26 March 1971 | Independence from Pakistan declared | 31 July 2015 | India and Bangladesh exchange enclaves |
February 27, 1991 | De facto: parliamentary democracy .
| |||||
Bhutan | 24 March 2008 | First elections to the National Assembly | 1885 | Ugyen Wangchuck ends period of civil war and unites Bhutan | 11 November 1865 | Treaty of Sinchula
|
Brunei | 29 September 1959 | De jure: Constitution of Brunei | 1 January 1984 | Brunei regains its independence after an agreement with the British on 4 January 1979 | 18 August 1841 | Kingdom of Sarawak founded
|
12 December 1962 | De facto: Brunei Revolt , suspending democratic elections indefinitely.
| |||||
Cambodia | 21 September 1993 | Constitution of Cambodia
|
802 | Khmer Empire[5] | ||
9 November 1953 | France grants Cambodia independence | |||||
26 September 1989 | Becomes free from Vietnamese occupation; it gets back its name instead of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
| |||||
Republic of China (Taiwan)[Asia 1] | 1 January 1912 | A republic was formally established following the Xinhai Revolution ,
|
1600 BC | The Chinese history firmly supported by archaeological evidence
|
20 January 1955 | Loss of Yijiangshan Islands, resulting in the current free area of the Republic of China |
25 December 1947 | The Republic of China adopted its constitution during the National Assembly on 25 December 1947, with further revisions and amendments since 1991 | |||||
People's Republic of China
|
1 October 1949 | Proclamation of the People's Republic of China in Beijing | 6 October 2011 | Tajikistan ceded 1158 square kilometers of land to China | ||
4 December 1982 | The People's Republic of China adopted its constitution during the 5th National People's Congress on 4 December 1982, with further revisions about every five years | |||||
India | 26 January 1950 | De jure: Constitution of India | 15 August 1947 | Independence from the British Empire | 31 July 2015 | India and Bangladesh exchange exclaves |
2500 BC | Indus Valley Civilisation was the earliest settlement in India | |||||
Iran | 11 February 1979 | Iranian Revolution ended the monarchy and establishes the Islamic Republic on 11 February 1979 | 2600 BC | Founded by the Elamite
|
10 February 1828 | Signing of the Russia
|
14 August 1971 | Bahrain's independence from Iran | |||||
30 November 1971 | Recapture of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs | |||||
3 December 1979 | the new constitution was approved according to the results of the constitutional referendum of 2 and 3 December 1979 | |||||
Iraq | 15 October 2005 | Constitution of Iraq following the Iraq War[note 6] | 762 | The Abbasid Caliphate built the city of Baghdad along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of the Arab and Muslim world for five centuries | 28 February 1991 | Kuwait liberated.[note 6] |
3 October 1932 | Kingdom of Iraq | |||||
Israel | 14 May 1948 | Democratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel
|
14 May 1948 | Democratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel
|
14 December 1981 | The Six-day war to Israel proper; they were administered as a militarily-occupied territory until that point.
|
12 September 2005 | The Completion of Israel's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip
| |||||
Japan | 22 December 1885 | On December 22, 1885, "Daijo-kan No. 69" were established, and the Cabinet system was established in place of the Daijo-kan system. | 11 February 660 BC | Traditional founding date of the Emperor Jimmu .
|
15 May 1972 | Return of the Ryukyu Islands to Japan and abolition of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands |
Jordan | 1 January 1952 | Constitution of Jordan | 25 May 1946 | End of the British Mandate for Palestine | 26 October 1997 | Signing of the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, whereby most of the disputed 400 square-kilometer area in the Arabah was handed back to Jordan
|
12 June 2011 | The Cabinet of Jordan is made an elected body[6] | |||||
North Korea | 9 September 1948 | Kim dynasty. Independence declared from the Soviet Union .
|
918 | The exonym Korea originated from the word Goryeo.
|
12 October 1962 | Signing of the Sino–Korean Border Agreement with the People's Republic of China
|
25 December 1972 | The Constitution of North Korea replaced Communism with Juche as North Korea's governing philosophy.[note 7] | |||||
South Korea | 15 August 1948 | First Republic of Korea established, Independence declared from the United States | 27 July 1953 | Cease-fire in the Military Demarcation Line
| ||
29 October 1987 | Current Sixth Republic of South Korea founded, ending military rule
| |||||
Kuwait | 11 November 1962 | Constitution of Kuwait | 1752 | Establishment of the Sheikhdom of Kuwait | 18 December 1969 | Formal division of Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone
|
Kyrgyzstan | 10 June 2010 | Constitution of Kyrgyzstan introduces parliamentary system. | 31 August 1991 | Independence from the Soviet Union[7] | 5 December 1936 | Establishment of the Kirghiz SSR
|
Laos | 2 December 1975 | Lao PDR formed | 22 October 1953 | Independence from France | ||
Lebanon | 23 May 1926 | Lebanese Republic formed | 26 November 1941 | Independence from France declared | 1 September 1920 | France establishes State of Greater Lebanon with current boundaries |
22 November 1943 | Independence from France recognized | |||||
Malaysia | 16 September 1963 | Formation of Malaysia[8][9] | 31 August 1957 | Dataran Merdeka (Independence Square)
|
9 August 1965 | Singapore expelled from the Federation of Malaysia[11][12][13] |
16 September 1963 | Malaysia was formed by the federation of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore with the existing States of the Federation of Malaya.[8][14] | |||||
Maldives | 11 November 1968 | Declaration of Republic | 26 July 1965 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||
Mongolia | 12 February 1992 | parliamentary democracy .
|
1206 | Mongol Empire formed | ||
29 December 1911 | Proclamation of Mongolian independence from Manchu's Qing dynasty | |||||
Myanmar | 1 February 2021 | The SAC with help from the Tatmadaw overthrows the elected government | 849 | Early Pagan Kingdom formed[15] | ||
4 January 1948 | Myanmar (Burma) declares independence from the British Empire | 1956 | Signing of border treaty with the People's Republic of China | |||
Nepal | 28 May 2008 | Formation of Republic | 25 September 1768 | Nepali unification | 2 December 1815 | Gurkha War
|
Oman | 10 June 1749 | Beginning of the absolute monarchical line of Oman.
|
26 January 1650 | Expulsion of the Portuguese | 8 December 1958 | Gwadar sold to Pakistan |
1996 | Basic Law of Oman
| |||||
Pakistan | 14 August 1973 | Constitution of Pakistan | 14 August 1947 | Establishment from the Indian Empire after Independence from the British Empire and Partition of India | ||
Palestine[Asia 2] | 4 May 1994 | Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area | 15 November 1988 | Palestinian Declaration of Independence | 15 June 2007 | Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip |
Philippines[Asia 3] | 2 February 1987 | The current form of government was established in 1987, as a compromise between different versions of the previous constitutions and patterned after the 1935 Commonwealth constitution | 12 June 1898 | The This difference in viewpoints was not resolved. | 2012[19][20] | In 2012, the United Nations approved a 2009 claim by the Philippines to the Benham Rise.[20] |
10 December 1898 | Spain, still sovereign,[note 9] cedes the Philippines to the United States via the Treaty of Paris (1898).[21] | |||||
4 July 1946 | The United States recognizes Philippine independence under the provisions of the 1987 Constitution .
| |||||
Qatar | 8 September 1971 | Influence from Britain concluded | 18 December 1878 | Independence from the Ottoman Empire | 4 November 2021 | Acquisition of the rest of Khawr al Udayd[citation needed] |
Saudi Arabia | 23 September 1932 | Regions of Nejd and Hejaz unified to become Saudi Arabia
|
13 January 1902 | Establishment of the Third Saudi State | 4 November 2021 | Fixed border territory with Qatar |
Singapore | 9 August 1965[11] | Singapore ceased to be a state of Malaysia | 3 June 1959 | Self-government under the United Kingdom | 9 August 1965 | Establishment of Singapore as an independent sovereign state[13] |
9 August 1965 | separate from and independent of Malaysia[11][12] | |||||
Sri Lanka | 22 May 1972 | Constitution of Sri Lanka | 4 February 1948 | Independence from United Kingdom | 14 February 1815 | De jure: The Kandyan Kingdom is annexed by British Ceylon
|
18 May 2009 | De facto: The Sri Lankan government regains control of the whole island following the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War. | |||||
Syria | 27 February 2012 | Constitution of Syria[note 10] | 28 September 1961 | End of the United Arab Republic | 8 November 1941 | De jure: French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon[note 10]
|
10 June 1967 | De facto: Six-day War
| |||||
Tajikistan | 9 September 1991 | Independence from the Soviet Union[7] | 5 December 1929 | Establishment of the Tajik SSR
| ||
Thailand | 6 April 2017 | Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2017 | 6 November 1767 | Salvage Independence by King Taksin the Great consist of expulsion of Burmese out of former capital (Through Taksin's reunification of Siam on October-6 November 1767) and Establish a New kingdom together with reunification of Thailand | 10 March 1909 | Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 |
Timor-Leste | 20 May 2002 | Constitution of East Timor | 20 May 2002 | Independence was recognized by the international community following the UN-sponsored act of self-determination of 1999 | 1914 | The borders of Portuguese Timor are agreed.[22] |
Turkmenistan | 28 September 2008 | Constitution of Turkmenistan | 27 October 1991 | Independence from the Soviet Union[7] | 7 August 1921 | Establishment of the Turkmen SSR
|
United Arab Emirates | 2 December 1971 | End of treaty relationship with the United Kingdom | 11 February 1972 | Ras al-Khaimah joins the UAE
| ||
Uzbekistan | 31 August 1991 | Independence from the Soviet Union declared[7] | 24 October 1924 | Establishment of the Uzbek SSR
| ||
Vietnam | 31 December 1959 | socialist republic
|
2 September 1945 | Withdrawal of the Japanese after World War II | 2 July 1976 | Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
1 January 2014 | Current Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| |||||
Yemen | 22 May 1990 | Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen | 1597 | Qasimid State/Zaidi Imamate[23] | ||
1 November 1918 | North Yemen independence from the Ottoman Empire
|
21 September 2014 | Sana'a
| |||
30 November 1967 | South Yemen independence from the United Kingdom | 26 April 2020 | Southern Transitional Council declares self-governance of Socotra and some areas controlled by the former PDR Yemen. |
- Table notes
- One-China policy and Political status of Taiwan.
- ^ Palestinian National Authority: For some clarification and more detail, see History of the State of Palestine.
- Timeline of Philippine Sovereignty and Sovereignty of the Philippines.
Europe
Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulgaria | 10 November 1989 | People's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by the Republic of Bulgaria | 681 on territories of the Eastern Roman Empire
|
(Danubian) Bulgaria | 28 October 1944 | Under the 1944 Armistice with the Allies, Bulgaria renounces the 1941 annexation of Vardar Macedonia from Yugoslavia and Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace from Greece. Formally confirmed on 10 February 1947 by Paris Peace Treaties. |
1185 | Second Bulgarian Empire formed | |||||
13 July 1878 | Autonomy within Ottoman Empire recognized internationally by the Treaty of Berlin | |||||
22 September 1908 | Independence from Ottoman Empire | |||||
Andorra | 28 April 1993 | Current Constitution of Andorra entered force | 1278 | Independence from Aragon | 28 August 2001 | The Andorra–France border is adjusted to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge |
Austria | 12 November 1918 | Declaration of the Republic of German-Austria | 17 September 1156 | Privilegium Minus: Sovereignty from Duchy of Bavaria as a Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire | 14 December 1921 | City of plebiscite
|
11 August 1804 | Proclamation of the Austrian Empire | |||||
27 April 1945 | Restoration of the Republic of Austria | |||||
Belarus | 28 November 1996 | National Assembly
|
882 | Formation of the Kievan Rus' | ||
27 July 1990 | Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic
|
1945 | Western border with Poland: modification of the Curzon Line determined at the 1945 Yalta Conference | |||
25 August 1991 | Independence recognized by Soviet Union[7] | |||||
Belgium | 21 July 1831 | King Leopold I of Belgium swears allegiance to the constitution making the country a constitutional monarchy | 4 October 1830 | Independence was proclaimed by the provisonial government | 28 June 1919 | Belgian proper: East Cantons
|
1 July 1962 | Belgian colonial empire: Ruanda-Urundi declares independence and split within two countries: Rwanda and Burundi. | |||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3 March 1992 | 3 March 1992 | Independence declared from the SFR Yugoslavia[note 11] | 25 November 1943 | Establishment of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | |
Albania | 29 April 1991 | Socialist People's Republic of Albania was replaced by the Republic of Albania.
|
1190 c. | Progon .
|
1945 | Occupied Kosovo, west Macedonia and border region of Montenegro returned to Yugoslavia |
28 November 1912 | Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire | |||||
28 November 1944 | Albanian state re-established after Italian/German occupation | |||||
Croatia | 8 October 1991 | Independence from SFR Yugoslavia[note 11] | 879 | Duke Branimir was recognized as an independent ruler of the Duchy of Croatia by Pope John VIII.[24][25][26][27][28] | 10 February 1947 | Annexation of most of Istria to SR Croatia as a result of signing the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties |
925 | Formation of Kingdom of Croatia by King Tomislav
| |||||
Czech Republic | 1 January 1993 | Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, creating Czech Republic and Slovakia | October 1918 | Creation of Czechoslovakia | ||
Denmark | 5 June 1953 | Constitutional Act of Denmark | 965 | Harald Bluetooth unifies Denmark | 15 June 1920 | Denmark proper: Sønderjylland was recovered from Germany.[note 12]
|
Estonia | 24 February 1918 | Estonian Declaration of Independence, whereby a republic was declared[Europe 1] | 20 August 1991 | Independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation[note 13] | 1 January 1945 | De facto: Eastern coast of Russian SFSR
|
Finland | 29 March 1809 | Diet of Porvoo, birth of Finland as an autonomous state entity within Russian Empire | 6 December 1917 | Independence from declared
|
26 January 1956 | Porkkala returned from Soviet control
|
3 January 1918 | Independence from Russia recognized by the highest Soviet executive body, VTsIK
| |||||
France | 4 October 1958 | Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic
|
481 then 843 |
First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks. Then creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of Verdun | 10 February 1947 | Metropolitan France: Annexation of Tende, La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy.[note 14][note 15] |
22 September 1792 | French Republic founded. | 30 July 1980 | New Hebrides Condominium declares independence and becomes Vanuatu .
| |||
Germany | 23 May 1949 | The Basic Law of Germany comes into effect. | 843 then
962 |
Creation of East Francia
East Francia becomes the Holy Roman Empire (with the Kingdom of Germany as a main part of the empire) |
3 October 1990 | Reunification of West Germany and East Germany |
1815 | German Confederation founded | |||||
18 January 1871 | German Empire founded | |||||
1954 | German Democratic Republic (commonly referred to at the time as East Germany ) declared fully sovereign
| |||||
5 May 1955 | Federal Republic of Germany (commonly referred to at the time as West Germany ) declared fully sovereign
| |||||
15 May 1991 | Four Power occupation.
| |||||
Greece | 11 June 1975 | Third Hellenic Republic | 600 BC | Peloponnesian League / Spartan Alliance[30] | 10 February 1947 | Peace treaty with Italy awards the Dodecanese to Greece
|
478 BC | Delian League / Athenian Empire[31] | |||||
338 BC | League of Corinth / | |||||
3 February 1830 | Modern Greece Independence recognized by the London Protocol as Kingdom of Greece.[33] | |||||
Hungary | 23 October 1989 | People's Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Republic of Hungary .
|
895 | Principality of Hungary formed | 10 February 1947 | With the Paris Peace Treaty, Hungary loses all territories that were regained with the First and Second Vienna Awards and during World War II, thus it returns to the 1937 borders (except for three villages in the northwest given to Czechoslovakia). |
1 January 2012 | The Basic Law of Hungary comes into effect. | 1000 | Formation of the Kingdom of Hungary by Stephen I of Hungary. | |||
Iceland | 930 | The Althingi (Parliament).
|
1 December 1918 | Iceland becomes sovereign and independent from Denmark as the Kingdom of Iceland but retains a personal union with the King of Denmark. | 1 September 1972 | No territorial changes on land have taken place, however the expansion of the Exclusive Economic Zone was such an important change in territory for Iceland that it merits a special inclusion here.
|
1 July 1845 | The Althingi resumes meeting after hiatus since 1799.
|
17 June 1944 | Kingdom of Iceland becomes a Republic. | |||
Ireland | 21 January 1919 | Elected Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann unilaterally declares Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom | 1542 | Foundation of the Kingdom of Ireland | ||
6 December 1922 | Irish Free State secedes from United Kingdom by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty but remains a dominion of the British Empire | 8 December 1922 | De facto: Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State and rejoins the United Kingdom in accordance with the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 | |||
11 December 1931 | Statute of Westminster confers legislative independence from the United Kingdom | |||||
29 December 1937 | Constitution of Ireland establishes the roles of Taoiseach and President, and replaces the Irish Free State (or Saorstat Eireann in Irish language) with a new state named Ireland (or Éire in Irish language). | 18 April 1949 | Republic of Ireland Act 1948 terminates the functions of the British King in Ireland's diplomatic relations; domestic United Kingdom law purports that Ireland was one of the King's dominions until this date; Irish law does not accept this interpretation.
|
2 December 1999 | De jure: Amendment to the Irish constitution removes irredentist claims to Northern Ireland.[note 16] | |
Italy | 2 June 1946 | Italian Republic founded.
|
1720 | Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Sardinia, existing since 1324 as part of the Spanish Empire first and subsequently of the Holy Roman Empire. | 1 January 1948 | The Peace treaty with Italy officially determines the boundaries of the Republic of Italy. The Italian Constitution of 1948 implements it at articles 10 and 117.
|
17 March 1861 | Italian unification
| |||||
25 April 1945 | Disestablishment of the German-backed Italian Social Republic, whereby the unity and independence of the Italian state was restored | |||||
Kosovo | 17 February 2008 | Kosovo Republic founded | 2008 | Kosovan-Serbian War | 2008 | Kosovo War |
Latvia | 7 November 1922 | Constitution of Latvia enforced[Europe 1] | 4 May 1990 | Independence (from Soviet Union) reasserted[note 13] | 1944 | Russian SFSR (modern Russia)
|
Liechtenstein | 16 March 2003 | The 2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum increases the Prince's powers and makes the country an absolute monarchy[34] | 19 October 1813 | Dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine | 23 January 1719 | Purchase of Vaduz |
Lithuania | 11 March 1990 | Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation[note 13][Europe 1] | 16 February 1918 | Independence declared from Germany and Russia | 27 October 1939 and 3 August 1940 |
Western part (approximately half) of Vilnius Region ceded to Lithuania |
Luxembourg | 23 November 1890 | Separates from union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, becomes Grand Duchy in its own right | 1945 | End of German occupation during World War II | 19 April 1839 | Partition of Luxembourg under the Treaty of London |
Malta | 13 December 1974 | The State of Malta became a republic | 21 September 1964 | Independence from United Kingdom | 20 August 1801 | Gozo rejoined Malta
|
Moldova | 27 August 1997 | Constitution of Moldova (1997) | 27 August 1991 | Independence from Soviet Union[7] | 2 August 1940 | De jure: Moldavian SSR formed
|
2 September 1990 | De facto: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic declares independence. The government is not recognized by any UN member , but has de facto control over the Transnistria region.
| |||||
Monaco | 17 December 1962 | Amendment to Constitution of Monaco curtails the power of the prince and establishes the modern National Council | 1297 | François Grimaldi captures the fortress atop the Rock of Monaco. | 1848 | Secession of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. |
Montenegro | 22 October 2007 | Constitution of Montenegro | 3 June 2006 | Declaration of independence from Serbia and Montenegro. | ||
Netherlands | 24 August 1815 | Adoption of the constitution of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. | 26 July 1581 | Plakkaat van Verlatinghe signed, independence from Spain
|
16 March 1839 | European Netherlands: .
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands divided under the Treaty of London (1839) |
15 December 1954 | Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands signed | 5 May 1945 | Surrender of Nazi forces occupying the Netherlands
|
25 November 1975 | Kingdom of the Netherlands: Suriname declares independence. | |
North Macedonia (until 2019 Republic of Macedonia) |
17 November 1991 | Constitution of North Macedonia | 8 September 1991 | After a referendum, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia[note 11] | 2 August 1944 | Establishment of SR Macedonia |
Norway | 1814 | Constitution of Norway | 872 | King Harald I of Norway unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway .
|
27 February 1930 | Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway. |
1814 | Dissolution of the union between Norway and Denmark. | |||||
7 June 1905 | Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden. | |||||
8 May 1945 | German occupying forces surrender. | |||||
Poland | 4 June 1989 | The first partially free Parliament's vote after 45-year-long Soviet domination | 966 | Adoption of Christianity by the first historically documented Polish ruler Mieszko I. | 15 February 1951 | Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty |
11 November 1918 | Poland regains its independence. | |||||
Portugal | 2 April 1976 | Constitution of Portugal | 5 October 1143 | Formation of Kingdom of Portugal by Treaty of Zamora signing. | 6 June 1801 | Continental Portugal: Spain occupies the present day border town of Olivença since the War of the Oranges. |
20 December 1999 | People's Republic of China
| |||||
20 May 2002 | Portuguese Overseas: De jure: Portuguese Timor, occupied by Indonesia since 1975, officially dissolved to form the independent state of East Timor.[note 17] | |||||
Romania | 22 December 1989 | Romanian Revolution of 1989
|
24 January 1859 | Autonomous Principality of Romania founded; becomes kingdom in 1866 and achieved independence 1878 Ottoman Empire | 10 February 1947 | Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina |
13 July 1878 | International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin. | |||||
San Marino | 1600 | Constitution of San Marino | 3 September 301 | Independence from Roman Empire | 1463 | Added Serravalle, and Faetano
|
Serbia | 27 April 1992 | Independence from Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[note 11]
|
780 | 8th century-Creation of the Southeastern Europe .
|
17 February 2008 (disputed)[35] | The region of Kosovo declared independence unilaterally on 17 February 2008, and is recognized by 97 UN states. Serbia recognizes the government of Kosovo but claims its territory as an Autonomous Province. |
8 June 2006 | Republic of Serbia declared legal successor to Serbia and Montenegro, ending the process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia. | 13 July 1878 | International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin. | |||
Slovakia | 1 January 1993 | Dissolution of Czechoslovakia | October 1918 | Creation of Czechoslovakia | ||
Slovenia | 13 December 1991 | Constitution of Slovenia | 25 June 1991 | Declaration of independence from Yugoslavia[note 11] | 19 February 1945 | Formation of SR Slovenia |
Spain | 6 December 1978 | Spanish Constitution
|
1479 | Dinastical unification of the Catholic Monarchs. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other; alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States.[36]
|
26 February 1976 | Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords. |
1707~1716 | De jure by the Nueva Planta decrees | |||||
1831 | Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creation de jure, of the unified Kingdom of Spain. | |||||
Sweden | 1 January 1974 | Instrument of Government
|
970 (Or prior) | Eric the Victorious, the first king of Sweden about whom anything definite is known, becomes king. | 29 March 1809 | Loss of Finland to Imperial Russia .
|
6 June 1523 | Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden and marking a definite secession from the Kalmar Union. | |||||
Switzerland | 12 November 1848 | Foundation of the Sonderbund war
|
1291 | Traditional founding | 1815 | The cantons of Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva join the Swiss Confederation. |
7 August 1815 | Napoleon Bonaparte .
| |||||
Ukraine | 24 August 1991 | Independence of former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from Soviet Union declared.[7] | 882 | Formation of the Kievan Rus' | 30 September 2022 (disputed) | Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia |
22 January 1918 | Ukraine declares independence as the Ukrainian People's Republic. | |||||
United Kingdom | 8 December 1922 | The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .
|
927 | Kingdom of England | 1603 | The Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots inherited the crowns of England and Ireland; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal and religious institutions.[37][38] |
843 | Kingdom of Scotland
(Devolved Parliament since 1999) | |||||
1057[39] then 1165[40] |
Kingdom of Wales then Principality of Wales (Annexed by England in 1542) | |||||
1171 then 1542 |
Lordship of Ireland then Kingdom of Ireland | |||||
1 May 1707 | Kingdom of Great Britain
(United the parliaments of Scotland and England) |
|||||
1 January 1801 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland[41][42][43]
(United the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland) |
6 December 1922 then 8 December 1922 |
Irish Free State secedes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. | |||
1 July 1997 | People's Republic of China in 1997.[note 14]
| |||||
Vatican City | 1274 | Birth of current form of government the Papal conclave in 1274 | 7 June 1929 | Ratification of the Lateran Treaty, making the Vatican City a sovereign state | 11 February 1929 | Signing of the Lateran Treaty |
- Table notes
- ^ successor states of the USSR. For more information, see State continuity of the Baltic states.
Australia/Oceania
Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | 1 January 1901 | Commonwealth of Australia established as federation. | 1 January 1901 | Independence from United Kingdom. | 16 September 1975 | Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia |
11 December 1931 | Statute of Westminster | |||||
3 March 1986 | Australia Act 1986 | |||||
Cook Islands | State in free association with New Zealand with a local prime minister | 4 August 1965 | 1962 autonomy of New Zealand | |||
Fiji | 10 October 1970 | Independence from the United Kingdom | ||||
Kiribati | 12 July 1979 | Independence from United Kingdom | 1 October 1975 | Separation of the Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu )
| ||
Marshall Islands | 1 May 1979 | Constitution and local government established | 21 October 1986 | Compact of Free Association with the United States | ||
Federated States of Micronesia | 10 May 1979 | Constitution ratified | 3 November 1986 | Compact of Free Association with the United States | 10 May 1979 | Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae unite to form the Federated States of Micronesia |
Nauru | 31 January 1968 | Independence from UN Trusteeship (Australian, British and New Zealand administration ends) | ||||
New Zealand | 6 February 1840 | Treaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes[44] | 17 January 1853 | Self-Government | 1 June 1962 | Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent. |
18 April 1856 | Responsible Government
| |||||
26 September 1907 | Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status).
| |||||
25 October 1926 | Balfour Declaration of 1926 — Great Britain and the Dominions are "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs" | |||||
27 July 1938 | Governor-General ceases to represent the British Government and becomes the personal representative of the King. | |||||
25 November 1947 | Statute of Westminster adopted — Britain loses the power to legislate for New Zealand except by request | |||||
10 December 1947 | Full power to amend own constitution | |||||
1 December 1967 | Governor-General becomes a New Zealand appointment | |||||
Palau | 1 January 1981 | Republic of Palau created upon adoption of constitution | 1 October 1994 | Emerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States). | ||
Papua New Guinea | 1 December 1973 | Self-governing territory | ||||
16 September 1975 | Independence from Australia | |||||
Samoa | 1 June 1962 | Independence from New Zealand | ||||
Solomon Islands | 2 January 1976 | Self-government granted by United Kingdom | ||||
7 July 1978 | Independence from the United Kingdom | |||||
Tonga | 4 July 1970 | Independence from United Kingdom | 4 December 1845 | Unification of what is now the islands of Tonga by George Tupou I of Tonga
| ||
Tuvalu | 1 October 1975 | Separation of Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu)
|
1 October 1978 | Independence from United Kingdom | 7 February 1979 | Treaty with United States recognizing Tuvaluan control over Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita atolls |
Vanuatu | 30 July 1980 | Independence from joint British-French condominium[45] |
Transcontinental states
Country | Date of current form of government | Birth of current form of government | Date of acquisition of sovereignty | Acquisition of sovereignty | Date of territorial modification | Most recent significant territorial modification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Azerbaijan | 18 October 1991 | Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union | 28 May 1918 | Establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.[7] | 28 April 1920 | Establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR
|
Colombia | 4 August 1886 | Creation of the Republic of Colombia | 20 July 1810 | Independence declared from Spain | 3 November 1903 | Separation of Panama from Colombia |
7 August 1819 | Independence recognized by Spain | |||||
1830 | Dissolution of Gran Colombia | |||||
Cyprus | 16 August 1960 | Constitution of Cyprus establishes consocial government. Consociationalism de facto suspended in 1963.[46][47][48] | 16 August 1960 | Independence from United Kingdom | 23 July 1974 | Establishment of the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus |
15 November 1983 (disputed) | Northern Cyprus declares independence. The government has de facto control of the northern part of the island, but is only recognized by Turkey | |||||
Egypt | 18 June 1953 | Egyptian revolution of 1952 , Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declared
|
28 February 1922 | The UK ends its protectorate, granting independence to Egypt | 1925 | The eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries. |
France | 22 September 1792 | French Republic founded. | 481 then 843 |
First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks. Then creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of Verdun | 10 February 1947 | Metropolitan France: Annexation of Tende, La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy.[note 18][note 19] |
4 October 1958 | Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic
|
30 July 1980 | New Hebrides Condominium declares independence and becomes Vanuatu .
| |||
Georgia | 9 April 1991 | Independence from the Soviet Union declared | 1008 | Establishment of the Kingdom of Georgia | 23 July 1992 | Abkhazia unilaterally declared independence |
26 May 1918 | Establishment of Democratic Republic of Georgia[7] | 28 November 1991 | South Ossetia unilaterally declared independence | |||
Indonesia | 18 August 1945 | Ratification of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence
|
17 August 1945 | Indonesian Declaration of Independence from Netherlands
|
20 May 2002 | Independence of East Timor, formerly administered as a province of Indonesia |
27 December 1949 | Independence from the Netherlands recognized | |||||
Kazakhstan | 30 August 1995 | Constitution of Kazakhstan | 16 December 1991 | Independence declared from the Soviet Union[7] | 5 December 1936 | Establishment of the Kazakh SSR
|
30 March 1993 (disputed) | Baikonur Cosmodrome and surrounding areas leased to Russia.[note 20] | |||||
Panama | 3 November 1903 | Separation of Panama from Colombia, independence from Spain | 1 October 1979 | Panama Canal Zone | ||
Russia | 25 December 1993 | 1993 Russian constitutional referendum replaces the Supreme Soviet with the Federal Assembly and increases presidential power. | 882 | Formation of the Kievan Rus' | 30 September 2022 (disputed) | Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia |
25 December 1991 | After the USSR .
| |||||
Spain | 6 December 1978 | Spanish Constitution
|
1479 | Dinastical unification of the Catholic Monarchs. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other; alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States.[36]
|
26 February 1976 | Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords. |
1707~1716 | De jure by the Nueva Planta decrees | |||||
1831 | Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creation de jure, of the unified Kingdom of Spain. | |||||
Turkey | 24 June 2018 | 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum comes into effect; Turkey transitions from a parliamentary republic to a presidential republic. | 1299 | Formation of the Ottoman Empire | 29 June 1939 | Turkey annexes the once Syrian province of Hatay. |
29 October 1923 | The Republic of Turkey , as the legal successor state to the Ottoman Empire.
| |||||
United Kingdom | 8 December 1922 | The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .
|
927 | Kingdom of England | 1603 | The Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots inherited the crowns of England and Ireland; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal and religious institutions.[37][38] |
843 | Kingdom of Scotland
(Devolved Parliament since 1999) | |||||
1057[39] then 1165[40] |
Kingdom of Wales then Principality of Wales (Annexed by England in 1542) | |||||
1171 then 1542 |
Lordship of Ireland then Kingdom of Ireland | |||||
1 May 1707 | Kingdom of Great Britain
(United the parliaments of Scotland and England) |
6 December 1922 then 8 December 1922 |
Irish Free State secedes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. | |||
1 January 1801 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland[41][42][43]
(United the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland) | |||||
1 July 1997 | People's Republic of China in 1997.[note 14]
|
Sortable list
In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence from decolonization (e.g. 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from the United Kingdom and France between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of a political union (e.g. 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g. 6 current states gained control of sovereignty from Nazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).
Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.
In a union such as Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th-century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.[50]
There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (i.e. not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case in human history is the
The Holy Roman Empire is not considered a state by modern historians, but a political entity bringing together several sovereign states in a confederation.
The concept of
Country | Continent | Acquisition of sovereignty |
Date of last subordination |
Previous governing power | Historical Notes | Description of Country |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | Asia | July 1747 (Durrani Empire) | 1796 | Afsharid Empire
|
2021–present: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (de facto)2004–2021: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (de jure; internationally recognized Government) 2002–2004: Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan 1996–2001: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1987–1992: Republic of Afghanistan Khwarazmian Kingdom 1003–1163: Ghaznavid Sultanate 873–1003: Saffarid Emirate 821–873: Part of Tahirid Emirate 750–821: Part of Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate 500–661: Part of Sasanian Empire 320–500 AD: Kidarite Kingdom 30–320 AD: Kushan Empire 150 BC–30 AD: Part of Indo-Parthian Kingdom and the Indo-Scythians 256–150 BC: Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 549–256 BC: Part of Macedonian Empire 549–330 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire 678–549 BC: Part of Median Kingdom/Empire Since 48,000 BC humans have been known to be living in the region, starting as Part of Indus Valley civilisation and Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
|
Afghanistan is a theocratic unitary Islamic autocracy, considered by many a dictatorship, the Taliban group does not respect human rights and is therefore criticized by the international community, Afghanistan has gone through reigns, empires and republics,The Taliban's opposition is made up of the West and NATO, in the East it is opposed by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan, the Islamic State of Khorasan Province and Fidai Mahaz.
the Taliban are natively of Pashto ethnicity so they are supported by Pashto groups in the region of Afghanistan and Pakistan as: Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Haqqani , Jamaat al-Dawah ila al-Quran wal-Sunnah , Tora Bora military front , Turkestan Islamic Party , Lashkar-e-Taiba, Al Qaeda , Jamat Ansarullah , Jaish-e-Mohamed , Harkat-ul-Mujahideen , Al-Badr , Caucasian Front , Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind , Hizb ut-Tahrir Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi . The following countries also recognize the Taliban as Afghanistan:Qatar Pakistan Saudi Arabia Afghanistan was invaded by the United States after allegedly planned the 2001 Twin Towers attack. the afghanistan war was started by George H. bush in 2001, around 10,000 Afghans were killed in the war, including commander Muhammad Umar. The following countries also recognize the Taliban as Afghanistan: Qatar Pakistan Saudi Arabia Afghanistan was invaded by the United States after allegedly planned the 2001 Twin Towers attack. |
Albania | Europe | 28 Nov 1912 | Nov 1944[51] | Germany | 1992–present: Republic of Albania
1946–92: People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1944–46: Democratic Government of Albania
1943–44: Albanian Kingdom, independent country militarly occupied by Germany 1939–43: |
Albania is a unitary parliamentary republic, which is mostly Islamic, for a long time Albania was a colony of the Ottoman Turkish Empire and then inherited the religion of the empire, Albanian nationalists believe in the idea of "Greater Albania" where Albania would encompass lands of Kosovo and Montenegro with a Muslim majority, this idea has existed since the Ottoman Turkish empire.
Albania and Kosovo are close countries, Albania helped Kosovo in the war, but Kosovo continued to be the poorest region in the Balkans. |
Algeria | Africa | 3 July 1962[53] | 3 July 1962[54] | France | 1962–present: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (via Évian Accords) 1830–1962: Part of French Colonial Empire (as an integral territory) 1659–1830: De facto Independence of Regency of Algiers 1519–1659: Part of the Regency of Algiers )1516-1519: Sultanate of Algiers
1235–1554: Kingdom of Tlemcen1121–1269: Part of the Almohad Caliphate 1014–1152: Hammadid Sultanate 973–1014: Center of the Zirid Emirate 909–973: Fatimid Caliphate 800–909: Part of the Aghlabid Emirate 778–909: Rustamid Imamate 750–778: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 590–698: Part of the Byzantine Empire (as the Exarchate of Africa) 484–703: Kingdom of the Aurès 439–534: Part of the Vandal Kingdom 435–439: Center of the Vandal Kingdom 395–435: Part of the Western Roman Empire as province 40 BC–395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as province 202 BC – 40 BC: Kingdom of Numidia 814–202 BC: Part of the Carthaginian Empire 2500–539 BC: Part of Phoenicia 10,000–2500 BC: Inhabited by Caspians 20,000–10,000 BC: Inhabited by Iberomaurusians 80,000–20,000 BC: Inhabited by Aterians Since 1.8 Million BC, humans have been settled in Algeria as demonstrated by the discovery of Oldowan stone tools found at Ain Hanech in 1992.[55] |
Algeria is a Semi-Presidential Republic.
during the Algerian war against France Pierre Lagaillard founded the secret armee. Nowadays Algeria is at peace with any other nation in the world |
Andorra | Europe | 7 Sep 1278[56][57] | Nov 1944[58] | France | 1278–present: Principality of Andorra (via Paréage of Andorra; occupied by France 1812–13, 1870, 1914, 1936, 1939, 1944)987–1278: Part of France |
Andorra is a co-principality that has a parliamentarism, with a co-prince of Andorra, a representative, a prime minister and a general syndic.
The estate of Andorra was founded in 1278 respectively from the Crown of aragon and has been neutral since that time Andorra was often invaded by France in its history because Andorra is a buffer state for Spain and France |
Angola | Africa | 11 Nov 1975[59] | 11 Nov 1975 | Portugal | 1992–present: Republic of Angola 1975–1992: ). |
Angola is the only socialist country in its region, which is why the country has a very different policy from the others
in the Angolan civil war , AMPLA Angola's socialist party , |
Antigua and Barbuda | The Americas | 1 Nov 1981[60] | 1 Nov 1981 | United Kingdom | 1981–present: Antigua and Barbuda 1632–1981: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies (interrupted by France in 1666) |
Antigua and Barbuda is a constitutional monarchy forming part of the Commonwealth of Nations community. The only notable event in the history of Antigua was the Caribbean Liberation Movement of Antigua from 1968 to 1992 |
Argentina | The Americas | 25 May 1810 | 9 July 1816[61] | Spain
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1861–present: Province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands and joined the federation in 1990. Currently Argentina has 23 provinces)1831–1861: Argentine Confederation Ferdinand VII as king)1776–1810: Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (Part of the Spanish Empire) 1528–1542: Governorate of New Andalusia, part of the Spanish Empire 11,000 BC-1528 AD: Inhabited by Native Argentines, including the Inca Empire, Selk'nam, Chonan peoples and Guaycuru peoples. |
The Argentine Republic took a very radical step when Argentina elected Javier Milei as president of the country in 2023.
Argentina has claimed Falkland Island from the UK, the Argentina says the island is called Islas Malvinas. There is great controversy about its discovery and subsequent colonization by Europeans. At various times it had French, British, Spanish and Argentine settlements. The United Kingdom reasserted its control over the archipelago in 1833, although Argentina maintains its claim to the islands. In April 1982, Argentine forces temporarily occupied the territory. British administration was restored two months later, at the end of the Falklands War. The Paraguayan war lasted from 1864 to 1870. As of 2024[update], it was last South American conflict involving Argentina. The archipelago of Tierra del Fogo is claimed by both Chile and the Argentine Republic |
Armenia | Asia/Europe | 28 May 1918 | 23 Sep 1991[62] | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Armenia 1920–1991: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union Kara Koyunlu 1335–1374: Part of the Jalairid Sultanate 1236–1335: Part of the Mongol Empire as its territory 1201–1360: Zakarid Principality of Armenia 1071–1194: Part of the Seljuk Empire 987–1170: Kingdom of Syunik 883–1045:Bragatid Kingdom of Armenia 654–884: Abbasid Caliphates 428–654: Divided between the Byzantine Empire on the west, and the east by the Sasanian Empire. 321 BCE–AD 428: Kingdom of Armenia 549 BCE–331 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire 860 BCE–590 BC: Kingdom of Ararat 1114 BCE–860 BC: Nairi Confederation 1300 BCE–1190 BC: Kingdom of Arme-Shupria 1500 BCE–1290 BC: Hayasa-Azzi Confederation 2492 BCE: Traditional foundation Since 6000 BC humans have been settled starting with the Shulaveri-Shomu and Kura–Araxes eras.
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Armenia has the region of Nagorno-Karabakh as autonomous, seeking its independence from Armenia
A maior parte de Nagorno-Karabakh foi governada por armênios étnicos sob a dissidente República de Artsakh - também conhecida como República de Nagorno-Karabakh (NKR) - desde o fim da primeira Guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh entre a Armênia e o Azerbaijão em 1994 até o anúncio do dissolução da república em setembro de 2023. Representantes de ambos os lados mantiveram inúmeras conversações de paz inconclusivas mediadas pelo Grupo de Minsk da OSCE sobre o status disputado da região, com sua população de maioria armênia ao longo do tempo defendendo de diversas maneiras a independência de Artsakh de ambos os estados ou sua integração na Arménia.
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Australia | Australia | 9 Oct 1942 [note 21] | 9 Oct 1942 | United Kingdom | 1942–present: Federal state, (consisted of six states, three internal territories, and seven external territories, via Constitution of Australia[63]) and a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom 1901–1942: Commonwealth of Australia, a federation with a Dominion status within the British Empire) |
the last important event in australia was the Eureka Rebellion was a series of events involving gold miners who revolted against the British administration of the colony of Victoria, Australia, during the Victorian Gold Rush. It culminated in the Battle of Eureka Stockade, which took place on 3 December 1854 in Ballarat between rebels and colonial forces from Australia.
The fighting left at least 27 dead and many injured, with the majority of victims being rebels. There was an earlier period, beginning in 1851, of peaceful demonstrations and civil disobedience on the Victorian goldfields. Miners had several complaints, mainly the cost of mining licenses and the unofficial way in which the system was applied. |
Austria | Europe | 1156 | 27 Apr 1945[note 22] | World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Austria) | 1955–present: Republic of Austria, a State of the Holy Roman Empire) (state of the Holy Roman Empire)
1457–1804: Archduchy of Austria (State of the Holy Roman Empire) 1156–1457: Duchy of Austria |
Austria is a Parliamentary federal republic with a president and a chanceler.
At the end of the Second World War, Austria was occupied by the United Kingdom, France, the USA and the USSR. |
Azerbaijan | Asia/Europe | 28 May 1918 | 30 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Azerbaijan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991
1920–1991: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union Qajar Empire 1747–1796: Part of Afsharid Empire (1760–1794): Part of Zand Empire 1736–1747: Part of Afsharid Empire (1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Emirate 1501–1736: Part of Safavid Empire 1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu 1405–1507: Part of Timurid Empire 1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu 1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire 1337–1376: Part of Sarbadars 1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid Sultanate 1335–1393: Part of Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1357: Part of Chobanid dynasty 1256–1335: Part of Ilkhanate 1077–1231: Part of Khwarazmian Kingdom 1037–1194: Part of Great Seljuq Empire 963–1186: Part of Ghaznavid Sultanate 875–999: Part of Samanid Emirate 936–1055: Part of Buyid Empire 934–936: Part of Buyid Emirate 867–1002: Part of Saffarid Emirate 928–1043: Part of Ziyarid Kingdom 750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate (642–759/760): Part of Dabuyid dynasty 224–651: Part of Sassanid Empire 247 BC – 224 AD: Part of Parthian Empire 312–63 BC: Part of Seleucid Empire 550–330 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire (652–625 BC): Part of Scythian Kingdom 678–550 BC: Part of Median Empire 850–616 BC: Inhabited by Mannaeans 2700–539 BC: Inhabited by Elamites 3200–2700 BC: Inhabited by Proto-Elamites
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Azerbaijan contains an autonomous region, Nakhchivan. |
Bahamas | The Americas | 10 July 1973[64] | 10 July 1973 | United Kingdom | 1973–present: Commonwealth of the Bahamas, a monarchy in Taino people )
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Bahrain | Asia | 16 Dec 1971 | 16 Dec 1971 | United Kingdom | 1971–present: Kingdom of Bahrain 1861–1971: Protectorate of the British Empire by way of the Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship Persia under the Safavid dynasty 1521–1602: Part of the Portuguese Empire Mid-1400s–1521: Ruled by the Jabrid dynasty 1253-mid–1400s: Ruled by the Usfurid dynasty 1076–1235: Ruled by the Uyunid Emirate 976–1076: Ruled as part of the Abbasid Caliphate 899–976: Ruled by the Qarmatian Republic 3rd century AD – 899: Ruled by the Persia 130 BC – 3rd century BC: Ruled by the Parthians 6th century BC – 3rd century BC: Part of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenids 4th millennium BC – 6th century BC: Dilmun civilization |
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Bangladesh | Asia | 16 Dec 1971 | 16 Dec 1971 | Pakistan | 1972–present: People's Republic of Bangladesh 1971–1972: Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1955–1971: East Pakistan (Part of Pakistan) 1947–1955: East Bengal (Part of Pakistan) 1858–1947: Part of the British Empire as Bengal Province, within India 1757–1858: Part of the British Empire as Bengal Presidency, of the East India Company 1717–1880: Ruled by the Nawabs, nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire until 1757, and to the British Empire after 1757 (Lost ruling power after the Battle of Plassey in 1757)1576–1757: Part of the Mughal Empire as Bengal Subah 1352–1576: Bengal Sultanate 1235–1352: Part of the Delhi Sultanate 1204–1297: Deva dynasty c.1070–1204: Sena Kingdom c. 750–c. 1070: Pala Empire c. 650–c. 750: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms, like Vanga and Samatata (Both ruled by the Khadga dynasty) 590–626: Gauda Kingdom 350–655: Part of Kamarupa under the Varman dynasty 358–590: Part of the Gupta Empire 26 BC – 358 AD: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms. 73 BC – 26 BC: Part of the Kanva Kingdom 185 BC–73 BC: Part of the Shunga Empire 232 BC – 800 AD: Part of Samatata 319–185 BC: Part of the Maurya Empire 340–319 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Magadha 600–340 BC: Ancient Bengal was divided between various kingdoms. 700–200 BC: Inhabited by the Pundravardhana culture Since 100,000 BC humans have been settled on Bangladesh, although the prehistoric evidences are weak.[65] |
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Barbados | The Americas | 30 Nov 1966 | 30 Nov 1966 | United Kingdom | 1966–present: Barbados 1625–1966: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies |
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Belarus | Europe | 25 Aug 1991[note 23] | 25 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1990–present: Republic of Belarus
1943–1990: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, a federated state of the Soviet Union (USSR) Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1918–1919: Belarusian People's Republic 1917–1918: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1795–1917: Part of the Russian Empire 1569–1795: Part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1397–1569: Part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1307–1397: Principality of Polotsk, part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania 987–1307: Principality of Polotsk (independent principality) Before 987: In the 9th century the territory of modern Belarus became part of Rurikid dynasty The region that is now Belarus was first settled by Baltic tribes in the 3rd century. Around the 5th century, the area was taken over by Slavic tribes. |
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Belgium | Europe | 4 Oct 1830 | 1945 | Germany | 1830–present: Kingdom of Belgium (a ) | |
Belize | The Americas | 21 Sep 1981[66] | 21 Sep 1981 | United Kingdom | 1981–present: Belize 1716–1973: Part of the British Empire |
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Benin | Africa | 1 Aug 1960 | 1 Aug 1960 | France | 1990–present: Republic of Benin 1975–1990: People's Republic of Benin 1958–1975: Republic of Dahomey (French self-governing colony) Kingdom of Dahomey (French Protectorate)c.1600–1894: Kingdom of Dahomey (African kingdom)
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Bhutan | Asia | 1634 | 1634 | (none) | 1910–1947: protectorate of the British Empire
Autonomous since at least the 10th century. |
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Bolivia | The Americas | 6 Aug 1825 | 6 Aug 1825 | Spain
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2009–present: Plurinational State of Bolivia 1839–2009: Republic of Bolivia 1836–1839: In union with North Peru and South Peru in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1825–1839: Republic of Bolivia (The name of the country is a tribute to Simon Bolivar (considered as the country's first president), who always referred to the country as Upper Peru. There were doubts if the region should be an independent nation or join Argentina or Peru. After Antonio José de Sucre was elected as the second president, he convened the Constituent Assembly in Chuquisaca to determine the future of the region. Almost all delegates wanted that Bolivia became an independent country and rejected any annexation to Argentina (former Río de la Plata) or Peru).1821–1825: Center of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1810–1821: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1776–1810: Part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire) 1528–1542: Crown of Castille )1471–1542: Part of the Inca Empire 1000–1500: Mollo culture 550–c.1000: Tiwanaku state The region now known as Bolivia had been occupied for over 2,500 years when the Native Bolivians, including Aymara, arrived. |
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Bosnia and Herzegovina | Europe | 3 Mar 1992 | 3 Mar 1992 | Yugoslavia | 1997–present: Bosnia and Herzegovina (a Federal state )
1992–1997: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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Botswana | Africa | 30 Sep 1966[69] | 30 Sep 1966 | United Kingdom | 1966–present : Republic of Botswana 1885–1966: Part of the British Empire as Bechuanaland Protectorate Khoi peoples.
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Brazil | The Americas | 7 Sep 1822[70] | 29 Aug 1825 (Treaty of Rio de Janeiro) | United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves | 1985–Present: federated states and 1 federal district )1964–1985: |
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Brunei | Asia | 1 Jan 1984 | 1 Jan 1984 | United Kingdom | 1984–present: Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace
1945–1984: Part of the British Empire Sultanate of Brunei 1294–1368: Part of the Majapahit Kingdom 1276–1294: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari c. 1000 AD – 1276 AD: Part of the Kingdom of Srivijaya
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Bulgaria | Europe | 5 Oct 1908[71] | 5 Oct 1908 | Ottoman Empire Soviet Union |
1990–present: Republic of Bulgaria 1946–1990: People's Republic of Bulgaria |
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Burkina Faso | Africa | 5 Aug 1960[73] | 5 Aug 1960 | France | 1984–present: Burkina Faso 1960–1984:Republic of Upper Volta (independent) French Empire 1896–1958: Part of the French Empire 11th century – 1896: Burkina Faso is divided in several Mossi Kingdoms |
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Burundi | Africa | 1 July 1962 | 1 July 1962 | Belgium | 1966–present: Republic of Burundi 1962–1966: Kingdom of Burundi (independent) |
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Cambodia | Asia | 9 Nov 1953 | 9 Nov 1953[74] | France | 1993–present: Kingdom of Cambodia
1992–1993: United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia State of Cambodia 1979–1989: People's Republic of Kampuchea 1975–1979: Democratic Kampuchea 1970–1975: Khmer Republic 1954–1970: Kingdom of Cambodia 1945–1953:French protectorate of Cambodia 1945: Japanese occupation of Cambodia 1863–1945: French Empire .1431–1863: Kingdom of Cambodia 802–1431: Sdok Kok Thom Inscription 706/717–802: Separation in Land Chenla and Water Chenla 550 – c.706/717: Kingdom of Chenla c.50/68 AD–550 AD: Kingdom of Funan |
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Cameroon | Africa | 1 Jan 1960 | 1 Oct 1961 | United Kingdom | Republic of Cameroon
French Cameroons gained independence in 1960; added British Southern Cameroons in 1961.1922–1961: British Cameroon, part of the British Empire 1918–1960: French Empire 1884–1916: German Empire The territory of Cameroon has been inhabited since the ). |
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Canada | The Americas | 11 Dec 1931 [note 24] | 11 Dec 1931 | United Kingdom |
1760–1783: British America (After the Seven Years' War, the British conquers all French territories in the future modern territory of Canada)
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Cape Verde | Africa | 5 July 1975 | 5 July 1975[77] | Portugal | Republic of Cabo Verde 1460–1975: Part of the Portuguese Empire |
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Central African Republic | Africa | 13 Aug 1960 | 13 Aug 1960 | France | Central African Republic 1903–1960: French Empire The territory of Neolithic Era , hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups
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Chad | Africa | 11 Aug 1960 | 11 Aug 1960 | France | 1960–present: Republic of Chad
1900–1960: French Empire 1501–1912: Wadai Sultanate 1480/1522–1897: Sultanate of Bagirmi c. 700–1900: Kanem–Bornu Empire The territory of Paleolithic Era .
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Chile | The Americas | 12 Feb 1818[note 25] | 12 Feb 1818 | Spain
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1990–Present: Republic of Chile (Democracy Restored) 1973–1990: |
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China | Asia | 1600 BC c. (Shang dynasty) [note 26] | 2 September 1945 | Japan (partial occupation) |
1949–present: People's Republic of China Republic of China (based in Taiwan since 1949)1915–1916: Empire of China 1912–1915: Republic of China 1895–1945: Japanese Taiwan 1895: Republic of Formosa 1644–1912: Qing dynasty 1624–1662: Dutch Formosa / Spanish Formosa 1368–1644: Ming dynasty 1271–1368: Yuan dynasty 960–1279: Song dynasty 907–1125: Divided in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms / Liao dynasty 618–907: Tang dynasty 581–618: Sui dynasty 420–589: Divided in Northern and Southern dynasties 266–420: Jin dynasty 220–280: Divided in Three Kingdoms 206 BC – 220 AD: Han dynasty 221–206 BC: Qin dynasty (first imperial dynasty) c. 1046–256 BC: Zhou dynasty c. 1600–c. 1046 BC: Shang dynasty c. 2070–c. 1600 BC: Xia dynasty (first royal dynasty) c. 8500–c. 2070 BC: Neolithic Since as earliest as 2 Million BC, humans have been settled starting with the Renzidong The PRC government in Beijing considers itself the successor of the Republic of China (1912–1949) which legally inherited the whole of China from the Qing dynasty. The ROC government in Taipei denies the legitimacy of the PRC and considers itself the sole legitimate government of the whole of China. |
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Colombia | The Americas | 20 July 1810 | 7 Aug 1819 | Spain
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1886–present: Republic of Colombia (unitary state)
1863–1886: federal state )1858–1863: Granadine Confederation (confederal state) 1831–1858: Republic of New Granada (unitary state) 1819–1831: federal state )1816–1819: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the Spanish Empire(Reconquest by the Spanish Empire) 1811–1816: Patria Boba period (Foolish Fatherland period) United Provinces of New Granada, a federal and republican state 1810–1814: Patria Boba period (Foolish Fatherland period): Ferdinand VII as king, in 1813 declared itself a republic and joined the United Provinces of New Granada in 1814)1739–1810: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the Spanish Empire 1723–1739: New Kingdom of Granada, within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire 1717–1723: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the Spanish Empire 1538–1717: New Kingdom of Granada, within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire Since 10,000 BC humans have been settled from Native Colombians with tribes, chiefdoms, and confederations (like the Muisca Confederation). |
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Comoros | Africa | 6 July 1975 | 6 July 1975 | France | 2001–present:Union of the Comores (a Federal state )1975–2001: Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros French Empire c.1000 BC: when the archipelago was first inhabited. The Comoros have been inhabited by various groups throughout this time. |
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Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Africa | 30 June 1960 | 30 June 1960 | Belgium |
1997–present: Democratic Republic of the Congo |
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Congo, Republic of the | Africa | 15 Aug 1960 | 15 Aug 1960 | France |
1992–present: Republic of the Congo |
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Cook Islands | Australia | 1965 | 4 August 1965 | New Zealand | 1965-present: Cook Islands
1893-1965: Colony of New Zealand 1858-1893: Kingdom of Rarotonga 1893-1901: Federation of Cook Islands 900-1200 Tahiti immigrants come to the Cook Islands 500-1200: Polynesian culture |
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Costa Rica | The Americas | 14 Nov 1838 | 1838 | Federal Republic of Central America | 1948–present: Republic of Costa Rica (Second) 1848–1948: First Costa Rican Republic Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire )1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire )1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire) Before 1525: The Huetar people establishes some kingdoms in the modern territory of Costa Rica: Eastern Huetar Kingdom, domains of the King Garabito, Kingdom of Pacaca and Western Huetar Kingdom. There was also the Kingdom of Nicoya and the Kingdom of Talamanca Since about 10,000 to 7,000 BC humans have been settled by Native Costa Ricans, including Chibchans and Nahuatl. |
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Croatia | Europe | 8 Oct 1991[24][25][26][27][28] | 8 Oct 1991 | Yugoslavia | 1991–present: Republic of Croatia 1945–1991: Federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as SR Croatia Kingdom of Croatia (in the union with Kingdom of Hungary)925–1102: Kingdom of Croatia 681–925 AD: Divided between the Pannonian and Dalmatian 324–681: Part of the Byzantine Empire as the province of Dalmatia 32 BC – 324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Dalmatia and Illyricum Since 128,000 BC humans have been settled from Pre-Croats with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. |
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Cuba | The Americas | 20 May 1902 | 2 February 1909 | United States | 1959–present: Republic of Cuba , sovereign communist state1934–1959: Republic of Cuba , sovereign capitalist state1909–1934: Republic of Cuba, Protectorate of the United States 1906–1909: Second American Occupation of Cuba 1902–1906: Republic of Cuba, Protectorate of the United States 1898–1902: Occupied but not annexed by United States 1821–1898: Captaincy General of Cuba (part of the Spanish Empire) 1607–1821: Viceroyalty of New Spain, part of the Spanish Empire (part of the Spanish Empire )1535–1607: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (part of the Spanish Empire )1510–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (part of the Spanish Empire) The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century.
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Cyprus | Europe | 16 Aug 1960 | 16 Aug 1960 | United Kingdom | 1960–present: Republic of Cyprus 1878–1960: Part of the British Empire as crown colony Province 750–965: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 668–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 31 BC-668 AD: Part of the Roman Empire 305–31 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom 321–305 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire 545–321 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 626–545 BC: Part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 911–669 BC: Part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Since around the 10th millennium BC humans have been settled on the island dates.[78] Note: Cyprus has been divided between two ethnicities as one sovereign state: Greek Cyprus and Turkish Cyprus from 1983. |
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Czechia | Europe | 870 | 1 Jan 1993 | Czechoslovakia | 1993–present: Czech Republic 1945–1993: Part of the Czechoslovakia (interrupted by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968) Occupied by Germany 1918–1939: Part of the Czechoslovakia 1867–1918: Lands of the Bohemian Crown, held in personal union within Austria-Hungary 1806–1867: Lands of the Bohemian Crown, held in personal union within the Austrian Empire 1198–1806: State of the Holy Roman Empire (in personal union with Austria from 1526)1002–1198: Duchy of Bohemia, State of the Holy Roman Empire 935–1002: Unified with Moravia and Silesia under Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, who acceded to the throne in 935. 870–935: Duchy of Bohemia first independent from Great Moravia |
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Denmark | Europe | 714[79] | 5 May 1945 | Germany | 2022: The sovereignty of Hans Island is partitioned between Denmark and Canada
2014: Denmark submits a claim for the UN 2009: Greenlandic Self-Governance after a referendum 1973–2022: Hans Ø 1948: Faroe Islands granted home rule 1940–1945: German occupation 1920: Sønderjylland) re-united with Denmark1918: Independence of Iceland 1917: Denmark's last tropical colony, sold to United States 1864: Schleswig, Holstein & Lauenburg is lost to Prussia 1863– : House of Glücksburg 1849: New constitution with elected parliament 1814: Norway becomes independent with new constitution. Greenland, Iceland & Faroe Islands remain under Danish rule 1721: Denmark-Norway re-establish claim to Greenland 1679: Denmark forced to leave Gotland for good 1665: Kongeloven, Denmark's first constitution 1658: The sovereignty over Skåneland is transferred to Sweden 1620: First overseas colony 1536: Reformation in Denmark 1534–1536: War of succession 1448: Christian I first king of House of Oldenburg 1397–1523: Kalmar Union 1380–1814: Personal union between Denmark and Norway 1375–1412: Queen Margaret 1332–1340: Interregnum, Denmark controlled by German counts 1241: Code of Jutland "Jyske Lov" 1219–1223/27: Dominant Baltic power under the reign of Valdemar II 1154–1182: Valdemar the Great 1131–1157: Civil war 1047– : Unbroken line of Danish monarchs ruling the kingdom, al descending from titular Queen Estrid Svendsdatter 1042–1047: Norwegian rule 1010s–1040s: Anglo-Danish kingdom under the kings Cnut & Harthacnut 970s–1035: In periods the Danish kings Country re-united under Gorm the Old & Harald Bluetooth The decades from the 890s to the 930s are only sparse documented in written sources. The country possibly divided into smaller parts ruled by various families Second half of the 9th century, an increasing number of Viking raids on Western Europe, many originating from Denmark 814–854: Horik I king (in periods ruling jointly with others) 812: Civil war c. 800–810: King Gudfred c. 714: Ongendus king Danish kingship documented from the 8th century, though the institution possibly established prior to that |
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Djibouti | Africa | 27 June 1977 | 27 June 1977 | France | 1977–present: Republic of Djibouti 1894–1977: Part of the French Colonial Empire as French Somaliland 1862–1883: Ruled by Afar and Somali sultans 1577–1862: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1415–1577:Part of the Sultanate of Adal 1285–1415: Part of the Sultanate of Ifat |
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Dominica | The Americas | 3 Nov 1978 | 3 Nov 1978 | United Kingdom | 1978–present: Commonwealth of Dominica 1763–1978: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies French Empire The island was originally inhabited by the Kalinago. |
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Dominican Republic | The Americas | 27 Feb 1844 [note 27] | 27 Feb 1844 | Haiti
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1844–present: Dominican Republic 1822–1844: Part of the Republic of Haiti 1821–1822: Republic of Spanish Haiti 1809–1821: Part of the Spanish Empire 1806–1809: Part of the Republic of Haiti 1805: Part of the Empire of Haiti 1795–1805: Part of the French Colonial Empire 1535–1795: Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire )1492–1535: Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire) At the time of Taíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey.
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Ecuador | The Americas | 13 May 1830 | 13 May 1830 | Gran Colombia | 1830–present: Republic of Ecuador 1824–1830: Divided in Azuay, Guayaquil and Ecuador, federated states of the Gran Colombia Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada, part of the Spanish Empire 1563–1717: Part of the jurisdiction of the Royal Audience of Quito (sometimes referred unofficially as the Presidency of Quito or Kingdom of Quito) within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire 1542–1562: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, within the Spanish Empire 1532–1542: Part of the Governorate of New Castile, part of the Spanish Empire 1486–1532: Part of the Inca Empire Since 8000 BC humans has been settled, starting with Manteños
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Egypt | Africa/Asia | 28 Feb 1922[note 28] | 28 Feb 1922 | United Kingdom | 1971–present: Arab Republic of Egypt 1958–1971: United Arab Republic (In union with Syria) Eyalet of Egypt 1250–1517: Burjī dynasties)1218–1250: Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate 1174–1218: Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate 1171–1174: Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate 973–1171: Center of the Fatimid Caliphate 969–973: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate 935–969: Ikhshidid State, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate 868–935: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 868–905: Tulunid Emirate 750–868: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 641–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 619–629: Part of the Sasanian Empire as Province 324–641: Part of the province 30 BC-324 AD: Part of the province 332–30 BC: Ptolemaic Kingdom (in association with Macedonia) 332–323 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire 343–332 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 31st Dynasty 404–343 BC: 28th–30th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 525–404 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 27th Dynasty 664–525 BC: 26th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt 1069–664 BC: 21st–25th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 1550–1069 BC: 18th–20th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as a new kingdom 1650–1550 BC: 13th–17th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 2055–1650 BC: 11th and 12th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as the middle kingdom 2181–2055 BC: 8th–10th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt 2575–2150 BC: 3rd–7th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as kingdom 3150–2575 BC: 1st–2nd Dynasties of Ancient Egypt (Unified by Pharaoh Menes or probably Narmer, founder of the First Dynasty between Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt). Since 598,000 BC humans have been settled starting within a 30-metre (100 ft) Chellean).[80]
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El Salvador | The Americas | 29 Nov 1898 | 29 Nov 1898 | Greater Republic of Central America |
1982–present: Republic of El Salvador Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire )1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire )1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire) c.1200–1525: Divided between Cuzcatlan (Western part) and Lenca (Eastern part) Since 8000 BC humans have been settled by Native Salvadorans, including Mayans, Nahuatl, and Pipils. |
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Equatorial Guinea | Africa | 12 Oct 1968 | 12 Oct 1968 | Spain | 1968–present: Republic of Equatorial Guinea 1778–1968: Part of the Spanish Empire |
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Eritrea | Africa | 24 May 1993 | 24 May 1993 | Ethiopia | 1993–present: State of Eritrea 1952–1993: Part of Ethiopia Italian Empire 1879–1889: Part of the Ethiopian Empire 1555–1879: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1137–1889: Medri Bahri kingdomc. 100 AD – c. 940 AD: Part of the Kingdom of Aksum c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC: Part of Dʿmt |
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Estonia | Europe | 24 Feb 1918[81] | 20 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Estonia 1940–1991: Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940–1941), Germany (1941–1944) and again by the Soviet Union (1944–1991) Republic of Estonia 1917–1918: Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, autonomous entity of the Russian Republic 1721–1917: Governorate of Estonia, part of the Russian Empire 1561–1721: Duchy of Estonia, dominion of the Swedish Empire 1465–1561: Part of the Livonian Confederation 1346–1435: Part of the State of the Teutonic Order 1219–1346: King of Denmark The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C |
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Eswatini | Africa | 6 Sep 1968 | 6 Sep 1968 | United Kingdom | 2018–present: Kingdom of Eswatini 1968–2018: Kingdom of Swaziland 1902–1968: Part of the British Empire 1745–1902:Kingdom of Swaziland |
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Ethiopia | Africa | 900 c. ( Zagwe Kingdom)[note 29]
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5 May 1941 | Italy | 1995–present: Federal state , constituted by 10 regional states and 2 chartered cities)1991–1995: Transitional Government of Ethiopia Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia 1941–1974: Ethiopian Empire [82] 1936–1941: Occupied by Italy [82] 1734–1936: Sultanate of Aussa 1647–1887: Emirate of Harar 1577–1672: Imamate of Aussa 1415–1577: Adal Sultanate 1285–1415: Part of the Sultanate of Ifat 1270–1936: Ethiopian Empire c. 900/1137–1270: Zagwe Kingdom c. 325–1627: Kingdom of Semien c. 80 BC – c. 940 AD: Kingdom of Aksum c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC: Kingdom of D'mt |
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Fiji | Australia | 10 Oct 1970 | 10 Oct 1970 | United Kingdom | 1987–present: Republic of Fiji 1970–1987: Dominion of Fiji |
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Finland | Europe | 6 Dec 1917 | 4 Jan 1918 | Russia | 1919–present: Republic of Finland 1918–1919: Kingdom of Finland Governorate-General of the Russian Empire c.1200s–1809: Part of the Kingdom of Sweden, as an integral region . |
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France | Europe | 481 | 1944 | Germany | 1958—Present: French Republic (Fifth; consisted of integral regions (five being overseas regions) and several overseas collectivities) 1946–1958: French Fourth Republic Note: The French Colonial Empire was founded by the order of Francis I of France. In 1534, Francis sent Jacques Cartier to explore the St. Lawrence River in Quebec .
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Gabon | Africa | 17 Aug 1960 | 17 Aug 1960 | France | 1960–present: Gabonese Republic 1910–1960: Part of the French Empire 1839–1910: Part of the French Empire as a protectorate |
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Gambia | Africa | 18 Feb 1965 | 18 Feb 1965 | United Kingdom | 1970–present: Republic of The Gambia 1965–1970: Gambia (monarchy) |
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Georgia | Asia/Europe | 26 May 1918 | 9 Apr 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–Present: | |
Germany | Europe | 1 July 1867 (North German Confederation) | 15 Mar 1991 | West Germany East Germany West Berlin |
1990–Present: Federal Republic of Germany (Become fully sovereign reunification on 15 March 1991 after the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect). 1949–1990: Divided between Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic ( West Berlin was an exclave of West Germany). |
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Greece | Europe | 25 Mar 1822 | 1945 | Bulgaria Nazi Germany Italy |
1974–Present: Third Hellenic Republic 1967–1974: |
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Ghana | Africa | 6 May 1957 | 6 May 1957 | United Kingdom | 1957–Present: Republic of Ghana 1867–1957: British Gold Coast 1658–1850: Danish Gold Coast 1598–1872: Dutch Gold Coast 1650–1663: Swedish Gold Coast 1682–1721: Branderberger/Prussian Gold Coast c.1670–1957: Kingdom of Ashanti 1482–1642: Portuguese Gold Coast 1409–1700: Kingdom of Dagbon, founded by the Dagomba people c.13th century: Modern day Ghana was divided in many states like c.11th century: Akans were firmly established in the Akan state called Although the area of present-day Ghana in West Africa has experienced many population movements, the Akans were firmly settled by the 5th century CE |
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Grenada | The Americas | 7 Feb 1974 | 7 Feb 1974 | United Kingdom | 1974–present: Grenada 1783–1974: Part of the British Empire, as its West Indies French Empire 1763–1779: Part of the British Empire 1650–1763: Part of the French Empire
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Guatemala | The Americas | 17 Apr 1839 | 17 Apr 1839 | Federal Republic of Central America | 1922–present: Republic of Guatemala
1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America Viceroyalty of New Spain, part of the Spanish Empire . Since its foundation the Captaincy had self-administration without vice-royal dependence.1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1523–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty Since 8000 BC humans have been settled by Native Guatemalans, including Mayans (that established city-states in the region) and Nahuatl (founders of the Aztec Empire). |
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Guinea | Africa | 2 Oct 1958 | 2 Oct 1958 | France | 1958–present: Republic of Guinea
1894–1958: French Empire 1878–1898: Wassoulou Empire 1725–1894: Imamate of Futa Jallon 1559–1670: part of the Mali Empire 1235–1559: center of the Mali Empire |
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Guinea-Bissau | Africa | 24 Sep 1973 | 10 Sep 1974 | Portugal | 1974–present: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
1474–1974: Portuguese Guinea |
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Guyana | The Americas | 26 May 1966 | 26 May 1966 | United Kingdom | 1970–present: Co-operative Republic of Guyana
1966–1970: Guyana (monarchy) British Guyana, part of the British Empire 1616–1814: Divided in three Dutch colonies: Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice First human settlement from the year 35,000 BC. |
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Haiti | The Americas | 1 Jan 1804 | 1 Jan 1804 | France | 1859–present: Republic of Haiti
1849–1859: Second Empire of Haiti Republic of Haiti 1811–1820: Kingdom of Haiti 1806–1811: State of Haiti 1804–1806: First Empire of Haiti 1625–1804: Part of the French Empire as Saint-Domingue 1492–1625: Part of the Spanish Empire At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, the island's territory consisted of five Taíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey. |
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Honduras | The Americas | 29 Nov 1898 | 29 Nov 1898 | Greater Republic of Central America | 1922–present: Republic of Honduras
1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire )1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire )9000 BC–1525 AD: Inhabited by Native Hondurans, including Mayans, and Toltecs.[84] |
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Hungary | Europe | 895 | 1918 23 Oct 1989 |
Austria-Hungary Soviet Union |
2012–present: Hungary Fourth Republic 1989–2012: Third Hungarian Republic 1949–1989: Hungarian People's Republic 1946–1949: Second Hungarian Republic 1920–1946: Kingdom of Hungary 1919–20: Hungarian Republic 1918–1919: First Hungarian Republic 1867–1918: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, a dual monarchy with Austria (via Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) 1000–1867: Kingdom of Hungary 895–1000: Principality of Hungary |
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Iceland | Europe | 1 Dec 1918 | 1 Dec 1918 | Denmark | 1945–present: Republic of Iceland
1944–1945: Republic of Iceland (occupied by the United States)
1918–1944: Kingdom of Iceland, with a personal union with Denmark (Occupied by the United Kingdom and Canada in 1940 and 1941 and by the United States in 1941–1944)
1814–1918: Part of the Kingdom of Denmark
1523–1814: Part of Denmark-Norway, a real union between the kingdoms of Norway and Denmark1397–1523: Part of the Kingdom of Norway, within the Kalmar Union (personal union between the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark and Sweden) 1262–1397: Part of the Kingdom of Norway 930–1262: Republic of Iceland founded 1944.
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India | Asia | 15 Aug 1947 | 15 Aug 1947 | United Kingdom | 1950–present: federal state. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines. Currently the Indian Union comprises 28 states and 8 union territories)1947–1950: Since 2.2 million BC, India has been settled starting with Hominins who were from Africa by the expansion of civilization with the Madrasian and Soanian cultures.[86]: 147 [87][88]: 167–170 |
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Indonesia | Asia/Australia | 17 Aug 1945 | 27 Dec 1949 | Netherlands | 1949–present: Republic of Indonesia
1945–1949: Indonesian Struggle for Independence Japan in World War II 1816–1942: Part of the Dutch Empire as Dutch East Indies 1812–1816: Part of Napoleonic War )1802–1812: Part of Batavian Republic (Client State of the Napoleonic France) 1619–1802: Under Administration of the Dutch Empire 15th–19th century: Various Ternate and Tidore in Moluccas1292–1478: Majapahit Empire, united Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and parts of Philippines under the reign of Hayam Wuruk 4th century–13th century: Various Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms, most notably Srivijaya in 8th–10th century AD 4th century: First Hindu Kingdom of Kutai in Kalimantan |
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Iran | Asia | 1501 ( Safavid Empire) [note 31]
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17 October 1941 | United Kingdom/ Soviet Union Anglo-Soviet withdrawal from Tehran |
1980–present: Islamic Republic of Iran
1979–1980: Under an Interim Government 1925–1979: Pahlavi dynasty (Anglo-Soviet occupation 1941–1946) 1796–1925: Qajar dynasty 1747–1796: Afsharid dynasty (1760–1794): Zand dynasty 1736–1747: Afsharid dynasty (1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Empire 1501–1736: Safavid dynasty 1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu 1405–1507: Part of Timurid Empire 1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu 1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire 1337–1376: Sarbadars 1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid dynasty 1335–1393: Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1357: Chobanid dynasty 1256–1335: Ilkhanate Empire (Hulagu dynasty) 1225–1231: Center of the Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1225: Part of the Khwarazmian Empire 1037–1194: Part of the Great Seljuq Empire 963–1186: Part of the Ghaznavid Empire 875–999: Part of the Samanid dynasty 934–1055: Buyid dynasty 867–1002: Part of Saffarid dynasty 928–1043: Ziyarid dynasty 750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate c.1236 661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate (642–759/760): Dabuyid dynasty 224–651: Sassanid dynasty 247 BC – 224 AD: Parthian Empire (Arsacid dynasty) 312–63 BC: Part of Seleucid Empire 330–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great 550–330 BC: Achaemenid dynasty (652–625 BC): Part of Scythian Kingdom 678–550 BC: Median Empire 850–616 BC: Inhabited by Mannaeans 2700–539 BC: Elamites 3200–2700 BC: Proto-Elamites
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Iraq | Asia | 3 Oct 1932 | 1 May 2003 | United Kingdom | 2003–present: federal state, consisting of 19 governorates, four of which make up the autonomous Kurdistan Region )2003: American Invasion[89] |
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Ireland | Europe | 11 Dec 1931 [note 32] | 11 Dec 1931 | United Kingdom | 1937–Present: Republic of Ireland Act 1948 : Ireland becomes a republic, ending the monarchy).1931–1937: Irish Free State, monarchic state in a personal union with the United Kingdom unilaterally declared itself independent in 1919, war ended with Anglo-Irish Treaty with the Partition of Ireland )..1801–1922: constituent country of the United Kingdom (political union) 1707–1801: Kingdom of Ireland (in a personal union with Great Britain) 1659–1707: Kingdom of Ireland (in a personal union with England) 1659–1660: Part of the Commonwealth of England 1653–1659: Part of The Protectorate 1653: Part of the Commonwealth of England 1642–1652: Confederate Ireland (a confederal monarchy that pledged allegiance to the English monarch) 1603–1642: Kingdom of Ireland. After the Tudor conquest of Ireland, the entire country came under the nominal control of the King of Ireland (the monarch of England held the crowns of England and Ireland in a personal union). 1542–1603: Kingdom of Ireland is established. However, most of Ireland was still held by Gaelic Irish dynasties. 1171–1542: King of England. The kings of England claimed lordship over the whole island, but in reality the king's rule only ever extended to parts of the island. The rest of the island —known as Gaelic Ireland—remained under the control of various Gaelic Irish kingdoms800–1171: Divided in many states. Some states, like the Kingdom of Dublin, was founded by Nordic invaders 150–800:[90]-: Divided in many states, like the kingdoms of Osraige, Munster and Ulaid. 10,500 BC – 853 AD: Inhabited by the Native Irish, including Gaelic and Celtic cultures. |
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Israel | Asia | 14 May 1948 | 14 May 1948 | United Kingdom | The 12 tribes conquer the holy land under the leadership of Joshua, then Israel goes through "The period of the State of Israel in 1948.
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Italy | Europe | 1003 (County of Savoy) | 17 May 1861 | 1946–present: Italian Republic 1945–1946: Kingdom of Italy Lombardy–Venetia, and its Central United Provinces )1859–1860: United Provinces of Central Italy 1816–1861: Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1815–1866: Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1805–1814: Napoleonic Italy, part of the First French Empire 1802–1805: Italian Napoleonic Republic, part of the First French Empire 1720–1861: Kingdom of Sardinia 962–1801: the Italian peninsula divided into many states, among them the medieval Kingdom of Italy (774–1806) within the Holy Roman Empire 855–962: Divided between the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire 843–855: Divided between the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire 775–843: Divided between the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire 754–775: Divided between the Kingdom of the Lombards, the Papal States, Duchy of Benevento and the Byzantine Empire 568–754: Kingdom of the Lombards, later the Kingdom of (all) Italy (Latin: Regnum totius Italiae). For most of the kingdom's history, the Byzantine-ruled Exarchate of Ravenna and Duchy of Rome separated the northern Lombard duchies, from the two large southern duchies of Spoleto and Benevento. 553–1071: Part of the Emperor Justinian declared war on the Ostrogoths in 535 in an effort to restore the former western provinces of the Roman Empire. The Catepanate of Italy , the last Roman (Byzantine) outpost in Italy was lost in 1071.493–553: Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae). Zeno negotiated with the invading Ostrogoths, convincing their king Theodoric to depart for Italy as magister militum per Italiam ("commander in chief for Italy") with the aim of deposing Odoacer. The Ostrogoths was never recognised by the eastern emperors as "kings" (rex). 476–493: Emperor Zeno legally abolished the title and position of Western Roman Emperor and assumed the role of Odoacer's sovereign. In Roman constitutional theory, the Empire was still simply united under one emperor, implying no abandonment of territorial claims. 395–476: Center of the Western Roman Empire 27 BC – 395 AD: Center of the Roman Empire 509–27BC Roman Republic. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status and was not converted into a province. 753 BC–509 BC: Roman Kingdom, founded by an Italic tribe known as the Latins 12th century – 100 BC: Italy respectively. Since 848,000 BC humans have been settled by the first hominins at Monte Poggiolo.[91]
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Ivory Coast | Africa | 7 Aug 1960 | 7 Aug 1960 | France | 1960–present Ivory Coast 1886–1962: Part of the French Ivory Coast, part of the Western Africa 1740–1843: Kingdom of Sanwi 1710–1898: Kong Empire 1460–1895: Gyaaman Possibly since the Upper Paleolithic humans have been settled before 1460. |
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Jamaica | The Americas | 6 Aug 1962 | 6 Aug 1962 | United Kingdom | 1962–present: Jamaica 1707–1962: Part of the British Empire English Empire 1509–1655: Part of the Spanish Empire Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494. |
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Japan | Asia | 539 c. [note 33]. | 28 Apr 1952 | Allied occupation of Japan
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1952–present: Japan (after the Treaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation). 1945–1952: Allied-occupation of Japan with the United States and the United Kingdom in the post-war period. |
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Jordan | Asia | 25 May 1946 | 2 Aug 1958 | Arab Federation | 1958–present: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Feb–Aug 1958: Baghdad, Iraq .1946–1958: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 1921–1946: Emirate of Transjordan, part of the British Empire 1918–1920: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 1517–1918: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1250–1517: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1174–1250: Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate 1071–1174: Part of the Seljuk Empire 969–1071: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate 750–969: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 636–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 625–636: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)614–625: Part of the Sassanid Empire 286–614: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)273–286: Part of the Roman Empire 269–273: Part of the Palmyrene Empire 107–269: Part of the Roman Empire 330 BC-107 AD: Nabatean Kingdom 539–330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 596–539 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire 607–596 BC: Ammon, Moab and Edom c.719–607 BC: Part of the Assyrian Empire 13th century – 719 BC: Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. |
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Kazakhstan | Asia/Europe | 16 Dec 1991 | 16 Dec 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union etc. have inhabited the country throughout its history.
1918–1920: Alash Autonomy 1731–1917: Part of the Russian Empire 1465–1731: Kazakh Khanate 1240s–1456: Part of the Golden Horde 1220s–1240s: Part of the Mongol Empire The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadic Scythians have inhabited the land and the Persian Achaemenid Empire expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country. Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First Turkic Khaganate |
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Kenya | Africa | 12 Dec 1963 | 12 Dec 1963 | United Kingdom | 1964–present: Republic of Kenya
1963–1964: Kenya (monarchy) |
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Kiribati | Australia | 12 July 1979 | 12 July 1979 | United Kingdom | 1979–present: Republic of Kiribati 1892–1976: Gilbert and Ellice Islands, part of the British Empire |
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North Korea | Asia | 9 Sep 1948 | 9 Sep 1948 | Soviet Union | 1948–present: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1945–1948: Occupied by the Soviet Union under the Provisional People's Committee, and later the People's Committee Unified Silla 18 BC – 660 AD: Kingdom of Baekje 37 BC – 668 AD: Kingdom of Goguryeo 108 BC – 37 AD: Divides between the kingdoms of Korea 2333–108 BC: Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded by Dangun according to legend) Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in the . |
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South Korea | Asia | 15 Aug 1948 | 15 Aug 1948 | United States | 1987–present: Republic of Korea (Sixth) 1981–1987: Fifth Republic of Korea Unified Silla 42–562: Gaya confederacy 18 BC – 660 AD: Kingdom of Baekje 37 BC–668 AD: Kingdom of Goguryeo 57 BC – 935 AD: Kingdom of Silla 108 BC – 37 AD: Divides between the kingdoms of Korea 2333–108 BC: Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded by Dangun according to legend) Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in the . |
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Kuwait | Asia | 1752 | Feb 1991 | Iraq | 1991–present: State of Kuwait 1990–1991: Kuwait Governorate, governorate of Iraq State of Kuwait 1919–1963: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate 1889–1919: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate (not recognized by the Ottomans) 1871–1899: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, de facto part of the Ottoman Empire 1752–1871: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, independent state 1670–1752: Part of the Khalidi Emirate 1613–1670: In 1613, the town of Kuwait was founded in the present-day location of Kuwait City. Part of the Ottoman Empire |
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Kyrgyzstan | Asia | 31 Aug 1991 | 31 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Kyrgyz Republic (the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" was adopted in 1990, changed to current in 1993)1936–1991: Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union |
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Laos | Asia | 22 Oct 1953 | 22 Oct 1953 | France | 1975–present: Lao People's Democratic Republic
1953–1975: Kingdom of Laos, independent state French Empire 1945–1947: French Empire .1940–1945: Occupied by Japan 1893–1940: French Empire .1707–1893: Divided between the Kingdom of Siam from 1828 until 1893),1354–1707: Kingdom of Lan Xang |
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Latvia | Europe | 18 Nov 1918[96] | 4 May 1990 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Latvia 1940–1991: Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991) Republic of Latvia 1918: Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, de jure independent state (was a client state of Germany) 1918: Divided in the Courland Governorate, part of the Russian Republic, and a region occupied by Germany (Ober Ost) 1795–1918: Divided between the Courland Governorate and the Governorate of Livonia, both part of the Russian Empire 1721–1795: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Governorate of Livonia, part of the Russian Empire 1629–1721: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Swedish Livonia, part of the Swedish Empire 1569–1629: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Duchy of Livonia, both part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1561–1569: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Duchy of Livonia, part of the Kingdom of Poland 1215–1561: Terra Mariana (later known as Livonian Confederation), a directly subject to the Holy See 1207–1215: Terra Mariana, State of the Holy Roman Empire The territory of Latvia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C |
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Lebanon | Asia | 22 Nov 1943 | 31 Dec 1946 | France | Lebanese Republic (1943–present)
1920–1943: |
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Lesotho | Africa | 4 Oct 1966 | 4 Oct 1966 | United Kingdom | 1966–present: Kingdom of Lesotho (resumed)
1884–1966: Basutoland, Part of the British Empire Kingdom of Lesotho |
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Liberia | Africa | 26 July 1847 | 26 July 1847 | American Colonization Society | 1847–present: Republic of Liberia 1821–1847: Settled but not claimed by the United States[97] |
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Libya | Africa | 24 Dec 1951[98] | 24 Dec 1951 | 2011–present: State of Libya (Sometimes refer to as Libya)
1977–2011: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (before 1986 without the word "Great" in the full name of the country) |
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Liechtenstein | Europe | 23 January 1719 | 23 January 1719 | None | 1866–present: Principality of Liechtenstein 1815–1866: Principality of Liechtenstein, in union with other 37 sovereign states in the German Confederation 1813–1815: Principality of Liechtenstein 1806–1813: Principality of Liechtenstein, in union with other 36 sovereign states in the Confederation of the Rhine 1719–1806: State of the Holy Roman Empire .
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Lithuania | Europe | 16 Feb 1918 | 11 Mar 1990 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Republic of Lithuania 1940–1991: Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991) Republic of Lithuania 1918: Kingdom of Lithuania 1914–1918: German Occupation 1812–1914: Part of the Russian Empire 1812: French Occupation 1795–1812: Part of the Russian Empire 1569–1795: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, federated state of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1253–1569: Grand Duchy of Lithuania |
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Luxembourg | Europe | 15 Mar 1815 | 1945 | Germany |
1890–present: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , independent state with its own dynasty1866–1890: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state in personal union with Netherlands 1815–1866: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent from France in 1815 and in union with other 37 sovereign states in the German Confederation, but also in personal union with Netherlands
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Madagascar | Africa | 26 June 1960 | 26 June 1960 | France | 2014–present: Republic of Madagascar (Fourth Republic) 2009–2014: High Transitional Authority Republic of Madagascar (Third Republic) 1975–1992: Democratic Republic of Madagascar 1960–1975: Malagasy Republic, independent state 1958–1960: Malagasy Republic, an autonomous republic within the French Community 1897–1958: French Empire 1882–1897: French Empire 1840–1882: Most of the island was united by Imerina as the Kingdom of Madagascar 1540–1840: Madagascar was divided in many states, one of this states was the Kingdom of Imerina By the Merina and Betsimisaraka, leaders seized the opportunity to unite these disparate communities and establish true kingdoms under their rule.Around the 9th century AD Bantu migrants crossed the Mozambique Channel from East Africa. Human settlement of Madagascar occurred between 350 BC and 550 AD by Indianized Austronesian peoples, arriving on outrigger canoes from Indonesia. |
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Malawi | Africa | 6 July 1964 | 6 July 1964 | United Kingdom | 1964–present: Republic of Malawi 1963–1964: Nyasaland, part of the British Empire Nyasaland Districts Protectorate, part of the British Empire 1480–1891: Kingdom of Maravi The part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled by migrating Bantu groups around the 10th century. |
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Malaysia | Asia | 31 Aug 1957[10] | 31 Aug 1957 | United Kingdom | The federal state).[52] Singapore became independent in 1965.
1636–1826: Divided in many states like the Selangor Sultanate, Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman , etc.1641–1824: Dutch Empire 1620–1636: Occupied by the Aceh Sultanate 1528–c.1620: Divided between the Perak Sultanate 1511–1641: Portuguese Malacca, part of the Portuguese Empire 1499–1511: Divided between the Kedah Sultanate and the Malacca Sultanate c.1467–1499: Divided between the Majapahit Empire 1402-c.1467: Divided between the Majapahit Empire and the independent Malacca Sultanate 1392–1402: Part of the Majapahit Empire 1380–1392: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. 1355–1380: Part of the Majapahit Empire 1293–1355: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. 1287–1293: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari 1250–1287: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc. 1090–1250: Part of the Dharmasraya 687–1090: Part of the Srivijaya Empire c.100–687:Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Gangga Negara, Langkasuka, Chi Tu, Pan Pan, Kedah, Melayu Kingdom, etc. Malaysian Borneo :1841–1963: British Borneo 1599–1641: Sultanate of Sarawak 1568–1888: Divided between the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu 1368–1568: Part of the Sultanate of Brunei 1294–1368: Part of the Majapahit Kingdom 1276–1294: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari c.900 AD–1276 AD: Part of the Srivijaya Kingdom
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Maldives | Asia | 26 July 1965 | 26 July 1965 | United Kingdom | Unified according to legend by King sultanate until 1887, when it became a British protectorate .
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Mali | Africa | 20 Aug 1960 | 20 Aug 1960 | Mali Federation | 1960–present: Republic of Mali 1959–1960: part of Dakar, Senegal .1893–1958: French Colonial Empire in Africa1848–1893: Toucouleur Empire 1818–1862: Massina Empire 1670–1818: Pashalik of Timbuktu, part of Morocco 1559–1670: Center of the Mali Empire c. 1235–1559: part of the Mali Empire 1464–1591: Songhai Empire c. 9th century–1430: Gao Empire |
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Malta | Europe | 21 Sep 1964 | 21 Sep 1964 | United Kingdom | 1974–present: Republic of Malta
1964–1974: Crown Colony of Malta
1800–1813: Protectorate of Malta 1798–1800: French occupation of Malta, the insurrection and independent Gozo 1530–1798: Hospitaller Malta 1130–1530: part of the Kingdom of Sicily 1091–1130: part of the County of Sicily 909–1091: part of the Fatimid Caliphate 870–909: part of the Abbasid Caliphate 395–870: part of the Byzantine Empire 218 BC-395 AD: part of Roman Sicilia 480 BC-218 BC: part of the Carthaginian Empire 800 BC-480 BC: part of the Phoenician Empire |
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Marshall Islands | Australia | 21 Oct 1986 | 21 Oct 1986 | United States |
1986–present: Republic of the Marshall Islands (independent state)1943–1986: part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, administered by the United States 1914–1943: part of the Japanese Empire 1898–1914: part of the German Empire 1878–1898: part of the German Empire Micronesian colonists reached the Marshall Islands using canoes circa 2nd millennium BC, with interisland navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. |
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Mauritania | Africa | 28 Nov 1960 | 28 Nov 1960 | France | 1960–present: Islamic Republic of Mauritania 1903–1960: French Empire 1600s–1903: Various Berber and Arabic tribes early 1500s-early 1600s: Southern regions are part of the Songhai Empire c.early 1200s-early 1500s: Southern regions are part of the Mali Empire 1086 – c.early 1200s: Ghana Empire 1076–1086: Part of the Almoravid Emirate c.300–1076: Ghana Empire Various Berber tribes. |
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Mauritius | Africa | 12 Mar 1968 | 12 Mar 1968 | United Kingdom | 1992–present: Republic of Mauritius 1968–1992: Mauritius, independent state (monarchy) French Empire 1638–1710: Dutch Empire The island of Mauritius was uninhabited before its first recorded visit by the Dutch in the late 16th century. The name Dina Arobi has been associated with Arab sailors, but this is speculative, as the name is evidently of Sankritic origin (dwip (island) > diba > dina). |
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Mexico | The Americas | 16 Sep 1810 | 1864 | Spain
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1867–Present: federal state, composed of 32 federal entities: 31 states and the Mexico City )1864–1867: Second Mexican Empire (a unitary state) |
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Micronesia, Federated States of | Australia | 3 Nov 1986 | 3 Nov 1986 | United States | 1979–present: Federated States of Micronesia
1947–1979: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 1919–1947: South Seas Mandate 1914–1919: Imperial Japanese Navy occupation 1899–1914: Part of German New Guinea 1574–1899: Part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines |
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Moldova | Europe | 27 Aug 1991 | 27 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991-present: Moldova
1940-1991: RSS of Moldova 1924-1940: Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1941-1944: Governorate of Transnístria 1881-1947: Kingdom of Romania 1917-1918: Moldovian Democratic Republic 1873-1918: Russian Empire 1346-1859: Moldavia |
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Monaco | Europe | 2 Feb 1861 | 1945 | Germany | Previously occupied by Italy and France. Subject to Sardinia 1815–1861. | |
Mongolia | Asia | 29 Dec 1911 | 13 Mar 1921 | Republic of China
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De facto independence from China in 1921. | |
Montenegro | Europe | 21 May 2006[note 34] | 21 May 2006 ( independence referendum )June 3, 2006 |
Serbia and Montenegro | 2006–present: Montenegro 2003–2006: Part of the union of Principality of Duklja (vassal state of the Byzantine Empire)
625–843: Duklja |
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Morocco | Africa | 788[99] | 7 Apr 1956 | Spain
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1955–present: Kingdom of Morocco
1912–1956: French protectorate of Morocco1912–1956: Spanish protectorate of Morocco1666–1912: Alaouite Sultanate of Morocco 1510–1659:Saadi Sultanate 1472–1554:Wattasid dynasty 1244–1465:Marinid Sultanate 1121–1269:Almohad Caliphate 1040–1147:Almoravid dynasty 750–778:Idrisid dynasty 744–1058:Barghawata 710–1019: Kingdom of Nekor 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 590–698: Part of the Byzantine Empire (as the Exarchate of Africa) 484–703: Kingdom of the Aurès 439–534: Part of the Vandal Kingdom 435–439: Center of the Vandal Kingdom 395–435: Part of the Western Roman Empire as province 42 AD–395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as province 300 BC – 42 AD: Kingdom of Mauretania 814–202 BC: Part of the Carthaginian Empire 2500–539 BC:Phoenician trading posts in the coasts 10,000–2500 BC: Inhabited by Capsians 20,000–10,000 BC: Inhabited by Iberomaurusians 80,000–20,000 BC: Inhabited by Aterians Idris I of Morocco convinced the Awraba Berber tribes to break their allegiance to the distant Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad and he founded the Idrisid dynasty in 788. Since 1.3 Million BC, humans have been settled in Morocco as demonstrated by the discovery of Stone Age hand-axe manufacturing site found at Casablanca in 2021. |
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Mozambique | Africa | 25 June 1975 | 25 June 1975 | Portugal | Portuguese colony from 1498 to 1975.
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Myanmar | Asia | 4 Jan 1948 | 4 Jan 1948 | United Kingdom | Occupied by Japan 1942–1945
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Namibia | Africa | 21 Mar 1990 | 21 Mar 1990 | South Africa | German colony from 1884; governed by South Africa 1915–1990
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Nauru | Australia | 31 Jan 1968 | 31 Jan 1968 | Australia/ New Zealand/ United Kingdom Trust Territory of Nauru | Previously occupied by Germany 1888, Australia 1914, Japan 1942–45, | |
Nepal | Asia | 1559 c. (Gorkha Kingdom) | 1768 (Unification of Nepal) | (none) | 1816–1923: protectorate of the British Empire
Autonomous throughout its recorded history, and certainly since its 1768 unification.[100] The ancient Maurya Empire occupied southern Nepal, but not the core Kathmandu valley.[citation needed] |
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Netherlands | Europe | 26 July 1581 (de facto) 30 Jan 1648 (de jure) |
1945 | Germany |
1945–present: Kingdom of the Netherlands (reestablished in 1945. Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten are the constituent countries of the Kingdom) seceded from the Spanish Empire. The new republic was still considered a state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Peace of Münster in 16481556–1714: Spanish Netherlands, part of the Spanish Empire 1549–1556: Seventeen Provinces(personal union of states of the Holy Roman Empire, administered by the Archduke of Austria (that was also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The Archduchy of Austria was a state of the HRE. But the Kingdom of Spain was not) 1482–1549: was ceded by France to the Holy Roman Empire in 1493, all the fiefs became Imperial States after this year), held by the Archdukes of Austria (that was also Holy Roman Emperors, the Archduchy of Austria was itself a State of the HRE) 1384–1482: (the other fiefs), held by the Dukes of Burgundy (vassals of the French king and of the Holy Roman Emperor) 1190–1384: States of the Frisian Freedom (autonomous confederation within the Holy Roman Empire).959–1190: Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, part of the Kingdom of East Francia, later the Kingdom of Germany and later a state of the Holy Roman Empire 855–959: Part of Lotharingia 843–855: Part of Middle Francia 600–734: Frisian Kingdom 481–843: Part of Francia 385–481 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior 3rd century: Inhabited by Salian Franks 22 BC – 385 AD: Parts of the Roman Empire as Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior 55 BC – 600 AD: Part of Germania 800–22 BC: Inhabited by the Celts, Gauls, and Germanic peoples. 1800–800 BC: Inhabited by the Elps 2700–1800 BC: Inhabited by the Beakers Since 38,000 BC humans have been settled since Neanderthals from the North Sea floor off the coast of Zeeland.[101] Note: The Dutch Empire was created in 1602, after the foundation of the Dutch East India Company, in the government of the stadtholder Maurice, Prince of Orange .
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New Zealand | Australia | 25 Nov 1947 [note 35] | 25 Nov 1947 | United Kingdom | 1947–present: Realm of New Zealand, a monarchy in a personal union with the United Kingdom.[102][103] New Zealand (a sovereign state) has one Antarctic territorial claim (the Ross Dependency), one dependent territory (Tokelau), and two associated states (the Cook Islands and Niue) 1907–1947: Dominion of New Zealand, a Dominion within the British Empire |
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Nicaragua | The Americas | 29 Nov 1898 | 29 Nov 1898 | Greater Republic of Central America | 1898–Present: Republic of Nicaragua
1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America Federation of Central America 1838–1852: Republic of Nicaragua 1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America 24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as province of Nicaragua 15–24 September 1821: Republic of Nicaragua 1638–1894: Mosquito Coast, part of the British Empire 1609–1821: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire )1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire )1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire) Since c.2000 BC humans have been settled by Native Nicaraguans, including Chibcha. |
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Niger | Africa | 3 Aug 1960 | 3 Aug 1960 | France | Became part of France in 1900, became independent on 3 August 1960
1804-1903: Sokoto Caliphate 1403-1901: Songhai Empire 1404-1500: Agadéz Sultanate 1235-1632: part of Mali Empire 700-1430: Gao Empire 700-1380: Kanem Empire |
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Nigeria | Africa | 1 Oct 1960 | 1 Oct 1960 | United Kingdom | Became part of the United Kingdom as the Colony and Protectorate (1914–1954)/Federation of Nigeria(1954–1960), became independent on 1 October 1960
1900-1914: Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate were British protectorates in Nigeria during the period of colonization of the African continent, dividing Nigeria into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in this region of Africa. 1502-1897: Zazzau Sultanate 1430-1591: Songhai Empire 1380-1893: Bornu Empire
1500-1840: Kwararafa, a pre-colonial confederation in the north of what is now Nigeria |
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North Macedonia | Europe | 8 Sep 1991 | 8 Sep 1991 | Yugoslavia | 2019–present: Republic of North Macedonia
1991–2019: |
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Norway | Europe | 872 | 8 May 1945 | Germany | 1940–present: Kingdom of Norway (The Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency of the Kingdom of Norway. Norway also lays claims to the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land ).
1940–1945: Occupied by Germany (Reichskommissariat ).1905–1940: Haakon VII elected Norwegian king in a referendum in 1905).1814–1905: United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. A personal union between the Kingdom of Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden. 1537–1814: Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein . 1523–1533: Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein .1397–1523: Kingdom of Norway, in Kingdom of Denmark. This union was known as the Kalmar Union 872–1397: Kingdom of Norway (According to tradition, Harald Fairhair unified all the small kingdoms into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway. In 1163, Norway adopted its current Law of Succession )c.700s–872: The modern territory of Norway was divided in several small kingdoms. This age was characterised by expansion and emigration by Viking seafarers. The Viking Age itself only ended later in 1066. About 10,000 BC, following the retreat of the great inland ice sheets, the earliest inhabitants migrated north into the territory which is now Norway. |
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Oman | Asia | 1626 [note 36] | 1743 | Afsharid Empire
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1970-present Oman
1856-1970: Muscat and Oman 749-1959: Imamate of Oman 1744: House of Busaid 1696-1856: Omani Empire 1624: Ya'rubids are a native people of Oman 1507-1656: Portuguese Oman 1154-1624: Nabhani Dynasty they were rulers of Oman from 1154 until 1624, when the Yaruba dynasty came to power. One of its most visible legacies is Bahla Fort, a large complex of mud-brick buildings on stone foundations that is registered as a UNESCO world heritage site. The Nabhanid dynasty may be a possible ancestor of the Nabhan family , a family of Syrian and Lebanese descent that has influential members in the United States, some of whom immigrated and settled in New York City in the mid-20th century, and some who have influence in Brazil. Previously occupied by Great Seljuq Empire , Ottoman Empire, Portugal (1508–1650), etc.
1400: Azd |
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Pakistan | Asia | 14 Dec 1947 | 14 Dec 1947 | United Kingdom | 1956–present: Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1947–1956: Dominion of Pakistan 1849–1858: Part of the Bengal Presidency of the East India Company 1799–1849: Sikh Empire 1747–1826: Durrani Empire 1716–1799: Sikh Misl 1591–1707: Mughal Empire 1520–1591: Divided between Arghun dynasty and Tarkhan dynasty 1351–1524: Samma dynasty 13th century-1351: Divided between parts of the Mongol Empire and Delhi Sultanate 879–1215: Ghurid Sultanate 879–1026: Hindu Shahi 854–1011: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate under the Habbari dynasty 819–999: Samanid Empire Mid-8th–12th Centuries: Pratihara Empire 670–860: Part of the Umayyad Sindh 643–661: Rashidun Caliphate 632–724: Brahman dynasty of Sindh 524–632: Rai dynasty 450–560: Hephthalite Empire 240–410 AD: Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, part of the Sasanian Empire 30–375 AD: Kushan Empire 19–c.240 AD: Indo-Parthian Kingdom, part of the Parthian Empire 150 BC–400 AD: Parts of the Indo-Scythian Kingdom as Apracharajas and Paratarajas 256 BC–125 BC: Part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 322–200 BC: Part of the Maurya Empire 329–323 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire 550–330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire 1500–500 BC: Inhabited by Vedic 1700–1500 BC: Inhabited by Cemetery H c.3300–c.1300 BC: Part of the Indus Valley civilisation Since 2 million BC, Pakistan has been settled starting with Proto-humans.[104][105] |
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Palau | Australia | 1 Oct 1994 | 1 Oct 1994 | United States | Previously ruled by Spain, Germany, Japan. | |
Palestine | Asia | Sovereignty disputed by Israel | 15 Nov 1988 | Israel | On 15 November 1988, the Palestinian Liberation Organization also proclaimed its independence of the State of Palestine and attained its autonomy as the Palestinian National Authority in 1994 in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the territories that are occupied by Israel since 1967 .
Parts of West Bank are controlled by Israel, except for the Area A of the Palestinian National Authority. The Gaza Strip has been occupied by Hamas since the 2007 war after Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005. The occupied by Egypt from 1957 to 1967 .
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Panama | The Americas | 3 Nov 1903 | 31 Jan 1990 | Colombia | 1990–present: Chocoan, and Cueva peoples.
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Papua New Guinea | Australia | 16 Sep 1975 | 16 Sep 1975 | Australia | Melanesians before then.
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Paraguay | The Americas | 14 May 1811 (de facto) Nov 25, 1845 (formal declaration of Independence) |
1876 | Empire of Brazil |
1876–present: Republic of Paraguay Occupied 1870–1876 by Brazil, in Triple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay.[106] (Paraguayan independence was assured only after the War of the Triple Alliance, when Brazil resisted Argentine offers to divide and annex the country) Republic of Paraguay (Paraguay refused to join the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Argentine Confederation [future Argentina ], which considered Paraguay to be a break-away province. On 12 October 1813 the Paraguayan Republic was proclaimed. Paraguay only made a formal declaration of independence in 1845. It was only recognized by Argentina as an independent country on 17 July 1852. However, this recognition was rejected by the Congress of Argentina and the actual recognition of independence came only in 1856)1811–1813: Province of Paraguay (de facto independent of Spain, but still de jure part of the Spanish Empire) 1776–1811: Part of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (part of the Spanish Empire )1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (part of the Spanish Empire) 1524–1544: Part of the Governorate of New Andalusia (part of the Spanish Empire) 11,000 BC – 1524 AD: Inhabited by Native Paraguayans, including the Mataco-Guaycuru peoples .
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Peru | The Americas | 28 July 1821 | 25 Aug 1839 | North Peru South Peru |
1839–Present: Republic of Peru 1836–1839: Divided in North Peru and South Peru, in union with Bolivia in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation Kingdom of Cuzco and other several small Quechua kingdoms6th–11th Centuries AD: Tiwanaku-Wari Empire Since 24,000 BC humans has been settled, including . |
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Philippines | Asia | 4 July 1946 [note 37] | 4 July 1946 [note 38] | United States | 1986–present: Fifth Philippine Republic
1981–1986: Fourth Philippine Republic 1973–1981: Bruneian Empire occupied Palawan_(island) and parts of Mindanao too.
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Poland | Europe | 11 November 1918 (as a new state, not as a nation) | 1945 | Germany Soviet Union |
1989–present: Republic of Poland (third) Kingdom of Poland, in personal union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1025–1385: Kingdom of Poland 9th century – 1025: Mieszko I ).
Since 498,000 BC humans have been settled in Poland starting with Homo species, and later settled by Lusatian culture, Celts, Germanics, and others. |
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Portugal | Europe | 25 July 1139 | 30 Aug 1808 | France | 1975–present: Portuguese Republic (Third)1974–1975: Junta de Salvação Nacional |
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Qatar | Asia | 3 Sep 1971 | 3 Sep 1971 | United Kingdom | Ottoman Empire Arab tribesmen before that.
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Romania | Europe | 13 July 1878 | 13 July 1878 | United Principalities Soviet Union |
1944–1958. Ottoman Empire Wallachia |
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Russia | Asia/Europe | 1471 ( Grand Duchy of Moscow )
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26 Dec 1991 (de facto) 12 Dec 1993 (de jure)[note 39] |
Soviet Union | 1993–present: federal state , currently have 85 federal subjects. Two federal subjects are not internationally recognized as part of Russia.)1991–1993: |
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Rwanda | Africa | 1 July 1962 | 1 July 1962 | Belgium | Became German East Africa (1885–1918), Rwanda-Urundi (1916–1962), became independent on 1 July 1962 | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | The Americas | 19 Sep 1983 | 19 Sep 1983 | United Kingdom | 1882-1983: Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
1689-1782: British West Indies and French West Indies In the 18th century it was owned by Britain and France, who claimed it as an island of the French and East Indies, and Britain claimed it as part of the British West Indies. |
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Saint Lucia | The Americas | 22 Feb 1979 | 22 Feb 1979 | United Kingdom | 1833-1959: British Windwar Islands was an administrative grouping of British colonies in the Windward Islands of the West Indies, existing from 1833 until 31 December 1959 and consisting of the islands of Grenada, Saint Lucia | |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | The Americas | 27 Oct 1979 | 27 Oct 1979 | United Kingdom | War in Saint Vicent: Os habitantes indígenas das ilhas de ameríndios . A chegada dos europeus no início do século XVI não levou a um assentamento de longo prazo, apenas em 1717 os franceses ocuparam a ilha de Barrouallie , embora os ingleses tenham reivindicado São Vicente em 1627. O Tratado de Paris (1763) viu São Vicente ... Vincent cedeu à Grã-Bretanha . Os atritos com os britânicos levaram à Primeira e à Segunda Guerra do Caribe em meados do século XVIII
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Samoa | Australia | 1 Jan 1962 | 1 Jan 1962 | New Zealand | Trust Territory first of the League of Nations, then of the United Nations and administered by New Zealand, 1920 to 1962.
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San Marino | Europe | 1243 | 21 Sep 1944 | World War II Allies | 1944: Brief occupation by Germany, then Allies during Battle of San Marino 1739: Brief occupation by the Papal States |
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São Tomé and Príncipe | Africa | 12 July 1975 | 12 July 1975 | Portugal | 1975-1991: Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
1485-1975: Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe |
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Saudi Arabia | Asia | 13 Jan 1902 (Emirate of Riyadh)[note 40] | 23 Sep 1932 | Emirate of Jabal Shammar | 1932–present: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1926–1932: Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, a dual monarchy that was the precursor to the modern day Saudi Arabia Egypt Eyalet, part of the Ottoman Empire 1814–1916: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ottoman Empire 1744–1818: ) 1670–1790: Khalidi Emirate 1633–1934: Principality of Najran 1551–1670: Eastern Arabia, part of the Ottoman Empire 1521–1551: al-Qatif (eastern Saudi Arabia today)1517–1804: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ottoman Empire 1260–1517: Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt 1400–c.1521: Jabrids (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia. 1253–c.1400: Usfurids (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia. 1076–1253: Uyunid Emirate (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia 1171–1260: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ayyubid Sultanate 968–1171: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Fatimid Caliphate c. 968:The Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca is established. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia (except the Eastern coast) reverted to traditional tribal rule. 945–968: Western Arabia was part of the Buyid Empire 899–1076: Qarmatians established a religious-utopian republic in Eastern Arabia 750–945: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 656–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (capital city transferred to Kufa, located in modern Iraq) 632–656: Rashidun Caliphate, with the capital city in Mecca 622–632: Muhammad, Prophet of Islam, united all the tribes of Arabia under the banner of Islam and created a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian Peninsula. Shortly before the advent of Sassanid Empire By the late Early settled civilizations in the Antiquity: the Dilmun civilization on the east of the Arabian Peninsula, Thamud north of the Hejaz, and Kingdom of Kinda and Al-Magar civilization in the central of Arabian Peninsula.There is evidence that modern human ( Homo sapiens) habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 63,000 years agoStone tools from the hominids migrated through a "Green Arabia" between 300,000 and 500,000 years ago
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Senegal | Africa | 20 Aug 1960 | 20 Aug 1960 | Mali Federation | Independent first as Mali Federation with capital in Dakar. Previously part of Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires. | |
Serbia | Europe | 13 July 1878 (as a new state, not as a nation.) [note 41] | 3 June 2006 | Yugoslavia Serbia and Montenegro |
2006–present: Republic of Serbia (successor state of Serbia and Montenegro) 2003–2006: Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Serbia and Montenegro (successor state of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (New state)1946–1992: Socialist Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1944–1945: Part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia 1941–1944: Occupied by Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers, Yugoslav government-in-exile, and member of the allies during WWII. 1929–1941: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1929: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1918: Kingdom of Serbia 1915–1918: Occupied by the Central Powers (Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian occupation) 1882–1915: Kingdom of Serbia 1815–1882: Principality of Serbia 1804–1813: Revolutionary Serbia (as independent movement inside the Ottoman Empire) 1459–1817: Part of the Ottoman Empire 1402–1459: Serbian Despotate 1371–1402: Moravian Serbia 1346–1371: Serbian Empire 1217–1346: Kingdom of Serbia 11th century–1217: Grand Principality of Serbia 8th century–10th century: Principality of Serbia Since 5700 BC humans have been settled passing the Vinča. |
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Seychelles | Africa | 29 June 1976 | 29 June 1976 | United Kingdom | Perhaps sovereign 1790–1794
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Sierra Leone | Africa | 27 Apr 1961 | 27 Apr 1961 | United Kingdom | Colony of United Kingdom | |
Singapore | Asia | 9 Aug 1965 | 9 Aug 1965 | Malaysia | British colony 1824–1963; occupied by Japan 1942–1945; declared independence, then merged with Malaysia[8][14] from 1963 until 1965.[11][13] | |
Slovakia | Europe | 1 Jan 1993 | 1 Jan 1993 | Czechoslovakia | 1945–1993: Part of the Czechoslovakia (interrupted by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968) 1945: Occupied by WWII Allies in 1945 Occupied by Germany 1918–1919: Part of the Czechoslovakia 1867–1918: Part of Austria-Hungary 1806–1867: Part of the Austrian Empire |
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Slovenia | Europe | 25 June 1991 | 25 June 1991 | Yugoslavia | 1991–present: Republic of Slovenia 1945–1991: Part of the Austria-Hungary Empire) )
976–1806: Duchy of Carinthia (as part of the Holy Roman Empire) 889–976: March of Carinthia (as part of the Carolingian Empire |
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Solomon Islands | Australia | 7 July 1978 | 7 July 1978 | United Kingdom | Colony of German New Guinea from 1884 to 1920, turning the Solomon Islands into the British after Germany's tragic defeat in the First World War, in the Second World War Japan invaded the islands starting the Solomon Islands Campaign and the Guadalcanal Campaign. | |
Somalia | Africa | 1 July 1960 | 1 July 1960 | United Kingdom Italy |
1 July 1960: Union of Somali city-states
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South Africa | Africa | 11 Dec 1931[note 42] | 11 Dec 1931 | United Kingdom | 1961–present: Republic of South Africa (Democratization in 1994)
1931–1961: Union of South Africa, monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom Boer Republics: Natalia Republic (1839–1843), Orange Free State (1854–1902), South African Republic (1852–1877; 1881–1902), State of Goshen (1882–1883), Republic of Stellaland (later United States of Stellaland; 1882–1885) 1816–1897: Zulu Kingdom 1806–1910: Part of the British Empire c.1780–1817: Mthethwa Paramountcy 1652–1806: Dutch Empire(Conquered by the British, becoming the British Cape Colony )1430–1760: Kingdom of Mutapa c.1075–c.1220: Kingdom of Mapungubwe c.300 AD–c.500 AD: Various Bantu peoples migrated and settled in the territory of the future South Africa (Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Sotho, etc.). In addition to these Bantu peoples, there were still the Khoikhoi, who already inhabited the region before the Bantu expansion Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. What is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. |
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South Sudan | Africa | 9 July 2011 | 9 July 2011 | Sudan | 2011: United Nations Mission in South Sudan
1991-present: Nuer White Army 1983-2018: SPLA |
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Spain | Europe | 542 (Visigothic Spain of Toledo) [note 43][110] | 1813 | France | 1975–present: Kingdom of Spain (restored thrice with democracy) 1939–1977: Spanish Republic (government in exile)
13th century – 1516: Spain has been divided between two monarchies: the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (In 1492, Spain became into an empire until 1975). |
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Sri Lanka | Asia | 4 Feb 1948 | 4 Feb 1948 | United Kingdom | It was not until the reign of Dutthagamani (161–137 BC) that the whole country was unified under his kingdom.
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Sudan | Africa | 1 Jan 1956 [note 45] | 1 Jan 1956 | United Kingdom Egypt |
After King Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt for a century before being defeated and driven out by the Assyrians. Later ruled by the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and then as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899–1956. | |
Suriname | The Americas | 25 Nov 1975 | 25 Nov 1975 | Kingdom of the Netherlands | ||
Sweden | Europe | 970c. | 970 | none | No exact date for consolidation of Sweden. The beginning of the reign of the first Swedish king proven to have existed historically dates from circa 970 AD. The Kalmar Union (1397–1523) was a personal union of Scandinavian states (Denmark, Sweden and Norway). In states in personal unions their sovereignties and international identity remain intact, just sharing the same head of state.) | |
Switzerland | Europe | 24 Oct 1648 | 1815 | Austria | 1848–present: Swiss Confederation (second) 1814–1848: Swiss Confederation (in Restoration and Regeneration) with the Congress of Vienna of 1815. Napoleonic Swiss Confederation, a French puppet (Occipied by the Austrian Empire in 1813)1798–1803: Helvetic Republic, a French occupation 1291–1798: : Swiss Confederation 911–1291: Part of the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire (from 962) as the Duchy of Swabia 843–911: Part of East Francia as Alamannia 496–539: Part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom as Alamannia 496, 539–843: Part of the Frankish Empire as Alamannia 411–534: Kingdom of the Burgundians 395–411 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Germania Superior 200 BC – 395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Germania Superior 6000–200 BC: Inhabited by Germanic, Urnfield, and Celts. Since 298,000 BC humans have been settled by Homo erectus has been found in Pratteln.[112] |
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Syria | Asia | April 17, 1946 | 28 Sep 1961[note 46] | United Arab Republic | 1961–present: Syrian Arab Republic 1958–1961: United Arab Republic (in union with Egypt) |
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Tajikistan | Asia | 9 Sep 1991 | 9 Sep 1991 | Soviet Union | Independent in 1991 of Soviet Union
RSSA Tajique 1929-1991 Russian Empire 1860 Samanid Empire 875-999 |
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Tanzania | Africa | 9 Dec 1961 | 9 Dec 1961 | United Kingdom | Independent in 1961 as Tanganyika, added Zanzibar in 1963. | |
Thailand | Asia | 4 Mar 1351 (Ayutthaya Kingdom) | 1945 | Japan | The Occupied by Japan 1941–1945.
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Timor-Leste | Asia | 28 Nov 1975 | 20 May 2002 | United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor | 2002–present: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste 1999–2002: Administered by the United Nations in Transition. |
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Togo | Africa | 27 Apr 1960 | 27 Apr 1960 | France | ||
Tonga | Australia | 4 June 1970 | 4 June 1970 | United Kingdom | United 1845 by George Tupou I. British protectorate 1900–1970. | |
Trinidad and Tobago | The Americas | 31 Aug 1962 | 31 Aug 1962 | United Kingdom | ||
Tunisia | Africa | 20 Mar 1956 | 20 Mar 1956 | France | Occupations by Rome, Ottoman Empire and France | |
Turkey | Asia/Europe | 1299[note 47] | 1923 | Greece Italy United Kingdom France Armenia |
1923–present: Republic of Turkey 1920–1923: France, United Kingdom and Armenia (Treaty of Sèvres) (Republican Turks, led by General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk initiate the Turkish War of Independence to expel foreign occupation troops and at the same time wage a civil war against Turkish monarchists, seen as collaborationists by the republicans).1299–1920: Caesar of Rome " (Turkish: Kayser-i Rum), part of their titles until the Ottoman Empire ended in 1923. However, this title was never recognized by Europeans.)1261–1453: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantine Empire) (Unlike many kingdoms and empires, the Eastern Roman Empire [and the Roman Empire before it] technically wasn't a hereditary monarchy; there were no formal succession laws in place to specify who was to succeed as emperor. As such, there cannot be a legitimate pretender to the Byzantine throne as the possibility of a true "rightful emperor" died with the empire and its institutions in 1453.) 1204–1261: Divided in Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Sultanate of Rum.(The Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Byzantine Empire because it managed to retake Constantinople.) 1077–1308: Sultanate of Rum, part of the Seljuk Empire 395–1204: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantine Empire) 168 BC – 395 AD: Part of the Roman Republic (later the Roman Empire) 131 BC–64 BC: Western regions are part of the Roman Republic. Eastern regions divided in many kingdoms. 301 BC–131 BC: Divided in many kingdoms, like the Kingdom of Cappadocia, Galatia, Kingdom of Pontus, Kingdom of Pergamon and the Seleucid Empire 306 BC–301 BC: Antigonid dynasty 334–306 BC: Macedonian Empire 550–334 BC: Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire 609 BCE–550 BCE: Median Empire 707 BCE–609 BCE: Divided in many states, like Lydia, Lycia, Phrygia, Lycaonia, Mushki, etc. Eastern regions falls under the rule of the Assyrians. 1178 BCE–707 BCE: Divided in many states, like Lydia, Lycia, Phrygia, Lycaonia, Tabal, Mushki, etc. Around 900 BCE the Greeks began to establish colonies on the coast. 1325 BCE–1178 BCE: Hittite Empire 1400 BCE–1325 BCE: was one of the members) c. 1600 BCE–1400 BCE: Hittite Empire and many small states in the west. Assuwa, a confederation (or league) of 22 ancient Anatolian states, was formed some time before 1400 BC, when it was defeated by the Hittite Empire. Troy was one of the members of the confederationc.2000 BCE–1600 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian, Hittite, Hurrian, Luwian and Anatolian tribes . The small state of Pala was established c.2550 BCE–2000 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian, Hurrian and Anatolian tribes c.3500 BCE–2550 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian and Hurrian tribes From 10,000 BC humans has been settled making first states as Indo-Europeans, including Phrygia and Thrace. |
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Turkmenistan | Asia | 27 Oct 1991 | 27 Oct 1991 | Soviet Union | ||
Tuvalu | Australia | 1 Oct 1978 | 1 Oct 1978 | United Kingdom | 1978–present: Tuvalu
1976–1978: Part of the British Empire as the Colony of Tuvalu 1892–1976: Part of the British Empire as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony |
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Uganda | Africa | 9 Oct 1962 | 9 Oct 1962 | United Kingdom | 1963–present: Republic of Uganda
1962–1963: 1894–1962: Part of the |
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Ukraine | Europe | 24 August 1991[note 48] | 24 Aug 1991 | Soviet Union | 1991–present: Ukraine 1944–1991: Part of the Soviet Union as Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic proto-state of Cossacks within the Russian Empire 1708–1764: Kiev Governorate 1649–1764: Cossack Hetmanate (the word hetman was the title of the general of the Zaporizhian Army. Zaporizhia is a historical and geographic region in Southern Ukraine).(From 1654 until 1764 it was a protectorate of the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire) 1569–1795: Part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as the Kiev Voivodeship 1471–1569: Kiev Voivodeship, part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1441–1783: Crimean Khanate 1253–1349/1392: Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 1199–1253: Principality of Galicia–Volhynia 1132–1471: Principality of Kiev (state of the Kievan Rus' from 1132 to 1240, the capital city of the Kievan Rus' was the city of Kiev [capital city of modern Ukraine]. Part of the Mongol Empire from 1240 to 1261. Part of the Golden Horde from 1261 to 1362. Part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1362 to 1471) c.879–1199: The Kiev (capital city of modern Ukraine) became the capital city of this federationc.600 AD: The territory of modern Ukraine was the core of the state of the Bulgars (often referred to as Khazar Khaganate (650–969)c.400 AD: the Antes Union was located in the territory of what is now Ukraine. The Antes were the ancestors of Ukrainians and other Slavic peoples. Before 400 AD: There were several tribes and kingdoms in the territory of modern Ukraine. During the Iron Age, the land was inhabited by Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians. Beginning in the sixth century BC, colonies founded by Greeks was established in the shores of the Black Sea. These colonies became the Bosporan Kingdom (435 BC – 370 AD) Modern human settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of the Gravettian culture in the Crimean Mountains .
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United Arab Emirates | Asia | 2 Dec 1971 | 2 Dec 1971 | United Kingdom | 1971–present: United Arab Emirates
1820–1971: Part of the British Empire as the Trucial States of the Coast of Oman 1258–1820: Bani Yas 750–1258: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 632–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate 629–632: Part of the Caliphate of Muhammad 224–629: Part of the Sasanian Empire |
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United Kingdom | Europe | 498 (Dál Riata) [note 49] | 1266 | Kingdom of England Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of Ireland |
1922–present: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland [the later one is variously described as a country, province or region] are the constituent countries of the Kingdom )1801–1922: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Unlike Southern Ireland, which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 [a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom, later became a republic in 1949], the majority of Northern Ireland's population were unionists, who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom in political union.).. .The United Kingdom has sovereignty over seventeen territories which do not form part of the United Kingdom itself: fourteen British Overseas Territories and three Crown Dependencies England: 1659–1707: Kingdom of England, in personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland 1653–1659: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 1649–1653: Commonwealth of England 1603–1649: Kingdom of England, in personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland 927–1603: Kingdom of England (with the union of eight kingdoms). 410–927: Divided in several small kingdoms. Gradually eight of these kingdoms conquered the others small kingdoms in the future territory of England: . 385–410 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Britannia 43–385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Britannia From 898,000 BC humans has been settled stating with hunter-gatherers. Low sea-levels meant that Britain was attached to the continent for much of this earliest period of history, and varying temperatures over tens of thousands of years meant that it was not always inhabited.[113] Scotland: 1659–1707: Kingdom of Scotland, in personal union with the Kingdom of England 1653–1659: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 1649–1653: Commonwealth of England 1603–1649: Kingdom of Scotland, in personal union with the Kingdom of England 1286–1603: Kingdom of Scotland 9th century – 1286: Kingdom of Alba (There is no precise Gaelic equivalent for the English terminology "Kingdom of Alba", as the Gaelic term Rìoghachd na h-Alba means Kingdom of Scotland'.) 6th century – 9th century: The area that is now Scotland was divided into three areas: Gaelic language and culture with them.From 12,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations,[114][115] including Caledonians, Caereni, Carnonacae, Cat, Cornovii, Creones, Damnonii, Decantae, Lugi, Maeatae, Novantae, Picts, Selgovae, Scoti, Smertae, Taexali, Vacomagi, and Venicones. Wales: 1659–1707: Part of the Kingdom of England 1653–1659: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 1649–1653: Part of the Commonwealth of England 1542–1649: Part of the Kingdom of England 1226–1542: Principality of Wales, in personal union with the Kingdom of England 5th century-1216: Divided in various states, including the Kingdom of Gwynedd 385–410 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Britannia 43–385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Britannia From about 228,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.[116][117] Note: The Elizabeth I who granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration in 1578.[118] On 1 of May 1707, the kingdoms are united from England (10th century – 1707) and Scotland (9th century – 1707), forming as the Kingdom of Great Britain. On 1 January 1801, Ireland was united with two kingdoms as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, until Ireland become independent on 6 December 1922 leaving with 26 out of 32 of the Irish counties. From this day, the British sovereignty was established as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .
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United States | The Americas | 4 July 1776 | 19 Oct 1781 | Great Britain | 1776–present: States of the United States ], currently have 50 federated states and 1 federal district, with the last state to be admitted in the Union being Hawaii , admitted in 1959; The U.S. also currently administers three territories in the Caribbean Sea and eleven in the Pacific Ocean.)1763–1776: Russian America 1521–1763: In the territory of the future French Empire; Thirteen British Colonies of America in the Atlantic coast in 1607, part of the British Empire; New Netherland in the Atlantic coast in 1614, part of Dutch Republic; New Sweden along the Delaware River in 1638, part of Swedish Empire .From at least 15,000 BC humans has been settled from , etc. |
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Uruguay | The Americas | 25 Aug 1825 | 27 Aug 1828 | Empire of Brazil | 1830–present: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
1828–1830: Oriental State of Uruguay
1822–1828: |
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Uzbekistan | Asia | 1 Sep 1991 | 1 Sep 1991 | Soviet Union |
1991–present: Republic of Uzbekistan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991; constitution adopted 1992) 1924–1991: Part of the Soviet Union as Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic 1920–1924: Khorezm People's Soviet Republic 1917–1920: Khanate of Khiva 1873–1917: Part of the Russian Empire as Khanate of Khiva 1511–1873: Khanate of Khiva 1370–1511: Part of the Timurid Empire 1226–1370: Part of the Chagatai Khanate 1206–1226: Part of the Mongol Empire 1100–1206: Part of the Khwarazmian Empire
1037–1100: Part of the Seljuk Empire 840–1037: Part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate 819–840: Part of the Samanid Empire 750–819: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate 661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate 440–661: Part of the Hephthalite Empire 125 BCE-440: Nomadic Tribes 256 BCE-125 BCE: Part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 312 BCE-63 BCE: Part of the Seleucid Empire 330 BCE-312 BCE: Part of the Macedonian Empire 530 BCE-330 BCE: Part of the Achaemenid Empire |
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Vanuatu | Australia | 30 July 1980 | 30 July 1980 | United Kingdom France |
1980–present: Republic of Vanuatu
1906–1980: Part of the French and British empires as New Hebrides Condominium 1890–1906: Part of the French and British Empires as Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission 1889–1890: Independent Commune of Franceville 1887–1889: Part of the French and British Empires as Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission |
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Vatican City | Europe | 11 Feb 1929 | 11 Feb 1929 | Italy | 1929–present: Vatican City State (restored with the Lateran Treaty) 1870–1929: States of the Church (in prison) 1849)). When the Exarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the Duchy of Rome was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it was theoretically still a part. The Holy See, under Pope Stephen II, attempted diplomatic negotiations with the Lombards, and upon the failure of those negotiations, entreated King Pepin the Short of the Franks to intervene on its behalf. Pepin defeated the Lombards by 756 and granted the lands of the Duchy of Rome as well as the former Lombard possessions to the Papacy in what is referred to as the Donation of Pepin .556–754: Duchy of Rome, part of the Byzantine Empire 493–556: Part of Ostrogothic Kingdom 476–493: Part of Kingdom of Italy (Odoacer) 395–476: Part of Western Roman Empire 27 BC – 395 AD: Part of Roman Empire 509–27 BC: Part of Roman Republic 753–509 BC: Part of Roman Kingdom 12th century – 100 BC: Between Latins and Etruscans |
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Venezuela | The Americas | 13 Jan 1830 | 13 Jan 1830 | Gran Colombia |
1999–Present |
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Vietnam | Asia | 2 Sep 1945 | 2 July 1976 | North Vietnam South Vietnam |
1945–1954: the second French rule, which was ended by the Geneva Conference of 1954
1940–1945: Japanese occupation
1887–1940: French rule 1802–1945: Nguyễn dynasty, effective independence from 1802 to 1887, afterwards becoming puppet of the French rule 1778–1802: Tây Sơn dynasty 1428–1788: Later Le dynasty
1407–1428: annexed by Ming dynasty in the Fourth Era of Northern Domination 1400–1407: Hồ dynasty 1225–1400: Trần dynasty 1009–1225: Lý dynasty 980–1009: Early Lê dynasty 968–979: Đinh dynasty 938–965: Ngô dynasty 544–602: The region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Lý dynasty
2879 BC: Văn Lang confederacy arose under Kinh Dương Vương, who was the founder of the Hồng Bàng dynasty
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Yemen | Asia | 1 Nov 1918 | 22 May 1990 | North Yemen South Yemen |
North Yemen independent from Ottoman Empire 1918; South Yemen from UK in 1967; unified 1990
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Zambia | Africa | 24 Oct 1964 | 24 Oct 1964 | United Kingdom | 1964–present: Republic of Zambia
1963–1964: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Northern Rhodesia 1953–1963: Part of the British Empire as Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1911–1953: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Northern Rhodesia 1890–1911: Part of the British Empire as Rhodesia 1823–1890: Part of the Kingdom of Mthwakazi 1660–1823: Part of the Rozvi Empire 1430–1660: Part of the Kingdom of Mutapa |
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Zimbabwe | Africa | 11 Nov 1965 | 18 Apr 1980 | United Kingdom | 1980–present: Republic of Zimbabwe
1979–1980: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Southern Rhodesia 1979: Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1970–1979: Republic of Rhodesia 1965–1970: Rhodesia 1963–1965: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Southern Rhodesia 1953–1963: Part of the British Empire as Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1923–1953: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Southern Rhodesia 1890–1923: Part of the British Empire as Rhodesia 1823–1890: Kingdom of Mthwakazi 1660–1823: Rozvi Empire 1430–1660: Part of the Kingdom of Mutapa 1220–1430: Kingdom of Zimbabwe 1075–1220: Kingdom of Mapungubwe The British colony of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared Independence as Rhodesia 1965; known as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979; unrecognised until 1980. |
See also
- Declaration of independence
- List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
- List of national independence days
- List of wars of independence (national liberation)
- List of former European colonies
- List of former national capitals
- List of former sovereign states
- List of national constitutions
- List of sovereign states
- List of world map changes
- Political history of the world
- Succession of states
- Timeline of country and capital changes
- Timeline of national independence
Notes
- ^ Listed are the six UN member states with limited recognition: China (Bhutan neither recognizes PRC nor ROC; the ROC was recognized as a sovereign country by just 13 countries and Vatican City/Holy See as of April 2022,[1] Israel (not recognized by 32 members), North and South Korea (no mutual recognition), Armenia (not recognized by Pakistan) and Cyprus (not recognized by Turkey).
- ISIL.
- ^ With the ongoing Somali Civil War, significant areas remain outside federal control.
- ^ A new constitution was approved in 2013, but most changes will not enter effect for another decade.
- ^ In the Dominican Republic, every constitutional amendment is considered a new constitution. The most recent amendment was the 2010 constitution.
- ^ Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
- Kim dynastysince 1948.
- ^ See the Declaration of independence article: "... the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis."
- ^ See also Sovereignty of the Philippines § Peace protocol, U.S. military government, Treaty of Paris, and other points in that article for clarification.
- ^ Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
- ^ successor stateto SFRY. This question was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. Only in 1996 had the FRY abandoned its claim to continuity from the SFRY. The FRY was dominated by Slobodan Milošević and his political allies. This was reaffirmed in the Succession Agreement signed in June 2001.
- ^ The Faroe Islands and Greenland were administered by Denmark until 24 March 1948 and 1 May 1979 respectively. They are now autonomous countries with home rule, but remain part of the Kingdom of Denmark.
- ^ annexation of the Baltic states in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and by a number of Western countries, including the United States and the European Union, who assert that the states were independent countries occupied by the Soviet Union. The three corresponding Soviet republics were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state and the three states consider the corresponding Soviet republics to have been illegitimate entities.
- ^ a b c The breaking-through of the Channel Tunnel on 31 October 1990 created a new land border between the UK and France.[29] However, the Channel Tunnel runs underwater and did not change the above-ground territory of either nation.
- ^ France swapped a small area of land with Andorra in 2001 to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge.
- ^ Prior to 1999, the Constitution of Ireland claimed that "The national territory consists of the whole island of Ireland", but that its laws were only valid in the counties of the Republic.
- ^ East Timor had been under Indonesian occupation since 1975, but this occupation was not recognized by the wider global community.
- ^ The breaking-through of the Channel Tunnel on 31 October 1990 created a new land border between the UK and France.[29] However, the Channel Tunnel runs underwater and did not change the above-ground territory of either nation.
- ^ France swapped a small area of land with Andorra in 2001 to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge.
- federal subject of Russia, but its exact status is a topic of dispute between the two countries.[49]
- ^ Full sovereignty. Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931
- ^ Austrians date their national identity back to the establishment of the Duchy of Austria (later the Archduchy of Austria) in the Middle Ages (a state of the Holy Roman Empire that only had full sovereignty after the dissolution of the Empire in the 19th century). Another important states in the identity of the Austrian nation is the Austrian Empire, Cisleithania, Republic of German-Austria, the First Austrian Republic, Federal State of Austria (this later annexed by Nazi Germany). As an independent and sovereign state the current Austrian state dates back to 1945, when the country seceded from Nazi Germany after the end of World War II. However the Moscow Conference of 1943 declared the German annexation of Austria in 1938 null and void
- ^ The medieval Principality of Polotsk became an extinct state after its dissolution. Modern state of Belarus dates from 1991
- ^ Full sovereignty. Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Canada becomes completely sovereign, having consulates and embassies in other countries
- Kingdom of Chile (Patria Vieja) became an extinct stateafter its reconquest by Spain. Modern state of Chile dates from 1818
- mandate of heavenall Chinese imperial states considered themselves successors to previous dynasties, with the Shang dynasty being historically the first non-legendary dynasty of that country.
- ^ The Republic of Spanish Haiti became an extinct state after its reconquest by Haiti. Modern state of Dominican Republic dates from 1844
- ^ Egypt is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Egyptian state, as an independent sovereign state, dates from 1922
- Zagwe was one of the kingdoms that emerged from the collapse of the Kingdom of Aksum, that became an extinct or abolished state in 960 AD. It is the direct historical predecessor of the Ethiopian Empire, regardless of the Solomonic dynasty of the ancient Kingdom of Aksumhaving overthrown the Zagwe dynasty in 1270 and assumed their throne. Dynastic lineages are irrelevant to current international law, mainly because of the fact of the majority of the states in the current world scenario are republics.
- Otto Iin 962.
- Median Empire and the Achaemenid Empire. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Iranian state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1501
- ^ Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Internationally recognized independence, by nations that aren't members of the Commonwealth of Nations
- ^ Beginning of the reign of the first Japanese emperor proven to have existed historically
- ^ Montenegrins date their national identity to the founding of Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro in 1516. However, the Montenegrin state became an extinct state at the time of the Podgorica Assembly, which led to the annexation and extinction of the Kingdom of Montenegro by the Kingdom of Serbia. The current Montenegrin state emerged in 2006 after separating from Serbia.
- ^ Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931
- ^ The region was conquered by Portuguese forces under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque in 1507, and remained under Portuguese control until they were expelled by the Ya'rubids.
- unrecognized state and became an extinct state after being terminated by the United States. Modern state of Philippines dates from 1946. However, Filipinos celebrate their independence date on June 12 (the date of establishment of the First Philippine Republic) in order to avoid celebrating their national date on the same day that their former colonizers (the USA) celebrate their national date (July 4).
- ^ Independence recognized via the Treaty of Manila (1946).
- Kievan Rus, medieval state that was extinguished when it was conquered by the Mongols of the Golden Horde. A new Russian state arose and existed continuously and without loss of sovereignty from 1480 until 1922, when of its own accord it ceased to be a sovereign state and became a subnational unit of the Soviet Union. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the nation again had a sovereign state, with the current Russian sovereign state dating back to 1991. The Russian Federation is regarded as the successor state to the former Soviet Union, inheriting its seat as a UN member state, after a letter by president Boris Yeltsin was received by the secretary-general Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.
- Emirate of Diriya (First Saudi State), however this state later became extinct, as did the Emirate of Nejd (the Second Saudi State). The current and Third Saudi State came into being in 1903 when it separated from the Emirate of Jabal Shammar. Through wars of conquest it conquered other states and made a real union with Hejazbefore adopting the current name Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932
- ^ Serbia consider itself as the successor state of Yugoslavia. The current Serbian state emerged in 1878, after independence de jure from the Ottoman Empire. Other Serbian states existed before this date, but ceased to exist due to the conquest of other states. It is important not to confuse the concept of state with that of the nation, as a nation the Serbian people have existed since the Middle Ages, and just like other ethnic groups (such as the Greeks, Jews, Egyptians, etc.) it went through periods of its history in which it was a Stateless nation
- ^ Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931
- Swinthila finally defeated the Byzantines and the Visigoths dominated the entire Iberian Peninsula). Historiographers of the time such as Isidore of Seville, Julian of Toledo, John of Biclaro, as well as from abroad, the Franks Gregory of Tours, Fredegar, or Pope Leo II, referred to the Visigoth kingdom or its kings, as Hispania or kings of Hispania. On the other hand, there was an adoption by the Visigoths of the Hispano-Roman culture, with a progressive intention to merge the Gothic and Hispano-Roman societies into a common one, politically (kingdom administered from the capital of Toledo, and in accordance with Roman ecclesiastical power through the Councils of Toledo), religiously (Reccared I converted from Arianism to Chalcedonian Christianity in 589), common legislation (Code of Leovigild, and later Visigothic Code), militarily (army composed of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths), with a monetary unit (Visigothic royal currency from 580 to 710), and linguistically (Visigoths spoke Latin), taking advantage of the pre-existing cohesion left by the Hispania of the Roman Empire.[109] Spain is a unitary state that emerged from the political union by incorporating union of different states throughout history. Using the modern criteria of the United Nations, which considers the date of admission of other states that emerged from political unions (such as Tanzania, Malaysia and Yemen) as the date of the oldest predecessor state to be admitted, it will soon be seen that the oldest state that merged to form modern Spain is the Kingdom of León, one of the states in personal union that integrated the Crown of Castile, with such state dating its origins directly from the Kingdom of Asturias. Spain was until 1715 a composite monarchy, i.e. several small states in personal union, only passing through a political union in 1715 with the Nueva Planta decrees
- ^ During Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Spain was a governorship of France. In fear of invasion, the King of Portugal went to Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil.
- Kingdom of Kerma, Kingdom of Kush and other ancient kingdoms that existed in its territory, i.e Nubia(mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts). However, as an independent sovereign state, the current Sudanese state dates back to 1956.
- ^ By uniting with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic into a political union, the Second Syrian Republic ceased to exist as a sovereign state and became an extinct state, with Syria becoming a subnational unit of the United Arab Republic. The current Syrian state emerged as a new state when it broke up politically in 1961. However, Syrians celebrate April 17 as their independence day, as it was on April 17, 1946 that the nation ceased to be a colony of France.
- ^ The Republic of Turkey is the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. Despite being known in English as the Turkish War of Independence, Turks call it in their language Kurtuluş Savaşı (lit. Liberation War). "War of Independence" in Turkish is "bağımsızlık savaşı". The country's national date is the Republic Day (Cumhuriyet Bayramı), which commemorates the change of government regime from a monarchy to a republic.
- Kievan Rus, however this state became an extinct state when it was conquered by the Mongols of the Golden Horde. Another state with historical importance for Ukrainians in their national identity is the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which however also became an extinct state. In the 17th century the Ukrainian nation established another Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, however this state became extinct upon being conquered by the Russian Empire. Between 1917 and 1919, two new Ukrainian states was established, being unified in 1919 but again lost its sovereignty by becoming a subnational unit of the Soviet Union. The current Ukrainian sovereign state dates from 1991, emerging after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
- Ireland separated from the United Kingdom. Ireland had united with Great Britain in 1800 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Kingdom of Great Britain itself emerged from the political union between the Kingdom of England (which had already conquered and annexed the Principality of Wales centuries before) and the Kingdom of Scotland. Using the modern criteria of the United Nations, which considers the date of admission of other states that emerged from political unions (such as Tanzania, Malaysia and Yemen) as the date of the oldest predecessor state to be admitted, it will soon be seen that of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom (today subnational units and not sovereign countries) the oldest is Scotland (unified in 843), which dates its origin to the Dál Riata, which conquered the existing small Pictish states in future Scotland to form the Kingdom of Scotland, which existed until 1707 when it merged with England (originated in 927, when the various Anglo-Saxon kings swore their allegiance to Æthelstan of Wessex(r. 924–939), unifying most of modern England under a single king
References
- ^ "Countries That Recognize Taiwan 2022". worlpopulationreview.com. Countries that Recognize Taiwan as a Sovereign Country – 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2022.)
- ^ Country Profile: Cuba, September 2006, U.S. Library of Congress – Federal Research Division.
- ^ "19 de abril de 1810". Venezuela Tuya.
- ^ "Armenia - The Artaxiads". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ "Cambodia - Khmer Empire, Angkor, Temples". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
- ^ Gavlak, Dale (12 June 2011). "Jordan's King Abdullah vows to allow elected cabinets". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Republics of the Soviet Union were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state.
- ^ a b c Malaysia Act 1963
- ^ United Nations Member States
- ^ a b Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957
- ^ a b c d Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state
- ^ a b Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state/proclamation of singapore
- ^ a b c Singapore Act 1966
- ^ a b Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore
- ^ "Myanmar - Pyu State, Ancient Cities, Irrigation | The kingdom of Pagan (849–c. 1300)". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
- ^ "Philippines". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on July 26, 2009.
- ^ "Country Profile: Philippines" (PDF). Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress. March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2012. said: "The Philippines attained independence from Spain on 12 June 1898, and from the United States on 4 July 1946.". Other sources (e.g. The CIA Factbook ) say that the Philippine Islands were ceded to the US by Spain in 1898 following the Spanish–American War.
- ^ Republic of the Philippines[permanent dead link], Philippine Government website.
- S2CID 153653227. Archived from the original(PDF) on 11 October 2010.
The sovereignty of a State is co-extensive with its territorial limits.
- ^ a b "UN approves PH territorial claim to Benham Rise". 28 April 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ Bautista 2009: "Although by today's standards the 1898 annexation of the Philippines by the U.S. was unlawful, it does not follow that the U.S. claims of sovereignty are unfounded. Under the doctrine of intertemporal law, 'a juridical fact must be appreciated in light of the law contemporary with it, and not the law in force at the time when a dispute in regard to it arises or falls to be settled.' Thus, the legality of any act should be determined in accordance with the law of the time the act was committed, and not by reference to law as it might have become at a later date.'"
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