List of threatened sharks

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

See also:
Threatened rays

IUCN global study 2010 [1]

IUCN) is the world's oldest global environmental organization.[2] It evaluates threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories, depending on the degree to which they are threatened:[3]

Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Critically endangered species

The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories.

red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4]

In a milestone decision in 2013, CITES prohibited international trade in the fins of the scalloped hammerhead (pictured) and four other shark species.[5]

Shark species are increasingly becoming threatened because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-shark fisheries on the seabed and shark prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.[6] Rising demands for shark products has increased pressure on shark fisheries, but little monitoring or management occurs of most fisheries.[7] Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded over the past few decades; some species had declined over 90% and population declines of 70% were not unusual by 1998.[8] In particular, harvesting young sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations. Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other fish species.[9]

Conservationists estimate that up to 100 million sharks are killed by commercial and recreational fishing every year.

pelagic (open water) sharks and rays. They found that over half the pelagic sharks targeted by high-seas fisheries were threatened with extinction.[16][17][18]

In 2010, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (

dogfish sharks. The majority, but not the required two-thirds of voting delegates, approved the proposal. China, by far the world's largest shark consumer, and Japan, which battles all attempts to extend the convention's protections to marine species, led the opposition.[19][20]

In 2013, CITES member nations overcame the continued opposition led by China and Japan,[21] and reversed course.[22][23] In what CITES has called a "milestone", the oceanic whitetip, porbeagle, and three species of hammerheads will now join the great white, basking and whale shark on CITES Appendix II, effective September 2014.[24] International trade of these species is thus prohibited without CITES permits, "... and evidence will have to be provided that they are harvested sustainably and legally."[5]

In 2014 the state government of

drum lines are deployed near popular beaches using hooks designed to catch the vulnerable great white shark, as well as bull and tiger sharks. Large sharks found hooked but still alive are shot and their bodies discarded at sea.[26] The government claims they are not culling sharks, but are using a "targeted, localised, hazard mitigation strategy".[27] Barnett has described opposition to killing the sharks as "ludicrous" and "extreme", and said that nothing can change his mind.[28]

According to a 2021 study published in the journal

fishing pressure in the oceans has increased by a factor of 18 since 1970.[29] This overfishing has resulted in the number of oceanic sharks and rays declining globally by 71%, and has increased the global extinction risk to the point where three-quarters of these species are now threatened with extinction. Precautionary science-based catch limits and strict prohibitions are now needed urgently if population collapse is to be avoided,[30][31] if the disruption of ecological functions is to be averted,[32] and if a start is to be made on rebuilding global fisheries.[33][29]

List

Order Image Scientific name Common name Population trend
IUCN status
 Fish
Base
FAO
 CITES
Appendix[24]
Mackerel
shark
Alopias pelagicus
 		Pelagic thresher decreasing Endangered[34] [35] [36]
Mackerel
shark
Alopias superciliosus
Bigeye thresher shark
 decreasing Vulnerable[37] [38] [39]
Mackerel
shark
Alopias vulpinus
 		Common thresher decreasing Vulnerable[40] [41] [42]
Groundshark
Atelomycterus baliensis
 		Bali catshark unknown Vulnerable[43] [44]
Groundshark
Aulohalaelurus kanakorum
 		New Caledonia catshark unknown Vulnerable[45] [46]
Carpet shark
Brachaelurus colcloughi
 		Bluegrey carpetshark unknown Vulnerable[47] [48]
Groundshark
Carcharhinus borneensis
 		Borneo shark unknown Critically Endangered[49] [50]
Groundshark
Carcharhinus hemiodon
 		Pondicherry shark unknown Critically endangered[51] [52]
Groundshark
Carcharhinus leiodon
 		Smoothtooth blacktip shark unknown Vulnerable[53] [54]
Groundshark
Carcharhinus longimanus
 		Oceanic whitetip shark decreasing Critically endangered [55] [56] II (eff. Sep-2014)
Groundshark
Carcharhinus obscurus
 		Dusky shark decreasing Vulnerable[57] [58] [59]
Groundshark
Carcharhinus plumbeus
 		Sandbar shark decreasing Vulnerable[60] [61] [62]
Groundshark
Carcharhinus signatus
 		Night shark unknown Vulnerable[63] [64] [65]
Mackerel
shark
Carcharias taurus
Sand tiger
 decreasing Critically endangered[66] [67] [68]
Mackerel
shark
Carcharodon carcharias
 		Great white shark unknown Vulnerable[69] [70] [71] II
Dogfish
Centrophorus granulosus
 		Gulper shark decreasing Vulnerable[72] [73] [74]
Dogfish
Centrophorus harrissoni
 		Dumb gulper shark decreasing Endangered[75] [76] [77]
Dogfish
Centrophorus lusitanicus
 		Lowfin gulper shark unknown Vulnerable[78] [79] [80]
Dogfish
Centrophorus squamosus
Deepwater spiny dogfish
 decreasing Vulnerable[81] [82] [83]
Mackerel
shark
Cetorhinus maximus
 		Basking shark decreasing Endangered[84] [85] [86] II
Groundshark
Chaenogaleus macrostoma
 		Hooktooth shark unknown Vulnerable[87] [88]
Groundshark
Galeorhinus galeus
 		School shark decreasing Vulnerable[89] [90] [91]
Groundshark
Galeus mincaronei
 		Southern sawtail catshark decreasing Vulnerable[92] [93]
Groundshark
Glyphis gangeticus
 		Ganges shark decreasing Critically endangered [94] [95]
Groundshark
Glyphis garricki
New Guinea river shark
 decreasing Critically endangered [96] [97]
Groundshark
Glyphis glyphis
 		Speartooth shark decreasing Endangered[98] [99]
Groundshark
Glyphis siamensis
Irrawaddy river shark
 unknown Critically endangered [100] [101]
Groundshark
Haploblepharus fuscus
 		Brown shyshark unknown Vulnerable[102] [103]
Groundshark
Haploblepharus kistnasamyi
 		Natal shyshark unknown Critically endangered[104] [105]
Groundshark
Hemigaleus microstoma
Sickle fin weasel shark
 decreasing Vulnerable[106] [107]
Groundshark
Hemipristis elongata
 		Snaggletooth shark decreasing Vulnerable[108] [109]
Carpet shark
Hemiscyllium hallstromi
 		Papuan epaulette shark unknown Vulnerable[110] [111] [112]
Carpet shark
Hemiscyllium strahani
Hooded carpet shark
 unknown Vulnerable[113] [114] [115]
Groundshark
Hemitriakis leucoperiptera
 		Whitefin topeshark unknown Endangered[116] [117]
Groundshark
Holohalaelurus favus
 		Honeycomb Izak decreasing Endangered[118] [119]
Groundshark
Holohalaelurus punctatus
Whitespotted Izak
 decreasing Endangered[120] [121]
Groundshark
Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus
 		Daggernose shark decreasing Critically endangered[122] [123]
Mackerel
shark
Isurus oxyrinchus
Shortfin mako
 decreasing Endangered[124] [125] [126]
Mackerel
shark
Isurus paucus
Longfin mako
 decreasing Endangered[127] [128] [129]
Groundshark
Lamiopsis temminckii
 		Broadfin shark decreasing Endangered[130] [131]
Mackerel
shark
Lamna nasus
 		Porbeagle decreasing Vulnerable[132] [133] III
(II eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark
Mustelus fasciatus
 		Striped smooth-hound decreasing Critically endangered[134] [135]
Groundshark
Mustelus mustelus
Common smoothhound
 decreasing Vulnerable[136] [137]
Groundshark
Mustelus schmitti
Narrownose smoothhound
 decreasing Endangered[138] [139] [140]
Groundshark
Mustelus whitneyi
Humpback smoothhound
 decreasing Vulnerable[141] [142]
Carpet shark
Nebrius ferrugineus
 		Tawny nurse shark decreasing Vulnerable[143] [144] [145]
Groundshark
Negaprion acutidens
Sharptooth lemon shark
 decreasing Vulnerable[146] [147]
Mackerel
shark
Odontaspis ferox
Small-tooth sand tiger shark
 decreasing Vulnerable[148] [149] [150]
Dogfish
Oxynotus centrina
Angular rough shark
 unknown Vulnerable[151] [152] [153]
Carpet shark
Pseudoginglymostoma
brevicaudatum
Shorttail nurse shark
 unknown Vulnerable[154] [155]
Carpet shark
Rhincodon typus
 		Whale shark decreasing Endangered[156] [157] [158] II
Groundshark
Schroederichthys
saurisqualus
 		Lizard catshark unknown Vulnerable[159] [160]
Groundshark
Scylliogaleus quecketti
 		Flapnose houndshark unknown Vulnerable[161] [162]
Groundshark
Sphyrna lewini
 		Scalloped hammerhead decreasing Critically endangered [163] [164] [165] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark
Sphyrna mokarran
 		Great hammerhead decreasing Critically Endangered[166] [167] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark
Sphyrna tiburo
Bonnethead shark
 decreasing Endangered[166] [168]
Groundshark
Sphyrna tudes
 		Smalleye hammerhead decreasing Vulnerable[169] [170]
Groundshark
Sphyrna zygaena
 		Smooth hammerhead decreasing Vulnerable[171] [172] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Dogfish
Squalus acanthias
Piked dogfish
 decreasing Vulnerable[173] [174] [175]
Dogfish Squalus montalbani
Philippines spurdog
 decreasing Vulnerable[176] [177]
Angel shark
Squatina aculeata
 		Sawback angelshark decreasing Critically endangered[178] [179] [180]
Angel shark
Squatina albipunctata
Eastern angel shark
 decreasing Vulnerable[181] [182]
Angel shark
Squatina argentina
Argentine angel shark
 decreasing Endangered[183] [184] [185]
Angel shark
Squatina formosa
 		Taiwan angelshark unknown Endangered[186] [187] [188]
Angel shark
Squatina guggenheim
 		Hidden angelshark decreasing Endangered[189] [190]
Angel shark
Squatina japonica
 		Japanese angelshark unknown Vulnerable[191] [192] [193]
Angel shark
Squatina nebulosa
 		Clouded angelshark unknown Vulnerable[194] [195] [196]
Angel shark
Squatina oculata
Smoothback angel shark
 decreasing Critically endangered[197] [198] [199]
Angel shark
Squatina punctata
 		Angular angelshark decreasing Endangered[200] [201]
Angel shark
 Squatina squatina Angel shark decreasing Critically endangered[202] [203] [204]
Angel shark
Squatina tergocellatoides
 		Ocellated angelshark unknown Vulnerable[205] [206] [207]
Carpet shark
Stegostoma fasciatum
 		Zebra shark decreasing Vulnerable[208] [209] [210]
Groundshark
Triakis acutipinna
 		Sharpfin houndshark decreasing Endangered[211] [212]
Groundshark
Triakis maculata
 		Spotted houndshark decreasing Vulnerable[213] [214]

See also

References

  1. doi:10.1126/science.1194442
  2. ^ International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  3. ^
    IUCN. August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help
    )
  4. ^ "Red List Overview". IUCN Red List. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  5. ^ a b CITES conference takes decisive action to halt decline of tropical timber, sharks, manta rays and a wide range of other plants and animals
  6. ^ "The Greatest Threats to Sharks". Oceana. 2007. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
  7. ^ Pratt, H. L. Jr; Gruber, S. H.; Taniuchi, T (1990). Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. NOAA Tech Rept.
  8. ^ Walker, T.I. (1998). Shark Fisheries Management and Biology.
  9. ^ Sharks Falling Prey To Humans' Appetites National Geographic, 28 October 2010.
  10. ^ HowStuffWorks "How many sharks are killed recreationally each year - and why?". Animals.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-16.
  11. ^ a b "Shark fin soup alters an ecosystem—CNN.com". CNN. 15 December 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  12. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  13. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "Shark fisheries and trade in Europe: Fact sheet on Italy". Retrieved 6 September 2007.
  15. ^ Sharkwater | Movies. EW.com (2007-10-31). Retrieved on 2010-09-16.
  16. ^ Third of open ocean sharks threatened with extinction IUCN, 25 June 2009.
  17. ISBN 978-0-9561063-1-5. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 14 January 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  18. ^ Jha, Alok (25 June 2009). "Fishing puts a third of all oceanic shark species at risk of extinction". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  19. ^ Jolly, David (23 March 2010). "U.N. Group Rejects Shark Protections". The New York Times.
  20. ^ "Qatar. UN body flip-flops on shark protection". Tawa News, Canwest News Service. 26 March 2010. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010.
  21. ^ Opponents fail to overturn shark protection deal Dow Jones Newswires, 14 March 2013.
  22. ^ Five shark species win protection against finning trade The Guardian, 11 March 2013.
  23. ^ CITES Makes Historic Decision to Protect Sharks and Rays ScienceDaily, 14 March 2013.
  24. ^ a b "Appendices I, II and III". CITES. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
  25. ^ "New measures to combat WA shark risks". Department of Fisheries, Western Australia. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  26. ^ Arup, Tom (21 January 2014), "Greg Hunt grants WA exemption for shark cull plan", The Sydney Morning Herald, Fairfax Media, archived from the original on 22 January 2014
  27. ^ "Can governments protect people from killer sharks?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  28. ^ Australia shark policy to stay, despite threats TVNZ, 20 January 2014.
  29. ^
    S2CID 231723355
    .
  30. doi:10.1111/faf.12119
    .
  31. S2CID 20632998
    .
  32. S2CID 46839247
    .
  33. PMID 22808187
    .
  34. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T161597A68607857.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  35. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Alopias pelagicus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  36. ^ Alopias pelagicus (Nakamura, 1935) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  37. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161696A5482468.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  38. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Alopias superciliosus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  39. ^ Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1841) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  40. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39339A10205317.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  41. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Alopias vulpinus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  42. ^ Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  43. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161736A5491875.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  44. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Atelomycterus baliensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  45. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41870A10581635.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  46. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Aulohalaelurus kanakorum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  47. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T39335A68610594.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  48. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Brachaelurus colcloughi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  49. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39367A10182233.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  50. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Carcharhinus borneensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  51. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T39369A10185838.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  52. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Pondicherry shark" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  53. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T39371A109876922.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  54. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Carcharhinus leiodon" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  55. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39374A2911619.en
    . Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  56. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Carcharhinus longimanus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  57. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3852A10127245.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  58. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Carcharhinus obscurus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  59. ^ Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur, 1818) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  60. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3853A10130397.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  61. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Carcharhinus plumbeus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  62. ^ Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  63. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60219A12323765.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  64. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Carcharhinus signatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  65. ^ Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  66. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3854A10132481.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  67. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Carcharias taurus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  68. ^ Carcharias taurus (Rafinesque, 1810) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  69. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3855A10133872.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  70. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Carcharodon carcharias" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  71. ^ Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  72. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162293947A2897883.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  73. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Centrophorus granulosus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  74. ^ Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  75. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T41740A16726236.en
    . Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  76. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Centrophorus harrissoni" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  77. ^ Centrophorus harrissoni (McCulloch, 1915) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  78. ^ Clarke, M.; White, W. & Compagno, L.J.V. (2009). "Centrophorus lusitanicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  79. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Centrophorus lusitanicus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  80. ^ Centrophorus lusitanicus (Bocage & Capello, 1864) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  81. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T41871A68614964.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  82. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Centrophorus squamosus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  83. ^ Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  84. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4292A194720078.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  85. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Cetorhinus maximus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  86. ^ Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  87. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161695A173437577.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  88. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Chaenogaleus macrostoma" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  89. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39352A2907336.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  90. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Galeorhinus galeus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  91. ^ Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
  92. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44578A2995648.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  93. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Galeus mincaronei" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  94. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T169473392A124398647.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  95. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Glyphis gangeticus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  96. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T42712A68624151.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  97. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Glyphis garricki" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  98. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39379A68624306.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  99. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Glyphis glyphis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  100. ^ Barnett, L.A.K.; Quaranta, K.L.; Ebert, D.A.; White, W.T. & Compagno, L.J.V. (2009). "Glyphis siamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  101. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Glyphis siamensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  102. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39346A124403821.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  103. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Haploblepharus fuscus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  104. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T161667A124524866.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  105. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Haploblepharus kistnasamyi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  106. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41816A124418711.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  107. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Hemigaleus microstoma" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  108. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41874A68625034.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  109. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Hemipristis elongata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  110. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41875A70709453.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  111. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Hemiscyllium hallstromi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  112. ^ Hemiscyllium hallstromi (Whitley, 1967) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  113. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41819A198886746.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  114. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Hemiscyllium strahani" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  115. ^ Hemiscyllium strahani (Whitley, 1967) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  116. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39353A124404742.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  117. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Hemitriakis leucoperiptera" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  118. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T161652A124522141.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  119. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Holohalaelurus favus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  120. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T161675A124526498.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  121. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Holohalaelurus punctatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60218A3094144.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  123. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  124. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39341A2903170.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  125. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Isurus oxyrinchus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  126. ^ Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1809) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  127. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T60225A3095898.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  128. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Isurus paucus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  129. ^ Isurus paucus (Guitart Manday, 1966) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  130. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T169760690A124508850.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  131. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Lamiopsis temminckii" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  132. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11200A500969.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  133. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Lamna nasus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  134. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44581A2995765.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  135. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Mustelus fasciatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  136. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39358A124405881.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  137. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Mustelus mustelus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  138. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60203A3092243.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  139. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Mustelus schmitti" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  140. ^ Mustelus schmitti (Springer, 1940) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  141. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63129A124461599.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  142. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Mustelus whitneyi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  143. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41835A173437098.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  144. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Nebrius ferrugineus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  145. ^ Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1831) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  146. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T41836A173435545.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  147. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Negaprion acutidens" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  148. ^ Pollard, D.; Gordon, I.; Williams, S.; Flaherty, A.; Fergusson, I.K.; Dicken, M. & Graham, K. (2009). "Odontaspis ferox". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  149. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Odontaspis ferox" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  150. ^ Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  151. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T63141A124462573.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  152. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Oxynotus centrina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  153. ^ Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  154. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T44617A124435749.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  155. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  156. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19488A2365291.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  157. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Rhincodon typus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  158. ^ Rhincodon typus (Smith, 1828) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  159. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44586A2996520.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  160. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Schroederichthys saurisqualus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  161. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. (2005). "Scylliogaleus quecketti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  162. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Scylliogaleus quecketti" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  163. ^ Rigby, C.L.; Dulvy, N.K.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B. & Winker, H. (2019). "Sphyrna lewini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39385A2918526. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  164. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Sphyrna lewini" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  165. ^ Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  166. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39386A2920499.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  167. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Sphyrna mokarran" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  168. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Sphyrna tiburo" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  169. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60202A3091946.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  170. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Sphyrna tudes" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39388A2921825.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  172. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Sphyrna zygaena" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  173. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T91209505A124551959.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  174. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squalus acanthias" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  175. ^ Squalus acanthias (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  176. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T161404A68645208.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  177. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squalus montalbani" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  178. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T61417A116768915.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  179. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina aculeata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  180. ^ Squatina aculeata (Cuvier, 1829) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  181. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42729A68645549.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  182. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina albipunctata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  183. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39329A116841596.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  184. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina argentina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  185. ^ Squatina argentina (Marini, 1930) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  186. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161456A134193368.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  187. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina formosa" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  188. ^ Squatina formosa (Shen & Ting, 1972) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  189. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T130393378A130393975.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  190. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina guggenheim" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  191. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161558A134194013.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  192. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina japonica" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  193. ^ Squatina japonica (Bleeker, 1858) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  194. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161325A134193576.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  195. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina nebulosa" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  196. ^ Squatina nebulosa (Regan, 1906) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  197. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T61418A116782036.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  198. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina oculata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  199. ^ Squatina oculata (Bonaparte, 1840) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  200. ^ IUCN Shark Specialist Group (2007). "Squatina punctata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  201. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina punctata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  202. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39332A117498371.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  203. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina squatina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  204. ^ Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  205. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161525A134193835.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  206. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Squatina tergocellatoides" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  207. ^ Squatina tergocellatoides (Chen, 1963) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  208. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41878A161303882.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  209. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Stegostoma fasciatum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  210. ^ Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
  211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39361A124406514.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  212. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Triakis acutipinna" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
  213. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63130A124461743.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  214. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Triakis maculata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_threatened_sharks&oldid=1204103476"