List of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
List of state leaders in 1962
)

This is a list of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000) AD, such as the heads of state, heads of government, and the general secretaries of single-party states.

These polities are generally sovereign states, including states with limited recognition (when recognised by at least one UN member state), but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 20th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.

Africa

Africa: Central

Angola

Colony, 1575–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
  • Presidents (
    complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –

Cameroon

United Nations trust territory, 1946–1960
For details see France under western Europe
United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Presidents (
    complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
East Cameroon
West Cameroon
United Cameroon

Central African Republic

French colony, 1903–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Chad

Colony, 1900–1960
For details see France under western Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Colony, 1908–1960
For details see the Belgium under Western Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Heads of government (
    complete list
    ) –

Congo: Republic of the

Federation of colonies, 1910–1934; Colony, 1934–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Guinea

Colony, 1778–1968
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Gabon

  • Presidents (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

São Tomé and Príncipe

Colony, 1470–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Africa: East

Burundi

United Nations trust territory, 1946–1962
For details see Belgium under western Europe
  • Kings (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng
    , King (1915–1966)
  • Ntare V, King (1966)
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Comoros

Overseas territory, 1946–1961
For details see France under western Europe
  • Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Djibouti

Overseas territory, 1946–1967
Overseas territory, 1967–1977
For details see France under western Europe

Eritrea

Ethiopia

  • complete list
    ) –

Kenya

British colony and protectorate, 1920–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Madagascar

Colony, 1897–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Mauritius

Colony, 1810–1968
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Rwanda

Seychelles

British colony, 1903–1976
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Somalia

Protectorate, 1884–1940, 1941–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
United Nations trust territory of Italy, 1950–1960
For details see Italy under southcentral Europe
  • Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
    , President (1960–1967)
  • Abdirashid Ali Shermarke
    , President (1967–1969)
  • Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein, Interim President (1969)
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Muhammad Ali Samatar
    , Prime minister (1987–1990)
  • Muhammad Hawadle Madar
    , Prime minister (1990–1991)
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Umar Arteh Ghalib
    , Prime minister (1991–1997)
  • Transitional National Government
    of the Republic of Somalia
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Tanzania

  • complete list
    ) –
United Nations trust territory, 1946–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Uganda

  • complete list
    ) –
British protectorate, 1894–1962
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Africa: Northcentral

Libya

  • France
    ) –
Allied military administration, 1942–1951
  • Idris, Emir (1949–1951), King (1951–1969)
  • Idris, Emir (1949–1951), King (1951–1969)

Tunisia

  • complete list
    ) –
  • Grand viziers (
    complete list
    ) –
Protectorate, 1881–1956
For details see France under western Europe
  • King (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Africa: Northeast

Egypt

  • Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)
  • Mohammed Naguib
    , Prime minister, government in rebellion (1953–1954)
  • Gamal Abdel Nasser, Prime minister, government in rebellion (1954)
  • Mohammed Naguib
    , Prime minister, government in rebellion (1954)
  • Gamal Abdel Nasser, Prime minister, government in rebellion (1954–1962)

Sudan

Condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt, 1899–1956
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)
  • Democratic Republic of the Sudan

Africa: Northwest

Algeria

French Départements, 1830–1962
For details see France under western Europe
  • People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
  • Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1965–1976)
  • President (1976–1978)

Morocco

French protectorate, 1912–1956; Spanish protectorate, 1912–1956; Tangier International Zone, 1924–1956
Overseas territory, 1884–1958; Overseas province, 1958–1975
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Africa: South

Botswana

British protectorate, 1885–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Eswatini/ Swaziland

  • Kings (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Sobhuza II, Paramount Chief under British rule (1921–1968), King (1968–1982)
  • Sobhuza II, Paramount Chief under British rule (1921–1968), King (1968–1982)
  • Dzeliwe
    , Regent (1982–1983)
  • Sozisa Dlamini, Acting Regent (1983)
  • Ntfombi
    , Regent (1983–1986)
  • Mswati III, King (1986–present)
  • Zihlathi Ndwandwe/Mkhatjwa, Ndlovukati (1957–1975)
  • Seneleleni, Ndlovukati (1975–1982)
  • Dzeliwe
    , Queen Regent and Ndlovukati (1982–1983)
  • Ntfombi
    , Queen Regent (1983–1986), Ndlovukati (1983–present)

Lesotho

British colony, 1884–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Moshoeshoe II, Paramount Chief (1960–1966), King (1966–1990, 1995–1996)
  • Letsie III
    , King (1990–1995, 1996–present)

Malawi

British protectorate, 1907–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Malawi (Commonwealth realm)
     :

Mozambique

Colony, 1498–1972; Territory, 1972–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe
  • Presidents (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Presidents (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Namibia

United Nations trust territory, 1946–1990
For details see the South African Republic under southern Africa

South Africa

  • Daniel François Malan
    , Prime minister (1948–1954)
  • Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom
    , Prime minister (1954–1958)
  • Hendrik Verwoerd, Prime minister (1958–1966)
  • Republic of South Africa
  • Charles Robberts Swart
    , State President (1961–1967)
  • Jozua François Naudé
    , Acting State President (1967–1968)
  • Jacobus Johannes Fouché
    , State President (1968–1975)
  • Johannes de Klerk
    , Acting State President (1975)
  • Nico Diederichs, State President (1975–1978)
  • Marais Viljoen, Acting State President (1978)
  • Balthazar Johannes Vorster
    , State President (1978–1979)
  • Marais Viljoen, State President (1979–1984)
  • P. W. Botha, State President (1984–1989)
  • F. W. de Klerk, State President (1989–1994)

Zambia

British protectorate, 1924–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
Self-governing British colony, 1953–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Presidents (
    complete list
    ) –

Zimbabwe

British protectorate, 1924–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • Presidents (
    complete list
    ) –

Africa: West

Benin

Colony, 1904–1958
For details see France under western Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Burkina Faso

  • Yempaabu, King (1941–1986)[1][2]
  • Yencabri, ruler (1942–1969)
  • Abdullahi Sandu bi Faruku, Almami (1932–1956)
  • Usman bi Amiru, Almami (1956–1959)
  • Yendieri, Boopo (1945–1976)
  • Huntani, Jafuali (1938–1952)
  • Yempaabu, Jafuali (1952–?)
  • Yamba Sorgo, Naaba (1933–1957)
  • complete list
    ) –
  • Naaba Saaga II, Moogo-naaba (1942–1957)
  • Naaba Kugri, Moogo-naaba (1957–1982)
  • Naaba Tigre, Yatenga naaba (1914–1954)
  • Naaba Sigiri, Yatenga naaba (1954–1960)
Colony, 1919–1932, 1947–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Cape Verde

Colony, 1462–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1975
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Gambia

British colony and protectorate, 1821–1965
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Dawda Jawara, President (1970–1994)
  • Yahya Jammeh, Chairman of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (1994–1996), President (1996–2017)

Ghana

British colony, 1821–1957
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Guinea

French colony, 1894–1958
For details see France under western Europe

Guinea-Bissau

Colony, 1474–1951; Overseas province, 1951–1974
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Ivory Coast

Colony, 1893–1960
For details see France under western Europe

Liberia

Mali

Colony, 1880–1958
French territory, united together with Senegal 1959–1960
For details see France under western Europe
  • Modibo Keïta, Head of State (1960–1965), President (1965–1968)
  • Moussa Traoré, Chairman of the Military Committee for National Liberation (1968–1969), Head of State (1969–1979), President (1979–1991)
  • Amadou Toumani Touré, Chairman of the National Reconciliation Council (1991), Chairman of the Transitional Committee (1991–1992)
  • Alpha Oumar Konaré, President (1992–2002)

Mauritania

French colony, 1903–1960
For details see France under western Europe
  • Heads of state (
    complete list
    ) –

Niger

  • Zarmakoy Moumouni, King (1938–1953)
  • Zarmakoy Hamani, King (1953–1962)
French colony, 1921–1960
For details see France under western Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Nigeria

  • C. Odumegwu Ojukwu
    , President (1967–1970)
  • Philip Effiong, President (1970)
British colony, 1821–1957
British colony, 1914–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Senegal

  • Fode N'Gouye Joof, Maad Saloum (1935–c.1960)[4][3]
Federation of colonies, 1895–1958
For details see France under western Europe
French colony, 1848–1960
For details see France under western Europe

Sierra Leone

British colony and protectorate, 1808–1961
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
First Republic
  • Prime Ministers of the First Republic (
    complete list
    ) –
Military regime
Second Republic

Togo

United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1956
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
United Nations Trust Territory, 1946–1960
For details see France under western Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Americas

Americas: Caribbean

Anguilla

  • Peter Adams
    , Council Chairman (1967)
  • Ronald Webster, Council Chairman (1967–1969)

Antigua and Barbuda

British colony, 1632–1981
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

The Bahamas

British colony, 1648–1973
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Barbados

British colony, 1625–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Cuba

  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • Fidel Castro, Prime minister (1959–1976), President of the Council of Ministers (1976–2008)

Dominica

British Colony, 1763–1978
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Dominican Republic

Grenada

Haiti

Jamaica

Saint Kitts and Nevis

British colony, 1882–1983
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Saint Lucia

British colony, 1802–1979
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

British Colony, 1763–1979
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Trinidad and Tobago

British colony, 1797–1962
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Americas: Central

Belize

British colony, 1862–1981
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Costa Rica

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Nicaragua

Panama

  • Military leaders: de facto Heads of state (1968–1989)

Americas: North

Canada

  • Canada

Mexico

United States

Americas: South

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

  • Augusto Pinochet, President of the Junta (1974–1981), President (1974–1990)
  • Jose Toribio Merino
    , President of the Junta (1981–1990)

Colombia

Ecuador

  • complete list
    ) –

Guyana

British colony, 1814–1966
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Co-operative Republic of Guyana
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Netherlands

Dutch colony 1634–1828, 1845–1954
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Constituent country 1954–2010
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Saint Kitts and Nevis

British colony, 1882–1983
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Paraguay

  • Federico Chávez
    , President (1949–1954)
  • Tomás Romero, President (1954)

Peru

  • Manuel A. Odría, Constitutional President (1950–1956)
  • Manuel Prado y Ugarteche
    , Constitutional President (1956–1962)
  • Ricardo Pérez Godoy, President of the Military Junta (1962–1963)
  • Nicolás Lindley López, President of the Military Junta (1963)
  • Fernando Belaúnde Terry
    , Constitutional President (1963–1968)
  • Military Junta of Peru
  • Fernando Belaúnde Terry
    , Constitutional President (1980–1985)
  • Alan García Pérez
    , Constitutional President (1985–1990)
  • Alberto Fujimori, Constitutional President (1990–1992), de facto President (1992–1995), Constitutional President (1995–2000)
  • Valentín Paniagua, President of Transition Government (2000–2001)

Suriname

Dutch colony 1667–1954
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe
Constituent country 1954–1975
For details see the Netherlands under western Europe

Uruguay

Venezuela

Asia

Asia: Central

  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • Abdulhashim Mutalov, Prime minister (1992–1995)
  • Oʻtkir Sultonov
    , Prime minister (1995–2003)

Asia: East

  • People's Republic of China
  • Mao Zedong, Chairman (1945–1976), Paramount Leader (1949–1976)
  • Hua Guofeng, Chairman (1976–1981), Paramount Leader (1976–1978)
  • Deng Xiaoping, Paramount Leader (1978–1989)
  • Hu Yaobang, Chairman (1981–1982), General Secretary (1982–1987)
  • Zhao Ziyang, General Secretary (1987–1989)
  • Jiang Zemin, General Secretary (1989–2002), Paramount Leader (1989–2002)
  • complete list
    ) –
  • Japan
  • complete list
    ) –
  • Kim Il Sung, Chairman (1949–1966), General Secretary (1966–1994)
  • Kim Jong Il, General Secretary (1997–2011)
  • complete list
    ) –

Asia: Southeast

Brunei

  • complete list
    ) –
British protectorate, 1888–1984

Cambodia

  • Pol Pot, General Secretary (1963–1981)
  • Heng Samrin, Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1979–1981), Chairman of the State Council (1981–1992)
United Nations protectorate, 1992–1993

East Timor

United Nations protectorate, 1999–2002

Indonesia

  • Suharto, Acting President (1967–1968), President (1968–1998)
  • Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo
    , Imam (1949–1962)
United Nations protectorate, 1962–1963

Laos

  • Kaysone Phomvihane, General Secretary (1955–1991), Chairman (1991–1992)
  • Khamtai Siphandon
    , Chairman (1992–2006)

Malaysia

  • Elected monarchs (
    complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –

Myanmar / Burma

  • Union of Burma
  • U Nu, Prime minister (1948–1956)
  • Ba Swe, Prime minister (1956–1957)
  • U Nu, Prime minister (1957–1958)
  • Ne Win, Prime minister (1958–1960)
  • U Nu, Prime minister (1960–1962)
  • Ne Win, Prime minister (1962–1974)
  • Sein Win
    , Prime minister (1974–1977)
  • Maung Maung Kha, Prime minister (1977–1988)
  • Tun Tin, Prime minister (1988)

Philippines

Third Philippine Republic
Fourth Philippine Republic
Fifth Philippine Republic
Fourth Philippine Republic

Singapore

  • Singapore

Thailand

  • complete list
    ) –

Vietnam

  • Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976–present)

Asia: South

Afghanistan

  • Mohammed Zahir Shah
    , King (1933–1973)
  • Mohammed Daoud Khan
    , President (1973–1978)

Bangladesh

Bhutan

India

  • Republic of India

Maldives

  • complete list
    ) –

Nepal

Pakistan

  • Monarchs –

Sri Lanka

  • Monarchs –

Asia: West

Bahrain

Protectorate of the United Kingdom, 1861–1971

Cyprus

Colony, 1878–1960
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Republic of
    complete list
    ) –

Iran

Iraq

  • 'Abd al-Ilah
    , Regent (1939–1953)
  • Faisal II
    , King (1939–1958)

Israel

  • Israel

Jordan

  • Samir al-Rifai
    , Prime minister (1950–1951)
  • Tawfik Abu al-Huda
    , Prime minister (1951–1953)
  • Fawzi al-Mulki
    , Prime minister (1953–1954)
  • Tawfik Abu al-Huda
    , Prime minister (1954–1955)
  • Sa`id al-Mufti
    , Prime minister (1955)
  • Hazza' al-Majali
    , Prime minister (1955)
  • Ibrahim Hashem, Acting Prime minister (1955–1956)
  • Samir al-Rifai
    , Prime minister (1956)
  • Sa`id al-Mufti
    , Prime minister (1956)
  • Ibrahim Hashem, Prime minister (1956)
  • Sulayman al-Nabulsi
    , Prime minister (1956–1957)
  • Husayin al-Khalidi
    , Prime minister (1957)
  • Ibrahim Hashem, Prime minister (1957–1958)
  • Samir al-Rifai
    , Prime minister (1958–1959)
  • Hazza' al-Majali
    , Prime minister (1959–1960)
  • Bahjat Talhouni, Prime minister (1960–1962)
  • Wasfi al-Tal
    , Prime minister (1962–1963)
  • Samir al-Rifai
    , Prime minister (1963)
  • Hussein ibn Nasser, Prime minister (1963–1964)
  • Bahjat Talhouni, Prime minister (1964–1965)
  • Wasfi al-Tal
    , Prime minister (1965–1967)
  • Hussein ibn Nasser, Prime minister (1967)
  • Saad Jumaa, Prime minister (1967)
  • Bahjat Talhouni, Prime minister (1967–1969)
  • Abdelmunim al-Rifai
    , Prime minister (1969)
  • Bahjat Talhouni, Prime minister (1969–1970)
  • Abdelmunim al-Rifai
    , Prime minister (1970)
  • Mohammad Daoud Al-Abbasi
    , Prime minister (1970)
  • Ahmad Toukan, Prime minister (1970)
  • Wasfi al-Tal
    , Prime minister (1970–1971)
  • Ahmad Lozi, Prime minister (1971–1973)
  • Zaid al-Rifai
    , Prime minister (1973–1976)
  • Mudar Badran, Prime minister (1976–1979)
  • Abdelhamid Sharaf, Prime minister (1979–1980)
  • Kassim al-Rimawi
    , Prime minister (1980)
  • Mudar Badran, Prime minister (1980–1984)
  • Ahmad Obeidat, Prime minister (1984–1985)
  • Zaid al-Rifai
    , Prime minister (1985–1989)
  • Zaid ibn Shaker, Prime minister (1989)
  • Mudar Badran, Prime minister (1989–1991)
  • Taher al-Masri
    , Prime minister (1991)
  • Zaid ibn Shaker, Prime minister (1991–1993)
  • Abdelsalam al-Majali
    , Prime minister (1993–1995)
  • Zaid ibn Shaker, Prime minister (1995–1996)
  • Abdul Karim al-Kabariti
    , Prime minister (1996–1997)
  • Abdelsalam al-Majali
    , Prime minister (1997–1998)
  • Fayez al-Tarawneh
    , Prime minister (1998–1999)
  • Abdelraouf al-Rawabdeh
    , Prime minister (1999–2000)
  • Ali Abu al-Ragheb
    , Prime minister (2000–2003)

Kuwait

  • complete list
    ) –
  • Abdullah III
    , Sheikh (1950–1961), Emir (1961–1965)
  • Monarchs (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Abdullah III
    , Sheikh (1950–1961), Emir (1961–1965)
  • Sabah III
    , Emir (1965–1977)
  • Jaber III
    , Emir (1977–2006)

Lebanon

Oman

Palestine

Qatar

  • Emirs (
    complete list
    ) –

Saudi Arabia

  • Kingdom of
    complete list
    ) –
  • Ibn Saud, Emir (1902–1921), Sultan (1921–1932), King (1932–1953)
  • Saud, King (1953–1964)
  • Faisal, King (1964–1975)
  • Khalid, King (1975–1982)
  • Fahd, King (1982–2005)

Syria

  • Syrian Arab Republic

Turkey

United Arab Emirates

  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Yemen: North

  • North Yemen:
    Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen

Yemen: South

  • Muhsin ibn Farid al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi, Amir (1902–1959)
  • `Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al-Yaslami al-`Awlaqi, Amir (1959–1967)
  • Nasir ibn `Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1948–1967)
  • `Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Sa`id al-Wahidi, Regent (1967)
  • `Awad ibn Salih al-`Awlaqi, Sultan (1935–1967)
  • `Ali ibn `Ali al-`Amiri, Emir (1947–1954)
  • Shafa`ul ibn `Ali al-`Amiri, Emir (1954–1967)
  • al-Husayn ibn `Abd Allah al-Wahidi, Sultan (1962), Subordinate ruler (1962–1967)
  • al-Husain ibn 'Ali al-Kathir, Sultan (1949–1967)
  • Aydarus ibn Muhsin al-Afifi, ruler (1925–1958)
  • Mahmud ibn Aydarus al-Afifi, ruler (1958–1967)
  • Muhammad ibn Salih ibn `Umar Al Harhara, Sultan (1948–1967)
  • al-Fadl V ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1947–1952)
  • 'Ali III ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-'Abdali, Sultan (1952–1958)
  • al-Fadl VI ibn 'Ali al-'Abdali, Sultan (1958–1967)
  • Ahmad ibn `Abd Allah Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (mid-20th century–1952)
  • `Isa ibn `Ali ibn Salim Afrar al-Mahri, Sultan (1952–1967)
British Colony, 1937–1963
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

Yemen: United

  • Ali Abdullah Saleh, Chairman of the Presidential Council (1990–1994), president (1994–2012)

Europe

Europe: Balkans

Albania

  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –

Bulgaria

  • Georgi Damyanov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1950–1958)
  • Dimitar Ganev, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1958–1964)
  • Georgi Traykov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1964–1971)
  • Todor Zhivkov, Chairman of the State Council (1971–1990), president (1990)
  • Petar Mladenov, President (1990)
  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –

Cyprus

Greece

  • Military junta of Greece (1967–1974)

Kosovo

  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Yugoslavia: Serbia & Yugoslavia

  • General Secretary (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
    / Serbia and Montenegro

Yugoslavia: Bosnia and Herzegovina

  • Chairmen of the Presidency (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Bosniak members of the Presidency (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Croat members of the Presidency (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Serb members of the Presidency (
    complete list
    ) –

Yugoslavia: Croatia

United Nations protectorate, 1996–1998

Yugoslavia: Macedonia

  • Presidents (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Yugoslavia: Slovenia

Europe: Baltic states

Estonia

  • complete list
    ) –

Latvia

Lithuania

  • Presidents (
    complete list
    ) –

Europe: British Isles

Ireland

United Kingdom

Europe: Central

Austria

  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • Harold Caccia
    , High Commissioner (1950–1954)
  • Geoffrey Wallinger, High Commissioner (1954–1955)
  • Vladimir Petrovich Sviridov
    , High Commissioner (1949–1953)
  • Ivan Ilyichev, High Commissioner (1953–1955)

Czechoslovakia

Germany

  • Vasily Chuikov, Chief Administrator (1949), Chairman of Control Commission (1949–1953)
  • Vladimir Semyonov
    , High Commissioner (1953–1954)
  • Georgy Pushkin, High Commissioner (1954–1955)
  • General Secretaries (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Walter Ulbricht, General Secretary (1950–1953), First Secretary (1953–1971)
  • Erich Honecker, First Secretary (1971–1976), General Secretary (1976–1989)
  • Egon Krenz, General Secretary (1989)
  • Heads of state (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Chairman of the Council of Ministers (
    complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • Federal Republic of Germany
  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –
  • Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990), Chancellor of reunified Germany (1990–1998)
  • Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor (1998–2005)

Hungary

Liechtenstein

Poland

Switzerland

Europe: East

Belarus

  • complete list
    ) –
  • Stanislau Shushkevich
    , Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1991–1994)
  • Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Kuznetsov
    , Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1994)
  • Myechyslaw Hryb, Acting Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1994)
  • Alexander Lukashenko, President (1994–present)

Moldova

  • Igor Smirnov, Chairman of the Provisional Supreme Soviet (1990), of the Republic (1990–1991)
  • Andrey Manoylov, Acting Chairman of the Republic (1991)
  • Igor Smirnov, Chairman of the Republic (1991), President (1991–2011)

Romania

  • Constantin Ion Parhon, President of the Provisional Presidium (1947–1948), President of the Presidium (1948–1952)
  • Nicolae Ceaușescu, President of the State Council (1967–1974), President (1974–1989)
  • complete list
    ) –
  • complete list
    ) –

Russia

  • Russia

Ukraine

Europe: Nordic

Denmark

  • Frederik IX, King (1947–1972)
  • Margrethe II
    , Queen (1972–2024)
  • complete list
    ) –

Finland

Iceland

Norway

  • Haakon VII
    , King (1905–1957)
  • Olav V
    , King (1957–1991)
  • Harald V
    , King (1991–present)

Sweden

  • Sweden
  • Gustaf VI Adolf
    , King (1950–1973)
  • Carl XVI Gustaf
    , King (1973–present)

Europe: Southcentral

Italy

  • Italy

Malta

British colony, 1813–1964
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Giorgio Borġ Olivier
    , Prime minister (1962–1971)
  • Dom Mintoff, Prime minister (1971–1984)

San Marino

  • 1900–present
    ) –

Vatican

  • complete list
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  • President of the Governorate (
    complete list
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Europe: Southwest

Andorra

  • Episcopal
    complete list
    ) –
  • Ramon Iglesias i Navarri
    , Episcopal Co-Prince (1943–1969)
  • Ramon Malla Call
    , Interim Episcopal Co-Prince (1969–1971)
  • Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince (1971–2003)
  • French
    complete list
    ) –

Portugal

  • António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers (1933–1968)
  • Marcello Caetano
    , President of the Council of Ministers (1968–1974)

Spain

  • Kingdom of Spain
  • Juan Carlos I
    , King (1975–2014)

Europe: West

Belgium

France

Luxembourg

  • Charlotte, Grand Duchess (1919–1964)
  • Jean, Grand Duke (1964–2000)
  • Henri, Grand Duke (2000–present)

Monaco

Netherlands

Eurasia: Caucasus

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Oceania

Oceania: Australia and Papua New Guinea

Australia

  • Australia

Papua New Guinea

United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975
For details see Australia
United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1946–1975
For details see Australia or the United Kingdom under the British Isles, Europe
New Guinea: United Nations Trust Territory of Australia, 1949–1975
Papua: Australian external territory (1949–1975)
For details see Australia

Oceania: Pacific

Fiji

British colony, 1874–1970
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe

French Polynesia

Protectorate of France, 1887/1888–1959
Overseas territory of France, 1959–2003

Kiribati

Marshall Islands

Micronesia

Nauru

New Zealand

  • New Zealand
New Zealand protectorate, 1907–present
For details see the New Zealand under Oceania
  • Queen's Representative (
    complete list
    ) –

Palau

Samoa and American Samoa

Solomon Islands

British protectorate, 1893–1978
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe
  • Monarchs (
    complete list
    ) –
  • Prime ministers (
    complete list
    ) –

Tonga

  • Kingdom of Tonga (1900–70)
  • Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake
    , Prime minister (1965–1991)
  • Baron Vaea, Prime minister (1991–2000)
  • Tupou VI, then known as ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho, Prime minister (2000–2006)

Tuvalu

United States

United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United States, 1947–1994

Vanuatu

British-French Condominium, 1906–1980
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles and France under western Europe

References

  1. .
  2. ^ Madiéga, Y. Georges (1988). "Les Koarima de Koarimadeni: un groupe Kurumba en milieu gulmance". Tribus (in French) (37): 53–62.
  3. ^
  4. ^ a b Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal. Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV
  5. OCLC 945874284.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )