List of threatened sharks

Vulnerable species

Endangered species

Critically endangered species

In a milestone decision in 2013, CITES prohibited international trade in the fins of the scalloped hammerhead (pictured) and four other shark species.^[5]

Shark species are increasingly becoming threatened because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-shark fisheries on the seabed and shark prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.^[6] Rising demands for shark products has increased pressure on shark fisheries, but little monitoring or management occurs of most fisheries.^[7] Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded over the past few decades; some species had declined over 90% and population declines of 70% were not unusual by 1998.^[8] In particular, harvesting young sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations. Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other fish species.^[9]

Conservationists estimate that up to 100 million sharks are killed by commercial and recreational fishing every year.

In 2013, CITES member nations overcame the continued opposition led by China and Japan,[21] and reversed course.^[22][23] In what CITES has called a "milestone", the oceanic whitetip, porbeagle, and three species of hammerheads will now join the great white, basking and whale shark on CITES Appendix II, effective September 2014.^[24] International trade of these species is thus prohibited without CITES permits, "... and evidence will have to be provided that they are harvested sustainably and legally."^[5]

In 2014 the state government of

List

Order	Image	Scientific name	Common name	Population trend	IUCN status	Fish Base	FAO	CITES Appendix[24]
Mackerel shark		Alopias pelagicus	Pelagic thresher	decreasing	Endangered[34]	[35]	[36]
Mackerel shark		Alopias superciliosus	Bigeye thresher shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[37]	[38]	[39]
Mackerel shark		Alopias vulpinus	Common thresher	decreasing	Vulnerable[40]	[41]	[42]
Groundshark		Atelomycterus baliensis	Bali catshark	unknown	Vulnerable[43]	[44]
Groundshark		Aulohalaelurus kanakorum	New Caledonia catshark	unknown	Vulnerable[45]	[46]
Carpet shark		Brachaelurus colcloughi	Bluegrey carpetshark	unknown	Vulnerable[47]	[48]
Groundshark		Carcharhinus borneensis	Borneo shark	unknown	Critically Endangered[49]	[50]
Groundshark		Carcharhinus hemiodon	Pondicherry shark	unknown	Critically endangered[51]	[52]
Groundshark		Carcharhinus leiodon	Smoothtooth blacktip shark	unknown	Vulnerable[53]	[54]
Groundshark		Carcharhinus longimanus	Oceanic whitetip shark	decreasing	Critically endangered [55]	[56]		II (eff. Sep-2014)
Groundshark		Carcharhinus obscurus	Dusky shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[57]	[58]	[59]
Groundshark		Carcharhinus plumbeus	Sandbar shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[60]	[61]	[62]
Groundshark		Carcharhinus signatus	Night shark	unknown	Vulnerable[63]	[64]	[65]
Mackerel shark		Carcharias taurus	Sand tiger	decreasing	Critically endangered[66]	[67]	[68]
Mackerel shark		Carcharodon carcharias	Great white shark	unknown	Vulnerable[69]	[70]	[71]	II
Dogfish		Centrophorus granulosus	Gulper shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[72]	[73]	[74]
Dogfish		Centrophorus harrissoni	Dumb gulper shark	decreasing	Endangered[75]	[76]	[77]
Dogfish		Centrophorus lusitanicus	Lowfin gulper shark	unknown	Vulnerable[78]	[79]	[80]
Dogfish		Centrophorus squamosus	Deepwater spiny dogfish	decreasing	Vulnerable[81]	[82]	[83]
Mackerel shark		Cetorhinus maximus	Basking shark	decreasing	Endangered[84]	[85]	[86]	II
Groundshark		Chaenogaleus macrostoma	Hooktooth shark	unknown	Vulnerable[87]	[88]
Groundshark		Galeorhinus galeus	School shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[89]	[90]	[91]
Groundshark		Galeus mincaronei	Southern sawtail catshark	decreasing	Vulnerable[92]	[93]
Groundshark		Glyphis gangeticus	Ganges shark	decreasing	Critically endangered [94]	[95]
Groundshark		Glyphis garricki	New Guinea river shark	decreasing	Critically endangered [96]	[97]
Groundshark		Glyphis glyphis	Speartooth shark	decreasing	Endangered[98]	[99]
Groundshark		Glyphis siamensis	Irrawaddy river shark	unknown	Critically endangered [100]	[101]
Groundshark		Haploblepharus fuscus	Brown shyshark	unknown	Vulnerable[102]	[103]
Groundshark		Haploblepharus kistnasamyi	Natal shyshark	unknown	Critically endangered[104]	[105]
Groundshark		Hemigaleus microstoma	Sickle fin weasel shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[106]	[107]
Groundshark		Hemipristis elongata	Snaggletooth shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[108]	[109]
Carpet shark		Hemiscyllium hallstromi	Papuan epaulette shark	unknown	Vulnerable[110]	[111]	[112]
Carpet shark		Hemiscyllium strahani	Hooded carpet shark	unknown	Vulnerable[113]	[114]	[115]
Groundshark		Hemitriakis leucoperiptera	Whitefin topeshark	unknown	Endangered[116]	[117]
Groundshark		Holohalaelurus favus	Honeycomb Izak	decreasing	Endangered[118]	[119]
Groundshark		Holohalaelurus punctatus	Whitespotted Izak	decreasing	Endangered[120]	[121]
Groundshark		Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus	Daggernose shark	decreasing	Critically endangered[122]	[123]
Mackerel shark		Isurus oxyrinchus	Shortfin mako	decreasing	Endangered[124]	[125]	[126]
Mackerel shark		Isurus paucus	Longfin mako	decreasing	Endangered[127]	[128]	[129]
Groundshark		Lamiopsis temminckii	Broadfin shark	decreasing	Endangered[130]	[131]
Mackerel shark		Lamna nasus	Porbeagle	decreasing	Vulnerable[132]	[133]		III (II eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark		Mustelus fasciatus	Striped smooth-hound	decreasing	Critically endangered[134]	[135]
Groundshark		Mustelus mustelus	Common smoothhound	decreasing	Vulnerable[136]	[137]
Groundshark		Mustelus schmitti	Narrownose smoothhound	decreasing	Endangered[138]	[139]	[140]
Groundshark		Mustelus whitneyi	Humpback smoothhound	decreasing	Vulnerable[141]	[142]
Carpet shark		Nebrius ferrugineus	Tawny nurse shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[143]	[144]	[145]
Groundshark		Negaprion acutidens	Sharptooth lemon shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[146]	[147]
Mackerel shark		Odontaspis ferox	Small-tooth sand tiger shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[148]	[149]	[150]
Dogfish		Oxynotus centrina	Angular rough shark	unknown	Vulnerable[151]	[152]	[153]
Carpet shark		Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum	Shorttail nurse shark	unknown	Vulnerable[154]	[155]
Carpet shark		Rhincodon typus	Whale shark	decreasing	Endangered[156]	[157]	[158]	II
Groundshark		Schroederichthys saurisqualus	Lizard catshark	unknown	Vulnerable[159]	[160]
Groundshark		Scylliogaleus quecketti	Flapnose houndshark	unknown	Vulnerable[161]	[162]
Groundshark		Sphyrna lewini	Scalloped hammerhead	decreasing	Critically endangered [163]	[164]	[165]	II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark		Sphyrna mokarran	Great hammerhead	decreasing	Critically Endangered[166]	[167]		II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Groundshark		Sphyrna tiburo	Bonnethead shark	decreasing	Endangered[166]	[168]
Groundshark		Sphyrna tudes	Smalleye hammerhead	decreasing	Vulnerable[169]	[170]
Groundshark		Sphyrna zygaena	Smooth hammerhead	decreasing	Vulnerable[171]	[172]		II (eff. Sept. 2014)
Dogfish		Squalus acanthias	Piked dogfish	decreasing	Vulnerable[173]	[174]	[175]
Dogfish		Squalus montalbani	Philippines spurdog	decreasing	Vulnerable[176]	[177]
Angel shark		Squatina aculeata	Sawback angelshark	decreasing	Critically endangered[178]	[179]	[180]
Angel shark		Squatina albipunctata	Eastern angel shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[181]	[182]
Angel shark		Squatina argentina	Argentine angel shark	decreasing	Endangered[183]	[184]	[185]
Angel shark		Squatina formosa	Taiwan angelshark	unknown	Endangered[186]	[187]	[188]
Angel shark		Squatina guggenheim	Hidden angelshark	decreasing	Endangered[189]	[190]
Angel shark		Squatina japonica	Japanese angelshark	unknown	Vulnerable[191]	[192]	[193]
Angel shark		Squatina nebulosa	Clouded angelshark	unknown	Vulnerable[194]	[195]	[196]
Angel shark		Squatina oculata	Smoothback angel shark	decreasing	Critically endangered[197]	[198]	[199]
Angel shark		Squatina punctata	Angular angelshark	decreasing	Endangered[200]	[201]
Angel shark		Squatina squatina	Angel shark	decreasing	Critically endangered[202]	[203]	[204]
Angel shark		Squatina tergocellatoides	Ocellated angelshark	unknown	Vulnerable[205]	[206]	[207]
Carpet shark		Stegostoma fasciatum	Zebra shark	decreasing	Vulnerable[208]	[209]	[210]
Groundshark		Triakis acutipinna	Sharpfin houndshark	decreasing	Endangered[211]	[212]
Groundshark		Triakis maculata	Spotted houndshark	decreasing	Vulnerable[213]	[214]

See also

• List of threatened rays

References

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Further reading

• FAO (2000) Conservation and Management of Sharks Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, Rome.
  ISBN 92-5-104514-3
  .
• Fowler SL, Cavanagh RD, Camhi M, Burgess GH, Cailliet GM, Fordham SV, Simpfendorfer CA and Musick JA (comp. and ed.) (2005) Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Status Survey.
  ISBN 2-8317-0700-5
  .
• Musick, John A and Bonfil, Ramón (2005) Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries Fisheries Technical Paper 474, FAO, Rome.
• Teutscher, Frans (2004) "Sharks (Chondrichthyes)" In: World markets and industry of selected commercially-exploited aquatic species with an international conservation profile, Camillo Catarci. Fisheries Circular 990, FAO
• Vannuccini, Stefania (2002) Shark Utilization, Marketing and Trade Fisheries Technical paper 389, FAO, Rome.
  ISBN 92-5-104361-2
  .
• Endangered and Threatened Species Under NMFS’ Jurisdiction National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Updated: 28 February 28, 2013.