List of sovereign states in the 2000s

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
List of sovereign states in 2008
)

This is a list of sovereign states in the 2000s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2009. It contains 213 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 194 widely recognized sovereign states, 2 associated states, and 17 entities which claim an effective sovereignty but are considered de facto dependencies of other powers by the general international community.

Members or observers of the United Nations

Name and capital city Status and recognition of sovereignty

A

→ → → →  Afghanistan
Capital: Taloqan (to 6 September 2000), Fayzabad (from 6 September 2000 to 13 November 2001), Kabul (from 13 November 2001) 		Widely-recognized
UN member state.[c]
Claimed to be and was widely recognized as the sole legitimate government of Afghanistan, however in effect it only controlled a small portion of the country until 13 November 2001.
→  Albania – Republic of Albania
Capital: Tirana 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
Capital: Algiers 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Andorra – Principality of Andorra
Capital: Andorra la Vella 		Widely-recognized
ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra
. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
 Angola – Republic of Angola
Capital: Luanda 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Antigua and Barbuda
Capital: St. John's 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Antigua and Barbuda had two dependencies, Barbuda and Redonda
.
→  Argentina – Argentine Republic[d]
Capital: Buenos Aires 		Widely-recognized
British overseas territories
.
 Armenia – Republic of Armenia
Capital: Yerevan 		Widely-recognized
UN member state.[3]
 Australia – Commonwealth of Australia
Capital: Canberra 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Australia was a federation of six states and three territories.[f]
It had sovereignty over the following external territories:
 Austria – Republic of Austria
Capital: Vienna 		Widely-recognized
nine states.[g]
→ Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan
Capital: Baku 		Widely-recognized
partially recognized breakaway republic
had declared independence.

B

 The Bahamas – Commonwealth of the Bahamas
Capital: Nassau 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Commonwealth realm
.
→  Bahrain
Capital: Manama 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh
Capital: Dhaka 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Barbados
Capital: Bridgetown 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Commonwealth realm
.
 Belarus – Republic of Belarus
Capital: Minsk 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium
Capital: Brussels 		Widely-recognized
three communities and three regions.[i]
Belize
Capital: Belmopan 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Commonwealth realm
.
 Benin – Republic of Benin
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (seat of government) 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
Capital: Thimphu 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state. Bhutan was officially guided by India in its foreign affairs, but effectively pursued an independent foreign policy. The Indo-Bhutanese Friendship Treaty was revised on 8 February 2007, confirming Bhutan's full independence in this area.
 
La Paz
(administrative) 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Capital: Sarajevo 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Bosnia and Herzegovina was a federation of two constituent entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was itself a federation of ten cantons,[j] and Republika Srpska. There was also a neutral Brčko District
.
 Botswana – Republic of Botswana
Capital: Gaborone 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil
Capital: Brasília 		Widely-recognized
26 states and one federal district.[k]
 Brunei – State of Brunei, Abode of Peace
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Brunei claimed part of the Spratly Islands (disputed by China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia
).
 Bulgaria – Republic of Bulgaria
Capital: Sofia 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member (from 1 January 2007).
 Burkina Faso
Capital: Ouagadougou 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
Burma → Myanmar
 Burundi – Republic of Burundi
Capital: Bujumbura 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

C

 Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia
Capital: Phnom Penh 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Cameroon – Republic of Cameroon
Capital: Yaoundé 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Canada
Capital: Ottawa 		Widely-recognized
UN member state and Commonwealth realm; Canada was a federation of ten provinces and three territories.[l]
 Cape Verde – Republic of Cape Verde
Capital: Praia 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Central African Republic
Capital: Bangui 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Chad – Republic of Chad
Capital: N'Djamena 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 
Santiago
 Widely-recognized
Antarctic Treaty
.
 China – People's Republic of China
Capital: Beijing 		Widely-recognized
special administrative regions
:

China claimed

Republic of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei), and South Tibet (controlled by India). The People's Republic of China administered Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract, which were within the disputed region of Kashmir
.

 Colombia – Republic of Colombia
Capital: Bogotá 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Colombia administered Serranilla Bank and claimed Bajo Nuevo Bank (disputed by Nicaragua
and the United States)
→  Comoros
Capital: Moroni
  • Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros (to 23 December 2001)[7]
  • Union of the Comoros (from 23 December 2001)[7]
 Widely-recognized
French overseas territories of Mayotte and the Glorioso Islands. Comoros also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Madagascar
and France).
Democratic Republic of the Congo → →  Congo, Democratic Republic of the – Democratic Republic of the Congo
Capital: Kinshasa 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Congo, Republic of the – Republic of the Congo
Capital: Brazzaville 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San José 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
Côte d'Ivoire → Ivory Coast
 Croatia – Republic of Croatia
Capital: Zagreb 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Cuba – Republic of Cuba
Capital: Havana 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. The Cuban area of Guantánamo Bay
was under the control of the United States.
Cyprus →  Cyprus – Republic of Cyprus
Capital: Nicosia 		Widely-recognized
UN member state.[m] EU member (from 1 May 2004). The northeastern part of the island was the de facto independent state of Northern Cyprus
, recognized only by Turkey.
 Czech Republic
Capital: Prague 		Widely-recognized
UN member state.[8] EU
member (from 1 May 2004).

D

 
Kingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen
 Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU member. The Danish Realm
also included two of its constituent countries:
 
Djibouti
 Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Dominica – Commonwealth of Dominica
Capital: Roseau 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Dominican Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

E

 East Timor[n] (from 20 May 2002)[9]
Capital: Dili
  • Democratic Republic of East Timor (from 20 May 2002 to 27 September 2002)
  • Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (from 27 September 2002)
 Widely recognized independent state;
UN
member state (from 27 September 2002).
→  Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
Egypt Egypt – Arab Republic of Egypt
Capital: Cairo 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
Capital: San Salvador 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Equatorial Guinea – Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Capital: Malabo 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Eritrea – State of Eritrea
Capital: Asmara 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Estonia – Republic of Estonia
Capital: Tallinn 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member (from 1 May 2004).
→  Ethiopia – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Capital: Addis Ababa 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Ethiopia was a federation of nine regions and two chartered cities.[o]

F

 Fiji – Republic of the Fiji Islands
Capital: Suva 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Fiji had an autonomous dependency, Rotuma
.
 Finland – Republic of Finland
Capital: Helsinki 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. EU
member. Finland had a neutral and demilitarised region:
 France – French Republic
Capital: Paris 		Widely-recognized
overseas territories
:

France also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Madagascar and the Comoros).

G

 Gabon – Gabonese Republic
Capital: Libreville 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 The Gambia – Republic of the Gambia
Capital: Banjul 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
→  Georgia
Capital: Tbilisi 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Georgia had two autonomous republics: Adjara and Abkhazia. The latter republic was home to a de facto independent state. Georgia also included the disputed region of South Ossetia
, where a partially recognized breakaway republic had declared independence.
 Germany – Federal Republic of Germany
Capital: Berlin 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU member. Germany was a federation of sixteen states.[p]
 Ghana – Republic of Ghana
Capital: Accra 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Greece – Hellenic Republic
Capital: Athens 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU member. Greece had sovereignty over Mount Athos, an autonomous monastic state that was jointly governed by the multi-national "Holy Community" on the mountain and the Civil Governor appointed by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and spiritually came under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate
.
 Grenada
Capital: St. George's 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Grenada had one autonomous dependency, Carriacou and Petite Martinique
.
 Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Guinea – Republic of Guinea
Capital: Conakry 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Capital: Bissau 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Guyana – Co-operative Republic of Guyana
Capital: Georgetown 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

H

 Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Capital: Port-au-Prince 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state. Haiti claimed the uninhabited United States possession of Navassa Island.
Holy See → Vatican City
 Honduras – Republic of Honduras
Capital: Tegucigalpa 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Hungary – Republic of Hungary
Capital: Budapest 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member (from 1 May 2004).

I

 Iceland – Republic of Iceland
Capital: Reykjavík 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 India – Republic of India
Capital: New Delhi 		Widely-recognized
twenty-eight states and seven union territories.[q] Indian sovereignty over South Tibet was disputed by the People's Republic of China. India administered part of the disputed region of Kashmir as the state of Jammu and Kashmir
.
 Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia
Capital: Jakarta 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Indonesia had five special provinces: Aceh, Jakarta, Papua (from 21 November 2001), West Papua (from 14 November 2003), and Yogyakarta
 Iran – Islamic Republic of Iran
Capital: Tehran 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
→ →  Iraq [r]
Capital: Baghdad 		Widely-recognized
autonomous regions, but only one region (i.e. Iraqi Kurdistan
) had been established.
 Ireland[s]
Capital: Dublin 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member.
 Israel – State of Israel
Capital: Jerusalem 		Widely-recognized
Israeli Security Zone in Southern Lebanon (to 22 May 2000), and the West Bank
. These areas were not generally recognized as being part of Israel.
→ →  Italy – Italian Republic
Capital: Rome 		Widely-recognized UN member state; EEC member. Italy had 5 autonomous regions and they were the Aosta Valley, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
 Ivory Coast – Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
Capital: Yamoussoukro (official), Abidjan (seat of government) 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

J

 Jamaica
Capital: Kingston 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Commonwealth realm
.
 Japan
Capital: Tokyo 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Japan claimed the Liancourt Rocks, which were controlled by South Korea
.
 Jordan – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Capital: Amman 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

K

 Kazakhstan – Republic of Kazakhstan
Capital: Astana 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Kenya – Republic of Kenya
Capital: Nairobi 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Kiribati – Republic of Kiribati
Capital: South Tarawa 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Korea, North – Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Capital: Pyongyang 		Widely-recognized
UN member state.[u] Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Korea
.
 Korea, South – Republic of Korea
Capital: Seoul 		Widely-recognized
UN member state.[v] South Korea had one autonomous region and it was Jeju Island from 1 July 2006; claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Korea. South Korea controlled the Liancourt Rocks, which were claimed by Japan
.
 Kuwait – State of Kuwait
Capital: Kuwait City 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz Republic
Capital: Bishkek 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

L

 Laos – Lao People's Democratic Republic
Capital: Vientiane 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Latvia – Republic of Latvia
Capital: Riga 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member (from 1 May 2004).
 Lebanon – Lebanese Republic
Capital: Beirut 		Widely-recognized
occupied by Israel
(to 22 May 2000).
Lesotho →  Lesotho – Kingdom of Lesotho
Capital: Maseru 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
Libya Libya – Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Capital: Tripoli, Libya 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz 		Widely-recognized
UN member state.[8]
The defense of Liechtenstein was the responsibility of Switzerland.
Lithuania →  Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania
Capital: Vilnius 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member (from 1 May 2004).
 
Luxembourg
 Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member.

M

 Macedonia – Republic of Macedonia[w]
Capital: Skopje 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
Madagascar – Republic of Madagascar
Capital: Antananarivo 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Madagascar claimed the French possessions of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands and Juan de Nova Island. It also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Comoros
and France)
 Malawi – Republic of Malawi
Capital: Lilongwe 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Malaysia
Capital: Kuala Lumpur (official), Putrajaya (administrative) 		Widely-recognized
Republic of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Brunei
).
 Maldives – Republic of Maldives
Capital: Malé 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Mali – Republic of Mali
Capital: Bamako 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Malta – Republic of Malta
Capital: Valletta 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member (from 1 May 2004).
 Marshall Islands – Republic of the Marshall Islands
Capital: Majuro 		Widely-recognized
UN member state under Compact of Free Association with the United States. The Marshall Islands claimed the United States territory of Wake Island
.
 
Islamic Republic of Mauritania
Capital: Nouakchott
 Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Mauritius – Republic of Mauritius
Capital: Port Louis 		Widely-recognized
Cargados Carajos and Rodrigues (to 12 October 2002). It claimed the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French territory of Tromelin Island
.
 Mexico – United Mexican States
Capital: Mexico City 		Widely-recognized
31 states and one federal district.[y]
</ref>
 Micronesia – Federated States of Micronesia
Capital: Palikir 		Widely-recognized
UN member state under Compact of Free Association with the United States; the FSM was a federation of four states.[z]
Chişinău
 Widely-recognized
UN member state. Moldova had two autonomous territorial units: Gagauzia and Transnistria
. The latter was home to a de facto independent state.
 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state. The defense of Monaco was the responsibility of France.
 Mongolia
Capital: Ulaanbaatar 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Montenegro (from 3 June 2006)
Capital: Podgorica
  • Republic of Montenegro (from 3 June 2006 to 22 October 2007)[aa][ab]
  • Montenegro (from 22 October 2007)[ab]
 Widely recognized independent state from 3 June 2006;
UN
member state from 28 June 2006.
 Morocco – Kingdom of Morocco
Capital: Rabat 		Widely-recognized
Peñón de Alhucemas
.
 Mozambique – Republic of Mozambique
Capital: Maputo 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
Myanmar Myanmar – Union of Myanmar[ac]
Capital: Yangon (to 6 November 2005), Naypyidaw (from 6 November 2005) 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

N

 Namibia – Republic of Namibia
Capital: Windhoek 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Nauru – Republic of Nauru
Capital: Yaren (unofficial) 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state. The defense of Nauru was the responsibility of Australia.
   Nepal
Capital: Kathmandu
  • Kingdom of Nepal (to 15 January 2007)[13]
  • State of Nepal (from 15 January 2007 to 28 May 2008)[13][14]
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (from 28 May 2008)[14]
 Widely-recognized
UN member state. Nepal was designated as a federation
after 28 May 2008, but its federal units had not yet been created.
Netherlands Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam (official), The Hague (seat of government) 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consisted of three autonomous countries:

The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole was a member of the EU, but Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles were not.

 New Zealand
Capital: Wellington 		Widely-recognized
associated states
of:

It also had sovereignty over two dependent territories:

The government of Tokelau claimed Swains Island, part of American Samoa (a U.S. dependence). New Zealand did not recognize this claim.

 Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
Capital: Managua 		Widely-recognized
Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur
.
 Niger – Republic of Niger
Capital: Niamey 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Nigeria – Federal Republic of Nigeria
Capital: Abuja 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Nigeria was a federation of 36 states and one federal territory.[ad]
 Norway – Kingdom of Norway
Capital: Oslo 		Widely-recognized
Spitsbergen Treaty
. Norway had sovereignty over the following dependencies:

O

 
Muscat
 Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

P

 Pakistan – Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Capital: Islamabad 		Widely-recognized
Northern Areas. The latter territory was autonomous under the name Gilgit-Baltistan
after 29 August 2009.
 Palau – Republic of Palau
Capital: Koror (to 7 October 2006), Ngerulmud (from 7 October 2006) 		Widely-recognized
UN member state under Compact of Free Association
with the United States.
 Panama – Republic of Panama
Capital: Panama City 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Papua New Guinea – Independent State of Papua New Guinea
Capital: Port Moresby 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Commonwealth realm. After 15 June 2005, Papua New Guinea had one autonomous region: Bougainville
.
 Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Peru – Republic of Peru
Capital: Lima 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Philippines – Republic of the Philippines
Capital: Manila 		Widely-recognized
Republic of China, Vietnam, Brunei, and Malaysia) and the Malaysian territory of Sabah
.
 Poland – Republic of Poland
Capital: Warsaw 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member (from 1 May 2004).
 Portugal – Portuguese Republic
Capital: Lisbon 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU member. Portugal had two autonomous regions: the Azores and Madeira. Portugal claimed the Spanish municipalities of Olivenza and Táliga
.

Q

 Qatar – State of Qatar
Capital: Doha 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

R

 Romania
Capital: Bucharest 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member (from 1 January 2007).
 Russia – Russian Federation
Capital: Moscow 		Widely-recognized
1 autonomous oblast, and 10 autonomous okrugs.[af]
Rwanda →  Rwanda
Capital: Kigali
  • Rwandese Republic (to 26 May 2003)[ag]
  • Republic of Rwanda (from 26 May 2003)[ag]
 Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

S

 Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Capital: Basseterre 		Widely-recognized
fourteen parishes within two islands.[ah] Nevis
(which was one of the islands) had autonomy.
→  Saint Lucia
Capital: Castries 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Commonwealth realm
.
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Capital: Kingstown 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Commonwealth realm
.
 Samoa – Independent State of Samoa
Capital: Apia 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 San Marino – Republic of San Marino
Capital: San Marino 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 São Tomé and Príncipe – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
Capital: São Tomé 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. São Tomé and Príncipe had one autonomous province: Príncipe
.
 Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Capital: Riyadh 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Senegal – Republic of Senegal
Capital: Dakar 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Serbia – Republic of Serbia (from 5 June 2006)[ai]
Capital: Belgrade 		Widely-recognized
Kosovo and Metohija. The latter province was governed by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
. After 17 February 2008, it was home to a partially-recognized de facto independent state.
 Serbia and Montenegro (to 5 June 2006)
Capital: Belgrade (administrative/legislative), Podgorica (judicial, from 4 February 2003 to 3 June 2006)
  • Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (to 4 February 2003)[aj]
  • State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (from 4 February 2003 to 5 June 2006)[ai][aj]
 Widely recognized independent state;
Kosovo and Metohija. The latter province was under the administration of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
.
 Seychelles – Republic of Seychelles
Capital: Victoria 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. The Seychelles claimed the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French territories of Tromelin Island and the Glorioso Islands
.
 Sierra Leone – Republic of Sierra Leone
Capital: Freetown 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Singapore – Republic of Singapore
Capital: Singapore 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Slovakia – Slovak Republic
Capital: Bratislava 		Widely-recognized
UN member state;[8] EU
member (from 1 May 2004).
 Slovenia – Republic of Slovenia
Capital: Ljubljana 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member (from 1 May 2004).
 Solomon Islands
Capital: Honiara 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Commonwealth realm
.
 Somalia
Capital: Mogadishu
  • Somalia (to 16 July 2000)[ak]
  • Somali Republic (from 16 July 2000)[ak]
 Widely-recognized
Transitional Federal Government) was established. Over the course of the Somali Civil War, several autonomous regional governments
were established in the de jure territory of Somalia. Although these states did not claim independence from Somalia, they were de facto self-governing:

There were also areas of the country which at various times had no effective government at all or which were ruled by local clans. In addition, there were two states which had declared and established de facto independence from Somalia: Puntland (to 1 July 2001) and Somaliland.

 South Africa – Republic of South Africa
Capital: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), Bloemfontein (judicial) 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Spain – Kingdom of Spain
Capital: Madrid 		Widely-recognized
British overseas territory
of Gibraltar.
 
Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte
 Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 
Republic of the Sudan
Capital: Khartoum
 Widely-recognized
UN member state. Sudan was a federation of 26 states, ten of which formed the autonomous region of Southern Sudan after 9 January 2005.[am]
 Suriname – Republic of Suriname
Capital: Paramaribo 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland
Capital: Mbabane (administrative), Lobamba (royal and legislative) 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden
Capital: Stockholm 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; EU
member.
  Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
Capital: Bern 		Widely recognized independent state.
UN member state (from 10 September 2002). Switzerland was a federation of 26 cantons.[an]
 Syria – Syrian Arab Republic
Capital: Damascus 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Syria included the Golan Heights, which were occupied by Israel. It disputed the Turkish sovereignty over Hatay Province
.

T

 Tajikistan – Republic of Tajikistan
Capital: Dushanbe 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Tajikistan had one autonomous province: Gorno-Badakhshan
.
 Tanzania – United Republic of Tanzania
Capital: Dodoma (official), Dar es Salaam (seat of government) 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Tanzania had one autonomous region: Zanzibar
.
Thailand – Kingdom of Thailand
Capital: Bangkok 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
Timor-Leste → East Timor
Togo Togo
Capital: Lomé 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga
Capital: Nukuʻalofa 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Trinidad and Tobago – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Capital: Port of Spain 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Trinidad and Tobago had one autonomous island: Tobago
.
 Tunisia – Tunisian Republic
Capital: Tunis 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Turkey – Republic of Turkey
Capital: Ankara 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
Turkmenistan →  Turkmenistan
Capital: Ashgabat 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Tuvalu
Capital: Funafuti 		Widely recognized independent state and
UN member state from 5 September 2000; Commonwealth realm
.

U

 Uganda – Republic of Uganda
Capital: Kampala 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Ukraine
Capital: Kyiv 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; Ukraine had one autonomous republic and it was Crimea
.
 United Arab Emirates
Capital: Abu Dhabi 		Widely-recognized
UN member state; the United Arab Emirates was a federation of seven emirates.[ao]
 United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Capital: London 		Widely-recognized
dependent territories
(referred to as "overseas territories" after 26 February 2002):

In addition, the

Crown dependencies
:

 United States – United States of America
Capital: Washington, D.C. 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. The United States was a federation of 50 states, one federal district, and one incorporated territory.[ap] It asserted sovereignty over the following inhabited insular areas
:
 Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Uzbekistan – Republic of Uzbekistan
Capital: Tashkent 		Widely-recognized
UN member state. Uzbekistan had one autonomous republic: Karakalpakstan
.

V

 Vanuatu – Republic of Vanuatu
Capital: Port Vila 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Vatican City – Vatican City State
Capital: Vatican City 		Widely recognized independent state. Vatican City was administered by the Holy See, a sovereign entity recognized by a large number of countries and a Permanent observer at the United Nations. The Holy See also administered a number of extraterritorial properties in Italy. The Pope was the ex officio head of state of Vatican City.
→  Venezuela
Capital: Caracas
  • Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (to 12 April 2002)[aq]
  • Republic of Venezuela (from 12 April 2002 to 13 April 2002)[aq][ar]
  • Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (from 13 April 2002)[ar]
 Widely-recognized
UN member state. Venezuela was a federation of 23 states, one federal dependency, and one federal district.[as]
 Vietnam – Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Capital: Hanoi 		Widely-recognized
Republic of China, Brunei, the Philippines, and Malaysia
).

Y

 
Sana'a
 Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

Z

 Zambia – Republic of Zambia
Capital: Lusaka 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.
 Zimbabwe – Republic of Zimbabwe
Capital: Harare 		Widely-recognized
UN
member state.

Non-UN members or observers

Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
 Abkhazia – Republic of Abkhazia
Capital: Sukhumi 		Partially recognized de facto self-governing entity.
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
.
Afghanistan, Islamic Emirate of (to 7 December 2001)[au]
Capital: Kabul (to 13 November 2001), Kandahar
(from 13 November 2001) 		Partially recognized de facto independent state.[26] Claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Afghanistan but only controlled a small portion of the country after 13 November 2001.
Anjouan – State of Anjouan (to 10 March 2002)[27]
Capital: Mutsamudu 		De facto self-governing entity. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the Comoros.
 Cook Islands
Capital: Avarua 		A state in free association with New Zealand, recognized by China. The Cook Islands is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. It shares a head of state with New Zealand as well as having shared citizenship.
 Chechnya – Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (to 6 February 2000)[av]
Capital: Dzhokhar-Ghala 		Partially recognized de facto self-governing entity.
Republic of Chechnya
.
Kosova – Republic of Kosova (until 1 February 2000)
Capital: Pristina 		Partially-recognized de facto independent state.[30]
 Kosovo – Republic of Kosovo (from 17 February 2008)[aw]
Capital: Pristina 		Partially recognized de facto self-governing entity.
UN administration
Mohéli – Democratic Republic of Mohéli (to 10 March 2002)[27]
Capital: Fomboni 		De facto self-governing entity. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by the Comoros.
 Nagorno-Karabakh – Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Capital: Stepanakert 		De facto self-governing entity. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Azerbaijan.
 Niue
Capital: Alofi 		A state in free association with New Zealand, recognized by China (from 12 December 2007). Niue is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. It had shared citizenship with New Zealand.
 
Lefkoşa
 Partially recognized de facto self-governing entity.
Republic of Cyprus
.
 Palestine – State of Palestine[ax]
Capital: Ramallah (administrative), Gaza City (administrative), Jerusalem (claimed) 		Disputed region consisting of three occupied territories: the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. The declared State of Palestine, which claimed independence for all the Palestinian territories, was recognized by a large number of countries. In foreign relations, Palestine was represented by the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was a permanent observer at the United Nations. The Palestinian National Authority was an interim administrative body that exercised limited control over parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. From 12 September 2005 to 15 June 2007, the PNA controlled all of Gaza. After 15 June 2007, Gaza was under the control of Hamas.
 
Garowe
 De facto self-governing entity. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Somalia.
 
El Aaiún
(claimed) 		Partially recognized de facto self-governing entity.[35] The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claimed the disputed territory of Western Sahara, most of which was under control of Morocco. The territories under its control, the so-called Free Zone, were claimed by Morocco. Its government resided in exile in Tindouf, Algeria.
 Somaliland – Republic of Somaliland
Capital: Hargeisa 		De facto self-governing entity. Not recognized by any other state. Claimed by Somalia.
 South Ossetia – Republic of South Ossetia
Capital: Tskhinvali 		Partially recognized de facto independent state.
Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia
from April 2007).
 Taiwan – Republic of China
Capital: Taipei (seat of government) 		Partially recognized de facto independent state.
People's Republic of China and part of the disputed Kashmir region); eastern Bhutan; South Tibet (controlled by India); and Kachin State (administered by Myanmar) (to mid 2000s[37]
).
 Tamil Eelam (to 18 May 2009)[38]
Capital: Trincomalee 		Unrecognized de facto self-governing entity. Claimed by Sri Lanka.
 Transnistria – Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
Capital: Tiraspol 		Partially recognized de facto self-governing entity.[az] Claimed by Moldova.

Other entities

Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities which either were not fully sovereign or did not claim to be independent:

  • Antarctica as a whole had no government and no permanent population. Seven states claimed portions of Antarctica and five of these had reciprocally recognised one another's claims.[39] These claims, which were regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, were neither recognised nor disputed by any other signatory state.[40]
  • European Union The European Union was a sui generis supranational organisation which had 15 (later 28) member states. The member states had transferred a measure of their legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, and as such the EU had some elements of sovereignty, without generally being considered a sovereign state. The European Union did not claim to be a sovereign state and had only limited capacity for relations with other states.
  • Kosovo was a territory that was nominally part of Serbia and Montenegro (until 2006) and then Serbia (from 2006 to 2008), but was under United Nations administration as part of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo.[41]
  • Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Sovereign Military Order of Malta was a United Nations observer. The order had bi-lateral diplomatic relations with a large number of states, but has no territory other than extraterritorial areas within Rome.[42] The order's Constitution stated: "The Order is a subject of international law and exercises sovereign functions."[43] Although the order frequently asserted its sovereignty, it did not claim to be a sovereign state. It lacked a defined territory. Since all its members were citizens of other states, almost all of them lived in their native countries, and those who resided in the order's extraterritorial properties in Rome did so only in connection with their official duties, the order lacked the characteristic of having a permanent population.
  • governed by the United Nations. It was neither sovereign nor under the sovereignty of any other state. It became the independent state of East Timor
    on 20 May 2002.

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    loya jirga.[1]
  2. ^ a b Afghanistan ratified a new constitution on 26 January 2004.[2]
  3. ^ The Islamic State of Afghanistan was not recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, or the United Arab Emirates until 7 December 2001.
  4. ^ The name "Argentine Nation" was also used for the purposes of legislation.
  5. Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán. 1 autonomous city: Buenos Aires
    .
  6. Victoria, Western Australia. 3 territories: Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, Northern Territory
    .
  7. Tyrol, Upper Austria, Vorarlberg, Vienna
    .
  8. Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah, the Emir of Bahrain, was declared a King.[4]
  9. Brussels-Capital Region, Flanders, Wallonia
    .
  10. ^ 10 cantons: Bosnian-Podrinje, Canton 10, Central Bosnia, Herzegovina-Neretva, Posavina, Sarajevo, Tuzla, Una-Sana, West Herzegovina, Zenica-Doboj.
  11. Tocantins. 1 federal district: Federal District
    .
  12. ^ 10 provinces: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland (renamed Newfoundland and Labrador on 6 December 2001), Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan. 3 territories: Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon.
  13. ^ Was not recognized by Turkey or Northern Cyprus.
  14. ^ Also known as "Timor-Leste".
  15. Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region, Tigray. 2 chartered cities: Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa
    .
  16. ^ 16 states: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia
  17. Uttaranchal (from 9 November 2000, renamed Uttarakhand in 2007), West Bengal. 7 union territories: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep, National Capital Territory of Delhi, Pondicherry
    (spelled Puducherry from 2006).
  18. Multinational force in Iraq.[10]
  19. ^ Ireland also had the legal description of "Republic of Ireland", although this was not its constitutional name.
  20. ^ Israel was not recognized by Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Chad, Cuba, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, North Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, or Yemen.
  21. ^ North Korea was not recognized by Estonia, France, Japan, or South Korea.
  22. ^ South Korea was not recognized by North Korea.
  23. ^ Provisionally referred to by the UN and a number of states and international organizations as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", see Macedonia naming dispute.
  24. Labuan, Putrajaya
    (from 1 February 2001).
  25. Yucatán, Zacatecas. 1 federal district: Federal District
    .
  26. ^ 4 states: Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei, Yap.
  27. ^ Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006.[11]
  28. ^ a b The Republic of Montenegro adopted a new constitution on 22 October 2007, shortening its official name to "Montenegro".[12]
  29. ^ Commonly known in English as "Burma".
  30. ^ 36 states: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. 1 federal territory: Federal Capital Territory.
  31. Northern Areas (renamed Gilgit-Baltistan
    on 29 August 2009).
  32. Koryakia (to 1 July 2007), Nenetsia, Permyakia (to 1 December 2005), Taymyria (to 1 January 2007), Ust-Orda Buryatia (to 1 January 2008), Yamalia
    .
  33. ^ a b On 26 May 2003, Rwanda adopted a new constitution, changing its official French name from "République rwandaise" to "République du Rwanda".[15][16] The former name can be translated into English as "Rwandese Republic",[17] "Rwandan Republic",[18] or "Republic of Rwanda".[19] The official name in Kinyarwanda has always been "Republika y'u Rwanda".
  34. Trinity Palmetto Point
    (Saint Kitts)
  35. ^ a b The Serbian parliament declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 5 June 2006, ending the union.[20]
  36. ^ a b The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia reconstituted itself as Serbia and Montenegro on 4 February 2003.[21]
  37. ^ a b The Transitional National Government of Somalia adopted a Federal Charter on 16 July 2000.[22]
  38. La Rioja, Valencian Community. 2 autonomous cities: Ceuta, Melilla
    .
  39. White Nile, Warrap
    .
  40. Graubünden, Jura, Lucerne, Neuchâtel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zürich
    .
  41. Umm al-Qaiwain
    .
  42. District of Columbia. 1 incorporated territory: Palmyra Atoll
    .
  43. ^
    being installed as interim president of Venezuela on 14 April 2002, Pedro Carmona issued a decree which voided the 1999 constitution.[23]
  44. ^ a b Hugo Chávez returned to power on 13 April 2002 and restored the Constitution of Venezuela.[24]
  45. Federal Dependencies
    .
  46. ^ Abkhazia was recognized by South Ossetia (from 19 September 2005), Transnistria (from 17 November 2006), Russia (from 26 August 2008), Nicaragua (from 5 September 2008), Venezuela (from 10 September 2009), and Nauru (from 15 December 2009).
  47. ^ Kandahar, the last major city under Taliban control, fell to the Islamic State of Afghanistan on 7 December 2001.[25]
  48. ^ Grozny fell to the Russians on 6 February 2000, ending the de facto independence of Chechnya.[28]
  49. ^ Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008.[31]
  50. ^ See the following on statehood criteria:
    • Mendes, Errol (30 March 2010), Statehood and Palestine for the purposes of Article 12 (3) of the ICC Statute (PDF), 30 March 2010, pp. 28, 33, retrieved 2011-04-17: "...the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention..."; "...the fact that a majority of states have recognized Palestine as a State should easily fulfill the requisite state practice".
    • McKinney, Kathryn M. (1994), "The Legal Effects of the Israeli-PLO Declaration ofPrinciples: Steps Toward Statehood for Palestine", Seattle University Law Review, 18 (93), Seattle University: 97, archived from the original on 2011-07-22, retrieved 2011-04-17: "It is possible, however, to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory".
    • McDonald, Avril (Spring 2009), "Operation Cast Lead: Drawing the Battle Lines of the Legal Dispute", Human Rights Brief, 25, Washington College of Law, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, retrieved 2011-04-17: "Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood, Palestine might be considered a state."
  51. ^ South Ossetia was recognized by Abkhazia (from 19 September 2005), Transnistria (from 17 November 2006), Russia (from 26 August 2008), Nicaragua (from 5 September 2008), Venezuela (from 10 September 2009), and Nauru (from 16 December 2009).
  52. ^ Transnistria was recognized by Abkhazia (from 17 November 2006) and South Ossetia (from 17 November 2006).

References

  1. ^ "Traditional Council Elects Karzai as Afghan President - New York Times". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013.
  2. ^ "President Office |CONSTITUTION". Archived from the original on 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  3. ^ Armenia was not recognized by Pakistan.
  4. ^ a b Constitution of the Kingdom of Bahrain (2002)
  5. ^ a b Bolivia enacted a new constitution on 7 February 2009, changing the official name of the state. [1] Archived 2012-01-24 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^
    Swaziland, Tuvalu, and Vatican City. Until 11 October 2003, Liberia
    recognized both the ROC and the PRC, which led to the PRC severing diplomatic relations. After 11 October 2003, Liberia only recognized the PRC.
  7. ^ a b .za/hr_docs/constitutions/docs/ComorosC%20(english%20summary)(rev).doc The Comoros adopted a new constitution on 23 December 2001
  8. ^ a b c Owing to a dispute over lands seized during World War II, Liechtenstein did not recognize the Czech Republic or Slovakia, and neither country recognized Liechtenstein. Liechtenstein established diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic on 13 July 2009 and with Slovakia on 9 December 2009.
  9. ^ Timor-Leste declared independence from United Nations administration on 20 May 2002. [2]
  10. ^ "2004: US transfers power back to Iraq". 28 June 2004.
  11. ^ "Montenegro declares independence". 4 June 2006.
  12. ^ "Refworld | Montenegro: Constitution of Montenegro".
  13. ^ a b Nepal adopted an interim constitution on 15 January 2007, changing its official name to "State of Nepal" "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2012-02-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ a b The Nepalese monarchy was formally abolished on 28 May 2008
  15. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-22. Retrieved 2006-08-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ "Constitution rwandaise du 10 juin 1991, Digithèque MJP".
  17. ^ CIA World Fact Book, 2004/"Rwanda"
  18. ^ "Rwanda".
  19. ^ "The 1996 CIA World Factbook page on Rwanda".
  20. ^ "Montenegro gets Serb recognition". 15 June 2006.
  21. ^ "Yugoslavia consigned to history". 4 February 2003.
  22. ^ "Interim Charter adopted". 17 July 2000.
  23. ^ "Interim Venezuelan president sworn in". 13 April 2002.
  24. ^ "Venezuelan Coup President Gains Asylum, Leaves for Colombia".
  25. ^ "The United States Army in Afghanistan: Operation Enduring Freedom". www.history.army.mil. Archived from the original on 2010-02-01.
  26. ^ The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
  27. ^ a b Anjouan and Moheli became autonomous islands of the Comoros after a referendum on 10 March 2002. [3]
  28. ^ "BBC News | EUROPE | Putin: 'Grozny liberated'".
  29. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
    .
  30. ^ Only recognized by Albania.
  31. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/02/17/kosovo.independence/index.html
  32. Republic of China (from 18 February 2008), Samoa (from 15 September 2008), San Marino (from 11 May 2008), Saudi Arabia (from 20 April 2000), Senegal (from 19 February 2008), Sierra Leone (from 13 June 2008), Slovenia (from 5 March 2008), South Korea (from 28 March 2008), Sweden (from 4 March 2008), Switzerland (from 27 February 2008), Turkey (from 18 February 2008), the United Arab Emirates
    (from 14 October 2008), the United Kingdom (from 18 February 2008), and the United States (from 18 February 2008).
  33. ^ Northern Cyprus was recognized only by Turkey.
  34. ^ Puntland's "temporary independence" came to an end on 1 July 2001, when it adopted a new constitution and declared itself to be an integral part of Somalia. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2010-05-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. Timor-Leste (from 20 May 2002), Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu (to 15 September 2000), Uganda, Uruguay (from 28 December 2005), Vanuatu (to November 2000 and then again from August 2008), Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe
    .
  36. ^ Mongolia–Taiwan relations
  37. History of the administrative divisions of China (1912–49)
  38. ^ Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam defeated in the Sri Lankan Civil War
  39. ISBN 0-7546-4419-7
    "Australia, New Zealand, France, Norway and the United Kingdom reciprocally recognize the validity of each other's claims."
  40. ^ CIA – the World Factbook – Antarctica – accessed 19 January 2008
  41. ^ "BBC - History - World Wars: Yugoslavia: 1918 - 2003".
  42. ^ Bilateral relations with countries Archived 2008-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 2009-12-22
  43. ^ Chapter General of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (1998-01-12). Constitutional Charter and Code of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, promulgated 27 June 1961, revised by the Extraordinary Chapter General 28–30 April 1997, Article 3 "Sovereignty," Paragraph 1 (PDF). Rome: Tipografia Arte della Stampa. p. 11.
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