List of state leaders in 2008
See also |
---|
|
This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 2008.
Africa
- Algeria
- President – Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of Algeria (1999–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- Abdelaziz Belkhadem, Prime Minister of Algeria (2006–2008)
- Ahmed Ouyahia, Prime Minister of Algeria (2008–2012)
- Angola
- President – José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola (1979–2017)
- Prime Minister –
- Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, Prime Minister of Angola (2002–2008)
- Paulo Kassoma, Prime Minister of Angola (2008–2010)
- Benin
- President – Thomas Boni Yayi, President of Benin (2006–2016)
- Botswana
- President –
- Festus Mogae, President of Botswana (1998–2008)
- Ian Khama, President of Botswana (2008–2018)
- President –
- Burkina Faso
- President – President of Burkina Faso(1987–2014)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Burkina Faso(2007–2011)
- President –
- Burundi
- President – Pierre Nkurunziza, President of Burundi (2005–2020)
- Cameroon
- President – Paul Biya, President of Cameroon (1982–present)
- Prime Minister – Ephraïm Inoni, Prime Minister of Cameroon (2004–2009)
- Cape Verde
- President – President of Cape Verde(2001–2011)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Cape Verde(2001–2016)
- President –
- Central African Republic
- President – President of the Central African Republic(2003–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of the Central African Republic(2005–2008)
- Prime Minister of the Central African Republic(2008–2013)
- President –
- Chad
- President – President of Chad(1990–2021)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Chad(2007–2008)
- Prime Minister of Chad(2008–2010)
- President –
- Comoros
- President – President of the Comoros(2006–2011)
- President –
- Congo–Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)
- President – President of the Republic of the Congo(1997–present)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo(2005–2009)
- President –
- Congo–Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
- President – Joseph Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- Djibouti
- President – President of Djibouti(1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Djibouti(2001–2013)
- President –
- Egypt
- President – Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt (1981–2011)
- Prime Minister – Ahmed Nazif, Prime Minister of Egypt (2004–2011)
- Equatorial Guinea
- President – President of Equatorial Guinea(1979–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea(2006–2008)
- Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea(2008–2012)
- President –
- Eritrea
- President – President of Eritrea (1991–present) [a]
- President –
- Ethiopia
- President – Girma Wolde-Giorgis, President of Ethiopia (2001–2013)
- Prime Minister – Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1995–2012)
- Gabon
- President – Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (1967–2009)
- Prime Minister – Jean Eyeghé Ndong, Prime Minister of Gabon (2006–2009)
- The Gambia
- President – Yahya Jammeh, President of the Gambia (1994–2017)
- Ghana
- President – John Kufuor, President of Ghana (2001–2009)
- Guinea
- President –
- President of Guinea(1984–2008)
- Acting President of Guinea(2008)
- President of Guinea(2008–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Guinea(2007–2008)
- Prime Minister of Guinea(2008)
- Prime Minister of Guinea(2008–2010)
- President –
- Guinea-Bissau
- President – President of Guinea-Bissau(2005–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau(2007–2008)
- Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau(2008–2009)
- President –
- Ivory Coast
- President – President of the Ivory Coast(2000–2011)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast(2007–2012)
- President –
- Kenya
- President – Mwai Kibaki, President of Kenya (2002–2013)
- Prime Minister – Raila Odinga, Prime Minister of Kenya (2008–2013)
- Lesotho
- Monarch – King of Lesotho(1996–present)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Lesotho(1998–2012)
- Monarch –
- Liberia
- President – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia (2006–2018)
- Libya
- De facto Head of State – Muammar Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1969–2011)
- De jure Head of State –
- General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya(1992–2008)
- General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya(2008–2009)
- Prime Minister – General Secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya(2006–2011)
- Madagascar
- President – President of Madagascar(2002–2009)
- Prime Minister – Charles Rabemananjara, Prime Minister of Madagascar (2007–2009)
- President –
- Malawi
- President – Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi (2004–2012)
- Mali
- President – President of Mali(2002–2012)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Mali(2007–2011)
- President –
- Mauritania
- Head of State –
- President of Mauritania(2007–2008)
- President of the High Council of State of Mauritania(2008–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Mauritania(2007–2008)
- Prime Minister of Mauritania(2008)
- Prime Minister of Mauritania(2008–2014)
- Head of State –
- Mauritius
- President – Sir Anerood Jugnauth, President of Mauritius (2003–2012)
- Prime Minister – Navin Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius (2005–2014)
- Mayotte (overseas collectivity of France)
- Prefect –
- Prefect of Mayotte(2007–2008)
- Prefect of Mayotte(2008–2009)
- Head of Government –
- President of the General Council of Mayotte(2004–2008)
- President of the General Council of Mayotte(2008–2011)
- Prefect –
- Morocco
- Monarch – Mohammed VI, King of Morocco (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Abbas El Fassi, Prime Minister of Morocco (2007–2011)
- Western Sahara (self-declared, partially recognised state)
- President – President of Western Sahara(1976–2016)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Western Sahara(2003–2018)
- President –
- Mozambique
- President – President of Mozambique(2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Mozambique(2004–2010)
- President –
- Namibia
- President – Hifikepunye Pohamba, President of Namibia (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Nahas Angula, Prime Minister of Namibia (2005–2012)
- Niger
- President – President of Niger(1999–2010)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Niger(2007–2009)
- President –
- Nigeria
- President – Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, President of Nigeria (2007–2010)
- Rwanda
- President – President of Rwanda(2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Bernard Makuza, Prime Minister of Rwanda (2000–2011)
- President –
- Saint Helena and Dependencies (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Andrew Gurr, Governor of Saint Helena (2007–2011)
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- President – President of São Tomé and Príncipe(2003–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe(2006–2008)
- Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe(2008)
- Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe(2008–2010)
- President –
- Senegal
- President – Abdoulaye Wade, President of Senegal (2000–2012)
- Prime Minister – Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré, Prime Minister of Senegal (2007–2009)
- Seychelles
- President – President of Seychelles(2004–2016)
- President –
- Sierra Leone
- President – Ernest Bai Koroma, President of Sierra Leone (2007–2018)
- Somalia
- President –
- Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, President of Somalia (2004–2008)
- Adan Mohamed Nuur Madobe, Acting President of Somalia(2008–2009)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Somalia(2007–2009)
- unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President – Dahir Riyale Kahin, President of Somaliland (2002–2010)
- Puntland (self-declared autonomous state)
- President – Mohamud Muse Hersi, President of Puntland (2005–2009)
- Maakhir (unrecognised, autonomous state)
- President –
- Jibrell Ali Salad, President of Maakhir (2007–2009)
- Abdullahi Ahmed Jama, President of Maakhir (claimant, 2008–2009)
- President –
- President –
- South Africa
- President –
- Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa (1999–2008)
- Kgalema Motlanthe, President of South Africa (2008–2009)
- President –
- Sudan
- President – President of Sudan(1989–2019)
- President –
- Swaziland
- Monarch – King of Swaziland(1986–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Swaziland(2003–2008)
- Acting Prime Minister of Swaziland(2008)
- Prime Minister of Swaziland(2008–2018)
- Monarch –
- Tanzania
- President – Jakaya Kikwete, President of Tanzania (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- Edward Lowassa, Prime Minister of Tanzania (2005–2008)
- Mizengo Pinda, Prime Minister of Tanzania (2008–2015)
- Togo
- President – President of Togo(2005–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Togo(2007–2008)
- Prime Minister of Togo(2008–2012)
- President –
- Tunisia
- President – Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–2011)
- Prime Minister – Mohamed Ghannouchi, Prime Minister of Tunisia (1999–2011)
- Uganda
- President – Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986–present)
- Prime Minister – Apolo Nsibambi, Prime Minister of Uganda (1999–2011)
- Zambia
- President –
- Levy Mwanawasa, President of Zambia (2002–2008)
- Rupiah Banda, President of Zambia (2008–2011)
- President –
- Zimbabwe
- President – Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1987–2017)
Asia
- Afghanistan
- President – Hamid Karzai, President of Afghanistan (2002–2014)
- Bahrain
- Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–2020) [b]
- Bangladesh
- President – Iajuddin Ahmed, President of Bangladesh (2002–2009)
- Prime Minister – Fakhruddin Ahmed, Chief Adviser of Bangladesh (2007–2009)
- Bhutan
- Monarch – King of Bhutan(2006–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Bhutan(2007–2008)
- Prime Minister of Bhutan(2008–2013)
- Monarch –
- Brunei
- Monarch – Sultan of Brunei (1967–present) [c]
- Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister of Brunei (1984–present)
- Monarch –
- Cambodia
- Monarch – King of Cambodia(2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1985–2023) [d]
- Monarch –
- China (People's Republic of China)
- Communist Party Leader – Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (2002–2012)
- President – Hu Jintao, President of China (2003–2013)
- Premier – Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council of China (2003–2013)
- East Timor
- President –
- José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor (2007–2012)
- Vicente Guterres, Acting President of East Timor (2008)
- Fernando de Araújo, Acting President of East Timor (2008)
- Prime Minister – Xanana Gusmão, Prime Minister of East Timor (2007–2015)
- President –
- India
- President – Pratibha Patil, President of India (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India (2004–2014)
- Indonesia
- President – Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia (2004–2014)
- Iran
- Supreme Leader – Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
- President – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of Iran (2005–2013)
- Iraq
- Head of State – Presidency Council of Iraq
- Members – Jalal Talabani (2006–2010; President of Iraq, 2006–2010), and Adil Abdul-Mahdi and Tariq al-Hashimi (2006–2010)
- Prime Minister – Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq (2006–2014)
- Head of State – Presidency Council of Iraq
- Israel
- President – Shimon Peres, President of Israel (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Ehud Olmert, Prime Minister of Israel (2006–2009)
- Palestinian National Authority (non-state administrative authority)
- President – Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian National Authority (in the West Bank) (2005–present)
- Prime Minister – Salam Fayyad, Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the West Bank) (2007–2013)
- Gaza Strip (rebelling against the Palestinian National Authority, in the West Bank)
- Prime Minister – Ismail Haniyeh, Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the Gaza Strip) (2007–2014)
- Japan
- Monarch – Akihito, Emperor of Japan (1989–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- Yasuo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan (2007–2008)
- Tarō Asō, Prime Minister of Japan (2008–2009)
- Jordan
- Monarch – King of Jordan(1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Nader al-Dahabi, Prime Minister of Jordan(2007–2009)
- Monarch –
- Kazakhstan
- President – Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan (1990–2019) [e]
- Prime Minister – Karim Massimov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2007–2012)
- North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
- Communist Party Leader – Kim Jong-il, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea(1997–2011)
- De facto Head of State – Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea [f](1993–2011)
- De jure Head of State – Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea(1998–2019)
- Premier – Kim Yong-il, Premier of the Cabinet of North Korea (2007–2010)
- Communist Party Leader –
- South Korea (Republic of Korea)
- President –
- Roh Moo-hyun, President of South Korea (2003–2008)
- Lee Myung-bak, President of South Korea (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Han Duck-soo, Prime Minister of South Korea (2007–2008)
- Han Seung-soo, Prime Minister of South Korea (2008–2009)
- President –
- Kuwait
- Monarch – Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (2006–2020)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Prime Minister of Kuwait(2006–2011)
- Kyrgyzstan
- President – Kurmanbek Bakiyev, President of Kyrgyzstan (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan(2007–2009)
- Laos
- Communist Party Leader – Choummaly Sayasone, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (2006–2016)
- President – Choummaly Sayasone, President of Laos (2006–2016)
- Premier – Bouasone Bouphavanh, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos (2006–2010)
- Lebanon
- President –
- Fouad Siniora, Acting President of Lebanon (2007–2008)
- Michel Suleiman, President of Lebanon (2008–2014)
- Prime Minister – Fouad Siniora, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (2005–2009)
- President –
- Malaysia
- Monarch – Tuanku Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia(2006–2011)
- Prime Minister – Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Prime Minister of Malaysia (2003–2009)
- Monarch – Tuanku
- Maldives
- President –
- Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives (1978–2008)
- Mohamed Nasheed, President of the Maldives (2008–2012)
- President –
- Mongolia
- President – Nambaryn Enkhbayar, President of Mongolia (2005–2009)
- Prime Minister – Sanjaagiin Bayar, Prime Minister of Mongolia (2007–2009)
- Myanmar
- Head of State – Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council of Myanmar(1992–2011)
- Prime Minister – Thein Sein, Prime Minister of Myanmar (2007–2011)
- Head of State –
- Nepal
- the Kingdom was superseded on 28 May
- Monarch – King of Nepal(2001–2008)
- Head of State –
- Acting Head of State of Nepal(2007–2008)
- Ram Baran Yadav, President of Nepal (2008–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- Girija Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal (2006–2008)
- Pushpa Kamal Dahal, Prime Minister of Nepal (2008–2009)
- Oman
- Monarch – Sultan of Oman(1970–2020)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Oman(1972–2020)
- Monarch –
- Pakistan
- President –
- Pervez Musharraf, President of Pakistan (2001–2008)
- Acting President of Pakistan(2008)
- Asif Ali Zardari, President of Pakistan (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Muhammad Mian Soomro, Prime Minister of Pakistan (2007–2008)
- Yousaf Raza Gillani, Prime Minister of Pakistan(2008–2012)
- President –
- Philippines
- President – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, President of the Philippines (2001–2010)
- Qatar
- Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1995–2013)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Prime Minister of Qatar(2007–2013)
- Saudi Arabia
- Monarch – Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Abdullah, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (2005–2015)
- Singapore
- President – S. R. Nathan, President of Singapore (1999–2011)
- Prime Minister – Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore (2004–present)
- Sri Lanka
- President – Mahinda Rajapaksa, President of Sri Lanka (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2005–2010)
- Syria
- President – Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Muhammad Naji al-Otari, Prime Minister of Syria (2003–2011)
- Taiwan (Republic of China)
- President –
- Chen Shui-bian, President of Taiwan (2000–2008)
- Ma Ying-jeou, President of Taiwan (2008–2016)
- Premier –
- Chang Chun-hsiung, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2007–2008)
- Liu Chao-shiuan, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2008–2009)
- President –
- Tajikistan
- President – Emomali Rahmon, President of Tajikistan (1992–present)
- Prime Minister – Oqil Oqilov, Prime Minister of Tajikistan (1999–2013)
- Thailand
- Monarch – Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–2016)
- Prime Minister –
- Surayud Chulanont, Prime Minister of Thailand (2006–2008)
- Samak Sundaravej, Prime Minister of Thailand (2008)
- Somchai Wongsawat, Prime Minister of Thailand (2008)
- Chaovarat Chanweerakul, Acting Prime Minister of Thailand(2008)
- Abhisit Vejjajiva, Prime Minister of Thailand (2008–2011)
- Turkey
- President – Abdullah Gül, President of Turkey (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Prime Minister of Turkey (2003–2014)
- Turkmenistan
- President – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, President of Turkmenistan (2006–2022)
- United Arab Emirates
- President – Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (2004–2022)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates(2006–present)
- Uzbekistan
- President – Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (1990–2016) [g]
- Prime Minister – Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Prime Minister of Uzbekistan (2003–2016)
- Vietnam
- Communist Party Leader – Nông Đức Mạnh, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2001–2011)
- President – Nguyễn Minh Triết, President of Vietnam (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister – Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (2006–2016)
- Yemen
- President – Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of Yemen (1978–2012) [h]
- Prime Minister – Ali Muhammad Mujawar, Prime Minister of Yemen (2007–2011)
Europe
- Albania
- President – Bamir Topi, President of Albania (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – Sali Berisha, Prime Minister of Albania (2005–2013)
- Andorra
- Monarchs –
- French Co-Prince – Nicolas Sarkozy, French Co-prince of Andorra (2007–2012)
- Co-Prince's Representative –
- Emmanuelle Mignon (2007–2008)
- Christian Frémont (2008–2012)
- Co-Prince's Representative –
- Episcopal Co-Prince – Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Episcopal Co-prince of Andorra(2003–present)
- Co-Prince's Representative – Nemesi Marqués Oste(1993–2012)
- Co-Prince's Representative –
- French Co-Prince – Nicolas Sarkozy, French Co-prince of Andorra (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – Head of Government of Andorra(2005–2009)
- Monarchs –
- Armenia
- President –
- Robert Kocharyan, President of Armenia (1998–2008)
- Serzh Sargsyan, President of Armenia (2008–2018)
- Prime Minister –
- Serzh Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (2007–2008)
- Tigran Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (2008–2014)
- President –
- Austria
- President – Heinz Fischer, Federal President of Austria (2004–2016)
- Chancellor –
- Alfred Gusenbauer, Federal Chancellor of Austria (2007–2008)
- Werner Faymann, Federal Chancellor of Austria (2008–2016)
- Azerbaijan
- President – Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
- Prime Minister – Artur Rasizade, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (2003–2018)
- unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President – President of Nagorno-Karabakh(2007–2020)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh(2007–2017)
- President –
- Belarus
- President – Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus (1994–present)
- Prime Minister – Sergei Sidorsky, Prime Minister of Belarus (2003–2010)
- Belgium
- Monarch – Albert II, King of the Belgians (1993–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Guy Verhofstadt, Prime Minister of Belgium (1999–2008)
- Yves Leterme, Prime Minister of Belgium (2008)
- Herman Van Rompuy, Prime Minister of Belgium (2008–2009)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of State – Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Serb Member – Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2008–2009)
- Bosniak Member – Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2008)
- Croat Member – Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2007–2008)
- Serb Member –
- Prime Minister – Nikola Špirić, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (2007–2012)
- High Representative – Miroslav Lajčák, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007–2009)
- Head of State – Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- President – Georgi Parvanov, President of Bulgaria (2002–2012)
- Prime Minister – Sergei Stanishev, Prime Minister of Bulgaria(2005–2009)
- Croatia
- President – Stjepan Mesić, President of Croatia (2000–2010)
- Prime Minister – Ivo Sanader, Prime Minister of Croatia (2003–2009)
- Cyprus
- President –
- Tassos Papadopoulos, President of Cyprus (2003–2008)
- Demetris Christofias, President of Cyprus (2008–2013)
- unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President – Mehmet Ali Talat, President of Northern Cyprus (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Ferdi Sabit Soyer, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (2005–2009)
- President –
- Czech Republic
- President – Václav Klaus, President of the Czech Republic (2003–2013)
- Prime Minister – Mirek Topolánek, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2006–2009)
- Denmark
- Monarch – Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark(1972–2024)
- Prime Minister – Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark (2001–2009)
- Monarch –
- Estonia
- President – Toomas Hendrik Ilves, President of Estonia (2006–2016)
- Prime Minister – Andrus Ansip, Prime Minister of Estonia (2005–2014)
- Finland
- President – Tarja Halonen, President of Finland (2000–2012)
- Prime Minister – Matti Vanhanen, Prime Minister of Finland (2003–2010)
- France
- President – Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – François Fillon, Prime Minister of France (2007–2012)
- Georgia
- President –
- Nino Burjanadze, Acting President of Georgia (2007–2008)
- Mikheil Saakashvili, President of Georgia (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Lado Gurgenidze, Prime Minister of Georgia (2007–2008)
- Grigol Mgaloblishvili, Prime Minister of Georgia (2008–2009)
- partially recognised, secessionist state)
- President – Sergei Bagapsh, President of Abkhazia (2005–2011)
- Prime Minister – Aleksander Ankvab, Prime Minister of Abkhazia (2005–2010)
- partially recognised, secessionist state)
- President – Eduard Kokoity, President of South Ossetia (2001–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Yury Morozov, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2005–2008)
- Boris Chochiev, Acting Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2008)
- Aslanbek Bulatsev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2008–2009)
- President –
- Germany
- President – Horst Köhler, Federal President of Germany (2004–2010)
- Chancellor – Federal Chancellor of Germany(2005–2021)
- Greece
- President – Karolos Papoulias, President of Greece (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Kostas Karamanlis, Prime Minister of Greece (2004–2009)
- Hungary
- President – László Sólyom, President of Hungary (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Ferenc Gyurcsány, Prime Minister of Hungary (2004–2009)
- Iceland
- President – Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland (1996–2016)
- Prime Minister – Geir Haarde, Prime Minister of Iceland (2006–2009)
- Ireland
- President – Mary McAleese, President of Ireland (1997–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Bertie Ahern, Taoiseach of Ireland (1997–2008)
- Brian Cowen, Taoiseach of Ireland (2008–2011)
- Italy
- President – Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy (2006–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- Latvia
- President – Valdis Zatlers, President of Latvia (2007–2011)
- Prime Minister – Ivars Godmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia (2007–2009)
- Liechtenstein
- Monarch – Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein(1989–present)
- Regent – Hereditary Prince Regent of Liechtenstein(2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Head of Government of Liechtenstein(2001–2009)
- Monarch –
- Lithuania
- President – Valdas Adamkus, President of Lithuania (2004–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Gediminas Kirkilas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2006–2008)
- Andrius Kubilius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2008–2012)
- Luxembourg
- Monarch – Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Luxembourg(1995–2013)
- Macedonia
- President – President of Macedonia(2004–2009)
- Prime Minister – President of the Government of Macedonia(2006–2016)
- President –
- Malta
- President – Eddie Fenech Adami, President of Malta (2004–2009)
- Prime Minister – Lawrence Gonzi, Prime Minister of Malta (2004–2013)
- Moldova
- President – Vladimir Voronin, President of Moldova (2001–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Vasile Tarlev, Prime Minister of Moldova (2001–2008)
- Zinaida Greceanîi, Prime Minister of Moldova (2008–2009)
- unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President – Igor Smirnov, President of Transnistria (1990–2011) [i]
- Monaco
- Monarch – Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (2005–present)
- Prime Minister – Jean-Paul Proust, Minister of State of Monaco (2005–2010)
- Montenegro
- President – Filip Vujanović, President of Montenegro (2002–2018) [j]
- Prime Minister –
- Željko Šturanović, President of the Government of Montenegro (2006–2008)
- Milo Đukanović, President of the Government of Montenegro (2008–2010)
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Monarch – Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–2013)
- constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Prime Minister – Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2002–2010)
- constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- see § North America
- constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- see § North America
- Norway
- Monarch – Harald V, King of Norway(1991–present)
- Prime Minister – Jens Stoltenberg, Prime Minister of Norway (2005–2013)
- Monarch –
- Poland
- President – Lech Kaczyński, President of Poland (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Donald Tusk, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (2007–2014)
- Portugal
- President – Aníbal Cavaco Silva, President of Portugal (2006–2016)
- Prime Minister – José Sócrates, Prime Minister of Portugal (2005–2011)
- Romania
- President – Traian Băsescu, President of Romania (2004–2014)
- Prime Minister –
- Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, Prime Minister of Romania (2004–2008)
- Emil Boc, Prime Minister of Romania (2008–2012)
- Russia
- President –
- Vladimir Putin, President of Russia (1999–2008)
- Dmitry Medvedev, President of Russia (2008–2012)
- Prime Minister –
- Viktor Zubkov, Chairman of the Government of Russia (2007–2008)
- Vladimir Putin, Chairman of the Government of Russia (2008–2012)
- President –
- San Marino
- Captains-Regent –
- Mirko Tomassoni and Alberto Selva, Captains Regent of San Marino (2007–2008)
- Rosa Zafferani and Federico Pedini Amati, Captains Regent of San Marino (2008)
- Ernesto Benedettini and Assunta Meloni, Captains Regent of San Marino (2008–2009)
- Captains-Regent –
- Serbia
- President – Boris Tadić, President of Serbia (2004–2012) [k]
- Prime Minister –
- Vojislav Koštunica, President of the Government of Serbia (2004–2008)
- Mirko Cvetković, President of the Government of Serbia (2008–2012)
- Kosovo (partially recognised, secessionist state; under nominal international administration)
- declared independence on 17 February
- President – Fatmir Sejdiu, President of Kosovo (2006–2010)
- Prime Minister –
- Agim Çeku, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2006–2008)
- Hashim Thaçi, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2008–2014)
- UN Special Representative –
- Slovakia
- President – Ivan Gašparovič, President of Slovakia (2004–2014)
- Prime Minister – Robert Fico, Prime Minister of Slovakia (2006–2010)
- Slovenia
- President – Danilo Türk, President of Slovenia (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister –
- Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2004–2008)
- Borut Pahor, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2008–2012)
- Spain
- Monarch – Juan Carlos I, King of Spain(1975–2014)
- Prime Minister – José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, President of the Government of Spain (2004–2011)
- Monarch –
- Sweden
- Monarch – Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden(1973–present)
- Prime Minister – Fredrik Reinfeldt, Prime Minister of Sweden (2006–2014)
- Monarch –
- Switzerland
- Council – Federal Council of Switzerland [l]
- Members – Moritz Leuenberger (1995–2010), Pascal Couchepin (1998–2009; President of Switzerland, 2008), Samuel Schmid (2000–2008), Micheline Calmy-Rey (2003–2011), Hans-Rudolf Merz (2004–2010), Doris Leuthard (2006–2018), and Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (2008–2015)
- Council –
- Ukraine
- President – Viktor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Yulia Tymoshenko, Prime Minister of Ukraine (2007–2010)
- United Kingdom
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–2022)
- Prime Minister – Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2007–2010)
- Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Sir Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man(2005–2011)
- Chief Minister – Chief Minister of the Isle of Man(2006–2011)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Sir
- Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Sir Fabian Malbon, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey (2005–2011)
- Chief Minister –
- Mike Torode, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2007–2008)
- Lyndon Trott, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2008–2012)
- Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Andrew Ridgway, Lieutenant Governor of Jersey (2006–2011)
- Chief Minister –
- Frank Walker, Chief Minister of Jersey (2005–2008)
- Terry Le Sueur, Chief Minister of Jersey (2008–2011)
- Gibraltar (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Sir Robert Fulton, Governor of Gibraltar (2006–2009)
- Chief Minister – Peter Caruana, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1996–2011)
- Vatican City
- Monarch – Sovereign of Vatican City(2005–2013)
- Head of Government – Cardinal President of the Governorate of Vatican City(2006–2011)
- public international law)
- Secretary of State – Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, Cardinal Secretary of State (2006–2013)
- Monarch –
North America
- Anguilla (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Andrew George, Governor of Anguilla (2006–2009)
- Chief Minister – Chief Minister of Anguilla(2000–2010)
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–2022)
- Governor-General – Dame Louise Lake-Tack, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Baldwin Spencer, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (2004–2014)
- constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor – Fredis Refunjol, Governor of Aruba (2004–2016)
- Prime Minister – Nelson Oduber, Prime Minister of Aruba (2001–2009)
- The Bahamas
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–2022)
- Governor-General – Arthur Dion Hanna, Governor-General of the Bahamas (2006–2010)
- Prime Minister – Hubert Ingraham, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (2007–2012)
- Barbados
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–2021)
- Governor-General – Sir Clifford Husbands, Governor-General of Barbados (1996–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Owen Arthur, Prime Minister of Barbados (1994–2008)
- David Thompson, Prime Minister of Barbados (2008–2010)
- Belize
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize (1981–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Colville Young, Governor-General of Belize (1993–2021)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Belize(1998–2008)
- Prime Minister of Belize(2008–2020)
- Bermuda (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Sir Richard Gozney, Governor of Bermuda (2007–2012)
- Premier – Premier of Bermuda(2006–2010)
- British Virgin Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – David Pearey, Governor of the British Virgin Islands (2006–2010)
- Premier – Ralph T. O'Neal, Premier of the British Virgin Islands (2007–2011)
- Canada
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–2022)
- Governor-General – Michaëlle Jean, Governor General of Canada (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada (2006–2015)
- Cayman Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Stuart Jack, Governor of the Cayman Islands (2005–2009)
- Head of Government – Leader of Government Business of the Cayman Islands(2005–2009)
- Costa Rica
- President – Óscar Arias, President of Costa Rica (2006–2010)
- Cuba
- Communist Party Leader –
- President –
- Fidel Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (1976–2008)
- Raúl Castro, Acting President of the Council of State of Cuba (2006–2008), President of the Council of State of Cuba (2008–2018)
- Prime Minister –
- Fidel Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (1959–2008)
- Raúl Castro, Acting President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (2006–2008), President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (2008–2018)
- Dominica
- President – President of Dominica(2003–2012)
- Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit, Prime Minister of Dominica (2004–present)
- President –
- Dominican Republic
- President – Leonel Fernández, President of the Dominican Republic (2004–2012)
- El Salvador
- President – Antonio Saca, President of El Salvador (2004–2009)
- Grenada
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–2022)
- Governor-General –
- Sir Daniel Williams, Governor-General of Grenada (1996–2008)
- Carlyle Glean, Governor-General of Grenada (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Grenada(1995–2008)
- Prime Minister of Grenada(2008–2013)
- Guatemala
- President –
- Óscar Berger, President of Guatemala (2004–2008)
- Álvaro Colom, President of Guatemala (2008–2012)
- President –
- Haiti
- President – René Préval, President of Haiti (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Jacques-Édouard Alexis, Prime Minister of Haiti (2006–2008)
- Michèle Pierre-Louis, Prime Minister of Haiti (2008–2009)
- Honduras
- President – Manuel Zelaya, President of Honduras (2006–2009)
- Jamaica
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Kenneth O. Hall, Governor-General of Jamaica (2006–2009)
- Prime Minister – Bruce Golding, Prime Minister of Jamaica (2007–2011)
- Mexico
- President – Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico (2006–2012)
- Montserrat (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Peter Waterworth, Governor of Montserrat (2007–2011)
- Chief Minister – Chief Minister of Montserrat(2006–2009)
- constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor – Frits Goedgedrag, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles (2002–2010)
- Prime Minister – Emily de Jongh-Elhage, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles (2006–2010)
- Nicaragua
- President – Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua (2007–present)
- Panama
- President – President of Panama(2004–2009)
- President –
- Saint Barthélemy (overseas collectivity of France)
- Prefect – Prefect of Saint Barthélemy(2007–2009)
- Head of Government – Bruno Magras, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy (2007–present)
- Prefect –
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1996–2013)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis(1995–2015)
- Saint Lucia
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–2022)
- Governor-General – Dame Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1997–2017)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Saint Lucia(2007–2011)
- Saint Martin (overseas collectivity of France)
- Prefect – Prefect of Saint Martin(2007–2009)
- Head of Government –
- President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin(2007–2008)
- Acting President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin(2008)
- President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin(2008–2009)
- Prefect –
- Saint Pierre and Miquelon (overseas collectivity of France)
- Prefect –
- Yves Fauqueur, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2006–2008)
- Jean-Pierre Berçot, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2008–2009)
- Head of Government – President of the Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon(2006–2018)
- Prefect –
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Frederick Ballantyne, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2002–2019)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines(2001–present)
- Trinidad and Tobago
- President – George Maxwell Richards, President of Trinidad and Tobago (2003–2013)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago(2001–2010)
- Turks and Caicos Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor –
- Premier – Michael Misick, Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2003–2009)
- United States
- President – George W. Bush, President of the United States (2001–2009)
- Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of the United States)
- Governor – Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, Governor of Puerto Rico (2005–2009)
- United States Virgin Islands (insular area of the United States)
- Governor – Governor of the United States Virgin Islands(2007–2015)
- Governor –
Oceania
- American Samoa (unorganised, unincorporated territory of the United States)
- Governor – Governor of American Samoa(2003–2013)
- Governor –
- Australia
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–2022)
- Governor-General –
- Michael Jeffery, Governor-General of Australia(2003–2008)
- Quentin Bryce, Governor-General of Australia (2008–2014)
- Prime Minister – Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister of Australia (2007–2010)
- Christmas Island (external territory of Australia)
- Administrator –
- Administrator of Christmas Island(2006–2008)
- Acting administrator of Christmas Island(2008)
- Acting administrator of Christmas Island(2008–2009)
- Shire-President – Shire president of Christmas Island(2003–2011)
- Administrator –
- Cocos (Keeling) Islands (external territory of Australia)
- Administrator –
- Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands(2006–2008)
- Acting Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands(2008)
- Acting Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands(2008–2009)
- Shire-President – Shire president of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands(2007–2009)
- Administrator –
- Norfolk Island (self-governing territory of Australia)
- Administrator – Administrator of Norfolk Island(2007–2012)
- Chief Minister – Chief Minister of Norfolk Island(2007–2010)
- Administrator –
- Fiji
- President – Ratu Josefa Iloilo, President of Fiji (2007–2009)
- Prime Minister – Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister of Fiji (2007–2022)
- French Polynesia (overseas collectivity of France)
- High Commissioner –
- High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia(2005–2008)
- Acting High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia(2008)
- High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia(2008–2011)
- President –
- Oscar Temaru, President of French Polynesia (2007–2008)
- Gaston Flosse, President of French Polynesia (2008)
- Gaston Tong Sang, President of French Polynesia (2008–2009)
- High Commissioner –
- Guam (insular area of the United States)
- Governor – Governor of Guam(2003–2011)
- Governor –
- Kiribati
- President – Anote Tong, President of Kiribati (2003–2016)
- Marshall Islands
- President –
- President of the Marshall Islands(2000–2008)
- President of the Marshall Islands(2008–2009)
- President –
- Micronesia
- President – President of Micronesia(2007–2015)
- President –
- Nauru
- President – Marcus Stephen, President of Nauru (2007–2011)
- sui generis collectivity of France)
- High Commissioner – High Commissioner of New Caledonia(2007–2010)
- Head of Government – Harold Martin, President of the Government of New Caledonia (2007–2009)
- High Commissioner –
- New Zealand
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Anand Satyanand, Governor-General of New Zealand (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1999–2008)
- John Key, Prime Minister of New Zealand (2008–2016)
- Cook Islands (associated state of New Zealand)
- Queen's Representative – Sir Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands(2001–2013)
- Prime Minister – Jim Marurai, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (2004–2010)
- Queen's Representative – Sir
- Niue (associated state of New Zealand)
- Premier –
- Young Vivian, Premier of Niue (2002–2008)
- Toke Talagi, Premier of Niue (2008–2020)
- Premier –
- Tokelau (dependent territory of New Zealand)
- Administrator – David Payton, Administrator of Tokelau (2006–2009)
- Head of Government –
- Head of Government of Tokelau(2007–2008)
- Head of Government of Tokelau(2008–2009)
- Northern Mariana Islands (Commonwealth of the United States)
- Governor – Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands(2006–2013)
- Governor –
- Palau
- President – Tommy Remengesau, President of Palau(2001–2009)
- President –
- Papua New Guinea
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Paulias Matane, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (2004–2010)
- Prime Minister – Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (2002–2010)
- Pitcairn Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – George Fergusson, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (2006–2010)
- Mayor – Mayor of the Pitcairn Islands(2008–2013)
- Samoa
- Head of State – Tufuga Efi, O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa(2007–2017)
- Prime Minister – Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa(1998–2021)
- Head of State –
- Solomon Islands
- Monarch – Queen of the Solomon Islands(1978–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Governor-General of the Solomon Islands(2004–2009)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands(2007–2010)
- Monarch –
- Tonga
- Monarch – King of Tonga(2006–2012)
- Prime Minister – Feleti Sevele, Prime Minister of Tonga (2006–2010)
- Monarch –
- Tuvalu
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Filoimea Telito, Governor-General of Tuvalu (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Apisai Ielemia, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2006–2010)
- Vanuatu
- President – Kalkot Mataskelekele, President of Vanuatu (2004–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Ham Lini, Prime Minister of Vanuatu(2004–2008)
- Edward Natapei, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2008–2010)
- Wallis and Futuna (overseas collectivity of France)
- Administrator –
- Head of Government – President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna(2007–2010)
South America
- Argentina
- President – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, President of Argentina (2007–2015)
- Bolivia
- President – Evo Morales, President of Bolivia (2006–2019)
- Brazil
- President – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil (2003–2010)
- Chile
- President – Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile (2006–2010)
- Colombia
- President – Álvaro Uribe, President of Colombia (2002–2010)
- Ecuador
- President – Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador (2007–2017)
- Falkland Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Alan Huckle, Governor of the Falkland Islands (2006–2010)
- Guyana
- President – Bharrat Jagdeo, President of Guyana (1999–2011)
- Prime Minister – Sam Hinds, Prime Minister of Guyana (1999–2015)
- Paraguay
- President –
- Nicanor Duarte, President of Paraguay (2003–2008)
- Fernando Lugo, President of Paraguay (2008–2012)
- President –
- Peru
- President – Alan García, President of Peru (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Jorge Del Castillo, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru(2006–2008)
- Yehude Simon, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2008–2009)
- Suriname
- President – Ronald Venetiaan, President of Suriname (2000–2010)
- Uruguay
- President – Tabaré Vázquez, President of Uruguay (2005–2010)
- Venezuela
- President – Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (2002–2013)
Notes
- ^ Eritrea only became independent in 1993.
- ^ Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
- ^ Brunei only became independent in 1984.
- ^ Hun Sen was titled Second Prime Minister in 1993–98.
- ^ Kazakhstan only became independent in 1991.
- ^ The position of Chairman of the National Defence Commission was declared to be the highest office of state by the constitution that came into effect in 1998.
- ^ Uzbekistan only became independent in 1991.
- president of North Yemenuntil 1990.
- ^ Transnistria only declared independence in 1991.
- ^ Montenegro only became independent in 2006.
- ^ Serbia only became independent in 2006.
- ^ The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is head of state and government collectively. As a party to the Council, the president serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
External links
- Rulers—a list of rulers throughout time and places
- WorldStatesmen—an online encyclopedia of the leaders of nations and territories