List of wars involving Iran

Antiouchus' Bactrian Campaign

Ptolemaic Egypt

Victory

Seleucid annexation of Ptolemeic holdings in Asia Minor, Coele-Syria, Cyprus, and other Ptolemeic holdings outside of Egypt.
Sixth Syrian War
.

(209–206/5 BC)

Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

Victory

Antiochus III recognizes Euthydemus's reign

Roman–Seleucid War (192–188 BC)^[2]

Roman Republic

Defeat

Peace of Apamea

Campaigns of Artaxias I

(189–165 BCE)

Atropatene
Kingdom of Cataonia
Kingdom of Pontus

Defeat

The regions of Caspiana, Faunitida, Basolropeda, Tmorik, Karenitis, Derksen, Akilisene and Antitaurus are annexed to Armenia.

Parthian Empire
(247 BC–224 AD)

Seleucid–Parthian Wars

(238 BC–129 BC)

Victory

• Expulsion of the Seleucids from Iran

Parni Conquest Parthia

(238 BC)

Victory

• Rise of the Parthian Empire

• The beginning of the

Seleucid–Parthian Wars

Parthian–Bactrian War (150 BC)

Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

Victory

Western Bactria annexed to the Parthian Empire

Second Parthian-Kushan War

(between c. 130 CE to c. 140 CE)

Kushan Empire

Defeat

Kanishka I repels the invasion

Battle of Ecbatana

(129 BC)

Victory

End of Hellenistic rule in Iran

Nomad invasion of Drangiana^[3]^[4]

(128-115 BC)

Parthian invasion of Armenia

Indo-Scythians

Saka

Yuezhi

Victory

The

Indo-Parthian

territories.

(120–100 BCE?)

Atropatene

Victory

Parthians add territories

Armenian–Parthian War
(87–85 BC)

Defeat

Atrpatakan loyalty to Tigranes the Great

Battle of Carrahe

(53 BC)

Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC

Roman Republic

Victory

• Repelling the danger of the Romans

• Crassus killed

• Roman desire to retaliate for Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire

Liberators' civil war

(43–42 BC)

Battle of Philippi

Supported by:

Supported by:

Defeat

The Second Triumvirate wins the Roman Civil War, then reinstates control over the eastern provinces.

(40–38 BC)

Roman Republic

Defeat

Status quo ante bellum

Antony's Parthian War

(36–20 BC)

Hasmonean Kingdom

Galatia

Herodian Kingdom of Judea

Victory

• Antony's was unsuccessful in campaign against Iran

• Ended by formal peace in 20 BC

Gondophares conquest on the East

(20–10 BC)

Indo-Parthian Kingdom

Indo-Scythians

Indo-Greek Kingdom

Victory

Gondophares conquers

Punjab, and the Kabul

valley.

Pharasmanes I of Iberia invasion of Armenia

(35 AD)

Kushan invasion of Indo-Parthia

Kingdom of Iberia

Defeat

Orodes of Armenia is deposed

(50s AD)

Indo-Parthian Kingdom

Kushan Empire

Defeat

Kushans conquer Indo-Parthian territories in northern India.

Iberian–Armenian War

(50–51 AD/51–53 AD)

Roman–Parthian War of 58–63

Roman Empire (until 51)

Victory

The Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 start

(58–63 AD)

Parthian Empire
Kingdom of Armenia

Roman clients

• Sophene

• Lesser Armenia

•

Iberia

•

Commagene

• Pontus

Stalemate

Treaty of Rhandeia

Minor territorial gains for Roman clients
Parthians stablish the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia

Roman–Parthian Wars
(66 AD–216)

Roman Empire
Pontus

Status quo ante bellum

Borders changed several times.

Trajan's Parthian campaign

(115–117)

co-belligerant Jewish/

zealots^{[citation needed}

]

Babylonians rebels Armenian rebels

Roman–Parthian War of 161–166

Client Parthian state

Stalemate

Rome gains Parthian territories on the East, but evacuates the Mesopotamia province and Roman Armenia due to revolts.
Osroes I defeat roman client Parthamaspates

(161–166)

Pro-Parthian Edessans

Battle of Ctesiphon (198)

Pro-Roman Edessans

Defeat

Minor Roman territorial gains and Armenia consolidated as a Roman client

Parthian War of Caracalla

Defeat

Roman sacks Persian capital

(216–217)

Victory

Rome is forced to pay tribute to Parthia

Sassanid Empire
(224–651)

Battle of Hormozdgan

(224)

Sassanids

Victory

• Fall of the Parthian Empire

• Rise of the Sasanian Empire

Sasanid conquest of Sakastan

(225–226)^[6]

Sassanids

Indo-Parthian Kingdom

Victory

Consolidation of the Sasanian Empire on eastern Persia

Ardashir I invasion of Armenia

(226–238)

Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I

Defeat

Sassanid withdrawal

(229-241)

Shapur I campaign on the East

Kingdom of Hatra

Victory

Both sides get territorial gains.

(241–242)

Indo-Sasanians

Victory

Persia annex territories as far as "Purushapura" (

Hindu-Kush

or even south of it.

Those includying

Sogdiana, Bactria, and Gandhara

Kushans are deposed and replaced by the Kushanshah

Battle of Resaena

(243)

Defeat

Roman recovers Nisibis and Singara

(244)

Victory

Roman cedes Armenia and Mesopotamia

Roman-Sassanid Wars
(232–440)

Perso-Roman wars of 337–361

Status quo ante bellum

Borders changed several times.

Siege of Nisibis

(252)

Victory

Persian capture of Nisibis

Battle Of Barbalissos

(253)

Victory

Shapur's army won against Valerian's army

Siege of Antioch (253)

Siege of Dura-Europos (256)

Victory

Victory

(260)

Victory

Valerian was captured

Sasanian revolts against Barham II

(274-293)

Shapur ll's Arab Campaign

Victory

Revolts suppressed

(325)

Perso-Roman wars of 337–361

Arabs

Iyad
Taghlib
Banu Bakr
Banu Abdul Qays
Banu Tamim
Banu Hanzalah

Victory

The Sasanian Empire establishes suzerainty over all of the Persian Gulf and numerous factions in Arabia
Wall of the Arabs
was constructed to prevent raids by the Arabs

(337–361)

Wars of Shapur II with the Chionites and Kushans^[7]

Indecisive

Status quo ante bellum

(350–358)

Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

Xionites

Kushan Empire

Victory

Expansion of Sasanian control beyond the Indus River

Shapur II's 1st Armenian campaign (359-361)

Victory

Death of Arshak II

Kidarites invasions of Bactria

(360s)

Julian's Persian expedition

Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

Kidarites

Defeat

Kidara I conquers Bactria and get the title of Kushanshah

(363)

Arab allies

Victory

Sasanian annexation of five regions & fifteen major fortresses from the Roman Empire in addition to the consequent annexation of Armenia

Shapur II's 2nd Armenian campaign (367-371)

Battle of Bagavan

Defeat

Persians depose Arshak II of Armenia. Then

Armenia is under Roman suzerainty through Pap of Armenia entronization.

Shapur III's Armenian Campaign (378-386)

Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire

Eastern Roman Empire

Victory

Peace of Acilisene

Roman and Persian partition of Armenia
Eastern
Persarmenia of Khosrov IV of Armenia
is gived to Sassanids

Western Armenia of Arshak III is gived to Romans.
Both empires agreed to protect Caucasus from nomad invasions.

(395)

Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422

co-belligerant
Roman Empire

Hunnic Empire

Victory

Huns quit

(421–422)

Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440

Lakhmid Arabs

Eastern Roman Empire

Stalemate

Status quo ante bellum

Zoroastrianism is tolerated by Romans and Christianism by Persians.
Both empires agreed to fight against south nomads (Arabs).

(440)

Eastern Roman Empire

Indecisive

Status quo ante bellum

Both empires agreed to battle northern nomads (Scythians).

Battle of Avarayr

(451)

Christian Armenians

Victory

Following Persian the victory, Yazdegerd jailed some Armenian priests and nobles and appointed a new governor for Armenia.

Kidarite-Sassanid War (464-466)^[8]^[9]

Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars

Alchon Huns

Kidarites

Victory

End of Kidarite menace to Persia in Bactria

(484-565)

Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

First Turkic Khaganate

Hephthalite Empire

Victory

The Hephthalite Empire breaks into minor kingdoms.
Sasanians and Turks established a frontier for their zones of influence along the
Oxus river

Byzantine–Sassanid Wars

(502–628)

Status quo ante bellum

Borders changed several times.

Anastasian War

(502–506)

Aksumite invasion of Himyar

Draw

Status quo ante bellum ^[10]

•Byzantium pays a small amount of money ^[11]^: 77

(518–525)

Himyarite Kingdom

Jewish Himyarites

Supported by:
Sasanian Empire

Kingdom of Aksum

South Arabian Christians

Supported by:
• Byzantine Empire

Defeat

Aksumite victory and conquest of Yemen
End of persecution of Christians by Jewish Himyarites
Byzantines succes in establishing an anti-Sasanid bloc in Arabia Felix

Iberian War

(526–532)

Victory

*Sasanians retained Iberia

Byzantines retained Lazica

Treaty of
Eternal Peace

Byzantines paid tribute of 11,000 lbs (5,000 kg) gold

Lazic War

(541–562)

Victory

Fifty-Year Peace Treaty

Ethiopian–Persian Wars

(570–578)

Sasanian reconquest of Yemen

Himyarite Kingdom

Supported by:

Jewish Himyarites

Kingdom of Aksum

Aksum Yemen

Supported by:
Byzantine Empire

South Arabian Christians

Victory

Ethiopians expelled from the Himyarite Kingdom. (Yemen is annexed by the Sasanian Empire)

War for the Caucasus

(572–591)

Defeat

• Khosrow II is restored to the Sasanian throne.

•

Iberia after the Sasanian civil war of 589–591

• Byzantium stops paying tribute to

Sasanian empire^[12]

First Perso-Turkic War

(588–589)

Sasanian civil war of 589–591

Hephthalite Empire
Göktürks

Victory

The Sassanids captured Balkh.

Supporters of Bahram Chobin

Dissatisfied Sasanian nobles

supported by:
Byzantine Empire

Defeat

Khosrow II faction's victory

Vistahm Rebellion

(590–596)

Parthians led by Vistahm

Victory

Revolt suppressed

Byzantine–Sassanid War

(602–628)

Avars (and Slavic allies)

Western Turkic Khaganate

Status quo ante bellum

The Sasanians agree to withdraw from all occupied territories and return the "True Cross".
Iranian invasion of the Byzantine Empire repelled after initial successes in conquering the Levant, Egypt, and much of Anatolia.
Beginning of the Sasanian civil war of 628–632
Exhaustion of both empires, leaving them vulnerable to the early Muslim conquests of the Rashidun Caliphate.

Second Perso-Turkic War

(606–608)

Hephthalite Empire

Victory

Turkic invasion of Iran repelled

Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617/625)

Jewish rebels

Status quo ante bellum

Jewish surrender and expulsion after a brief rule by Persians and Jews over parts of the Byzantine Diocese of the East.

Third Perso-Turkic War

(627–629)

Sasanian civil war of 628–632

Principality of Iberia

Supported by:

Eastern Turkic Khaganate

Western Turkic Khaganate
Supported by:

• Byzantine Empire

•

Tang China

Defeat

Byzantine control of Georgia

The

Parsig

faction

The Nimruzi faction

The Pahlav (Parthian) faction

Shahrbaraz's army

Stalemate

Yazdegerd III is recognized as king of Iran.
Weakening of the Sasanian Empire
The governors of the provinces of
Arabian peninsula
).

Muslim conquest of Persia
(633–654)

Muslim conquest of Transoxiana

Supported by:

Rashidun Caliphate

Kanarang

Defeat

Fall of the Sassanid Empire
Iran is added to the Caliphate
Then Muslim conquests of Afghanistan, Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan, Muslim conquest of Armenia and Arab–Khazar wars

Sasanids attempts to recuperate the Persian throne (657–679)

Tang China

Protectorate General to Pacify the West

Sassanids in exile

Rashidun Caliphate (until 661)

Umayyad Caliphate (from 661)

• Western Turkic Khaganate

Stalemate

The Tang campaigns against the Western Turks (by Pei Xingjian) success and the Chinese established a "Persian military commandery" (波斯都督府) in the city of Zābol (疾陵城 Jilicheng) in Tokharistan, and Peroz was appointed as Military Commander (都督 Dudu). Then this government, with the capital at Zirang, fell in 673/674.

After that, Narsieh went west with his troops to liberate Iranshahr in 679 and fought against the Arabs in Takharistan for almost thirty years.

Iranian Intermezzo (821–1090)

(673–751)

Battle of Talas

End of Chinese dominance and influence in Transoxiana

Tibetan Empire Karluk mercenaries

Principalities of Tokharistan

Sogdian principalities

Khwarazm

Fergana

Türgesh Kaghanate

Second Turkic Khaganate

Tang China

Victory

Islamization of Transoxiana

Second Fitna (Muslim civil war of 680–692)

Defeat

Kharijite faction, the Azariqa, captures Fars and Kirman from the Zubayrids. Ex-Zubayrid loyalists help Umayyad to secured Iraq, and consequently most of its dependencies in Persia. Then, Umayyad victory after Siege of Mecca.

Umayyad campaigns in India

(712–740)

part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

Gurjara-Pratihara

Karkota Empire

Defeat

Arab, and later Turco-Persian Muslim invasions to India, stop for the next 250 years.
Islamization of modern Pakistan.

Third Fitna

(744–750)

Abbasid Revolution

Abbasid expeditions to East Africa

Supported by:

Some Arabs
Shia Muslims
(mostly Persians)
Mawali

Kharijites

Umayyad Caliphate

Supported by:

Qays

Victory

Abbasid appropriation of most former Umayyad territory
Eventual establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba
End of privileged status for Arabs
End of official discrimination against non-Arabs

(784–804)

Supported:

Stalemate

Arabs finally conquer Tabaristan, but the locals obtain more authonomy after revolt.

(804, 827/837)

1st phase

Abbasid Caliphate 2nd phase

wālīs of Zanj

1st phase

Africans from Zanj

2nd phase
Abbasid Caliphate

Victory

The Kharaj is imposed on the Africans.

Persian rebels against Mihna get a compromise.

Fourth Fitna (Abbasid civil war of 811–813/819)

Al-Ma'mun (supported mostly by Persian forces)

Tahir ibn Husayn

Al-Amin (supported mostly by Arab forces)

Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan

Victory

Defeat and death of al-Amin; al-Ma'mun is recognized as Caliph on 27 September 813. Tahir ibn Husayn rewarded as governor of Khorasan, which marked the beginning of the Tahirids.

Hamza ibn Azarak's Kharijites rebellion in Sistan

(823–828)

Tahirid dynasty

Abbasid Caliphate

Kharijites

Inconclusive

Hamza's death in 828 and the death of Talha shortly after put an end to this series of conflicts.

Mazyar uprising

(839)

Tahirid dynasty

Abbasid Caliphate

Spahbed Mazyar and

Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin's forces

Victory

Mutasim Maziar was arrested and sent to Baghdad. Tahirid control over Tabaristan was therefore secured.

Zaydid

revolt of 864

Tahirid dynasty

Hasan ibn Zayd's forces

Defeat

Hasan, who assumed the

regnal name al-Da‘ī ila’l-ḥaqq ("He who summons to the Truth"), was recognized as emir of Tabaristan

Caspian expeditions of the Rus'

(864–1041)

Samanid conquest of northern Iran

• Khazars (from 965)

Burtas

Alans

• Byzantine Empire (941)

Sarir

Volga Bulgaria

Kievan Rus'

Oghuz Turks

Pechenegs

• Khazars (until 943)

Stalemate

Occupation of several areas on the outskirts of the Volga and the Dnieper by the Russians. Start of Russian expansionism on the Caucasus.
The disintegration of the
Khazar Empire
Sack of different areas by the Russians in Iranian territories near Caspian Sea
The local Muslims defeated the Russians in their attempts to conquest Persian territories.

(900–901)

Battle of Gorgan (900)

Samanid Empire

Abbasid Caliphate

Zaydids

Victory

Samanids took over the province of Tabaristan, Ismail then appointed his cousin Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah as the governor of Tabaristan.

Sajid invasion of Georgia

(914)

Sajid dynasty

Tao-Klarjeti

Kingdom of Kakheti
Kingdom of Abkhazia

Stalemate

Despite military victories, sajid withdraw from Georgia

Qarmatian invasion of Iraq (927–928)

, conquering them in the name of Islam.

Sajid dynasty

Bahrayn

Baqliyya rebels

Stalemate

End of Qarmatian expansionism

Collapse of the Abbasid Empire

Battle of Iskhabad

(940)

Part of the Samanid–Ziyarid Wars

Ziyarid dynasty

Firuzanids

Samanid Empire

Defeat

Samanid conquest of the territory

Saffarid dynasty
(861–1003)

Yaqub's campaigns to the east (861–870)

part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

Saffarid dynasty

Abbasid Caliphate

Zunbils

Kharijites

Medieval India

Victory

Bost, Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, Bamyan, Balkh and Herat

Saffarid-Abbasid War (873–876)

Battle of Dayr al-Aqul
Part of
Abbasid
decline (861–940)

Saffarid dynasty

Ayyars

Tahirid dynasty
Zaydid

Stalemate

In 873,
Tahirids from their own capital of Nishapur, and captured its ruler Muhammad ibn Tahir
, which led to conflicts with the Abbasid caliphate.

Persia

Saffarid invasion to Iraq, then withdrew of Bagdad in 876.

Battle of Mecca (883)

Part of
Abbasid
decline (861–940)

Victory

(900)

Defeat

The

Samanids

in Khorasan, and were left with the control of Fars, Kerman and Sistan, but they also lost these provinces after a civil war.

Saffarid Campaign in the Fars province

(900–904)

Saffarid Amirate

Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr

Victory

Temporarily regained Fars, but the Saffarids withdrew soon afterwards.

Military expedition against Makran

(907 or 908)

Saffarid Amirate

Ma'danids

Victory

Saffarids able to compel the Ma'danid to give three years of tribute.

Civil war between Tahir and the pretender Al-Layth (909–912)

Al-Layth

Stalemate

Sebük-eri, who had managed to win over Tahir's commanders, won an easy victory and captured the brothers. They were sent to the Caliph and imprisoned in Baghdad, though they were treated well for the remainder of their lives.

Buyid-Saffarid War (967–968)

Saffarid dynasty

Buyid dynasty

Defeat

Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority.

Ghaznavid dynasty
(962–1186)

March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India (1001–1027)

Ghaznavid Empire

Medieval India

Hindu Shahis

Victory

The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran. Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted.

Ghaznavid campaigns in India

(10th and 11th centuries)

March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India
Sack of Somnath
Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj
part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

Ghaznavid Empire

Medieval India

Victory

The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran.
Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted.
Later
Islamic empires
would appear on the subcontinent.

Seljuq Empire
(1037–1194)

Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars

Ghaznavid Empire

Victory

• Fall of the Ghaznavid Empire

• Rise of the Seljuk Empire

Siege of Hamadan (1047)

Kakuyids

Annazids

Buyids

Victory

Hamedan and Isfahan are conquered by Seljuk empire.

Georgian–Seljuk wars

(1048–1213)

Zakarid Armenia

Defeat

Initial victory on the Great Turkish Invasion. Then Georgia liberates from being tributary of Seljuk and even invades Iran.

Byzantine–Seljuq wars

(1048–1308)

Empire of Trebizond
Crusader states

Victory

Most of Anatolia conquered by the Seljuks

Overthrow of the Qarmatians

(1058–1077)

Uyunid Emirate
Abbasid Caliphate

Qarmatians

Victory

End of Qarmatian rule in eastern Arabia

Seljuk war of succession

(1063)

Battle of Damghan (1063)

Alp Arslan forces

Qutalmish forces

Victory

Alp Arslan obtains the throne.

Battle of Manzikert
(1071)

Victory

Seljuks enter Anatolia.

Seljuk Civil War

Battle of Kerj Abu Dulaf (1073)

Malik-Shah I forces

Kerman Seljuk Sultanate

Qavurt and his son forces

Victory

Malik Shah maintains the throne

Battle of Ain Salm

(1086)

Sultanate of Rûm

Victory

death of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish

Nizari–Seljuk conflicts

(1090–1194)

Seljuk Empire
Abbasid Caliphate
Fatimid Caliphate (succeeded by the Ayyubid Sultanate)
Crusader states

(Nizari) Ismailis of Persia and Syria

Stalemate

Nizaris consolidate a state in

Zagros mountains, and Khurasan

First Crusade

(1095–1099)

Muslims :

Crusaders Kingdom of France Byzantine Empire Armenian Cilicia County of Flanders Papal States Republic of Genoa Holy Roman Empire County of Sicily Duchy of Apulia and Calabria

Defeat

The Crusade assists in capturing Nicaea, restoring much of western Anatolia to the Byzantine Empire
The Crusaders successfully capture Jerusalem and establish the Crusader states

Siege of Mosul (1096)

Uqaylid dynasty

Victory

Seljuks conquers the territory of the Uqaylid State

Battle of Ghazni (1117)

Ghaznavid Empire

Victory

Bahram of Ghazna succeeded to the throne as the Seljuk's vassal

First Siege of Baghdad (1136)

Victory

al-Rashid fled the city for Mosul, where he abdicated the caliphate. His uncle, al-Muqtafi, was raised to the throne instead by Mas'ud, who then retired to the east.

(1141)

Qara Khitai (Western Liao)

Karluks

Defeat

Khwarazm

became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitan.

Second Crusade

(1147–1150)

Muslim :
- Seljuk Empire
- Abbasid Caliphate
- Fatimid Caliphate
- Nizari Ismaili state in Syria (the Assassins)

Crusaders

Western front (Reconquista)

- Kingdom of Portugal
- County of Barcelona
- León-Castile
- Kingdom of France
- Republic of Genoa
- Republic of Pisa

Wendish Crusade

- Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
- Jutland-Kingdom of Denmark
- Zealand/Scania-Kingdom of Denmark
- Kingdom of Poland

Victory

Lisbon captured by the Portuguese, Tarragona and Tortosa captured by the Catalans
Wagria and Polabia captured by the Saxon Crusaders

Second Siege of Baghdad (1157)

Nizari Ismaili state
Abbasid Caliphate

Defeat

Caliph

Muhammad of Hamadan

and Qutb ad-Din of Mosul.

Ghurid dynasty
(879–1215)

Battle of Ghazni (1148)

Ghurid dynasty

Ghaznavids

Victory

The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah and took the city while Bahram-Shah fled to India.

Battle of Ghazni (1151)

Ghurid dynasty

Ghaznavids

Victory

The Ghurid ruler defeated Bahram-Shah, captured the city, and destroyed it as revenge for the execution of his brother Quṭb ud-Dīn in 1149.

Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor

(1175–1206)

Rajput confederacy

Victory

Muhammad of Ghor seizes much of northern India.
Fundation of Delhi Sultanate
Islamization of Bangladesh

(1204)

Defeat

Ghurids lost suzerainty of

Khwarezmian Empire

Ghurid invasion of Tibet

(1206)

Ghurid dynasty

Tibetan people (Era of Fragmentation)

Defeat

Tibetan indepencen seizured
Death of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji

Khwarazmian dynasty
(1077–1231)

Mongol invasion of Persia

(1218–1256)

Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia
Mongol campaign against the Nizaris
part of
Mongol invasion of Central Asia and the Mongol invasions of India

Khwarazmian dynasty

Mongol Empire

Defeat

Khwarezmia domains added to the Mongol Empire
Jalal al-Din Mangburni resists in exile until 1231 in India and the Caucasus.
Mongol invasions of Georgia and Mongol invasions of Anatolia begin.

Georgian-Khwarazmid war (1225–1228)

Battle of Garni
Siege of Tbilisi (1226)
Battle of Bolnisi

Khwarazmian dynasty

Principality of Maragheh

Siege of Jerusalem (1244)

Victory

Khwarezmian last domains added the Georgian domains

Seljuk-Khwarazmid war

(1230)

Battle of Yassıçemen

Khwarezm Shahs

Seljuk

rebels

Empire of Trebizond

Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm

Ayyubid Sultanate

Defeat

Khwarezmian last domains partitioned between Seljuks and Mongols

Ayyubid Sultanate

Khwarazmians

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Victory

Muslim capture of Jerusalen

Ilkhanid dinasty

(1256–1335)

Mongol invasions of Anatolia (1241–1335)

Part of Mongol invasion of West Asia

Mongol Empire

Ilkhanate

Principality of Khachen

Sultanate of Rum

Anatolian Beyliks

Victory

Mongols adds the Anatolian domains to Persian-centered Ilkhanate.

Siege of Baghdad (1258)

Mongol Empire

Ilkhanate
- Georgia^[13]
- Armenian Cilicia^[13]

Principality of Antioch

Victory

Abbasid territories added to Persian centered Ilkhanate and starts the Mongol invasions of the Levant
End of the Islamic Golden Age

Toluid Civil War

(1260–1264)

Kublai Khan and his allies

Ariq Böke and his allies

Victory

Berke–Hulagu war

(1262)

Ilkhanate

Supported by:
Byzantine Empire

Golden Horde

Supported by:

Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate

Inconclusive

Kaidu–Kublai war

(1268–1301)

Yuan dynasty

Ilkhanate (ally of Kublai)

Chagatai Khanate

House of Ögedei

Golden Horde (ally of Kaidu until 1284)

Inconclusive

Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war

Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260–1323)

Mongol raids into Palestine
- Part of the Crusades (Lord Edward's crusade and Crusade of the Infants of Aragon)

Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire

Yuan Empire
Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (1259–1264)
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Knights Templar
Knights Hospitaller

Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate

Ayyubid remnants

Nizari Ismailis of Syria

Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (after 1264)

Karamanid

rebels

Abbasids

Defeat

Mongols fail to conquer Egypt or get a formal Franco-Mongol alliance.

(1314–1318)

Yuan dynasty

Ilkhanate

Chagatai Khanate

Victory

Golden Horde
Kingdom of Georgia
Delhi Sultanate
Ottoman Empire

Timurid dynasty
(1370–1507)

Campaigns of Timur
(1380–1402)

Timurid dynasty

Muzaffarids
Jalayirid Sultanate
Tughlaq dynasty

Knights Hospitaller

Victory

Rise of the Timurid Empire in Iran
The Delhi Sultanate became a Timurid vassal.
Outbreak of the Ottoman Civil War

Battle of Algami Canal

(1402)

Part of Timurid Invasion of Iraq

Timurid dynasty

Qara Qoyunlu

Victory

Sultan Ahmed Jalayir and Qara Yusuf both escaped Iraq again and fled towards Egypt

Timurid Civil Wars
(1405–~1501)

Various factions

Collapse of the dynasty

Rise of the

Shi'ite Safavid dynasty

Battle of Nakhchivan (1406)

Part of Timurid Invasion of Azerbaijan

Timurid dynasty

Qara Qoyunlu

Defeat

Invasion repelled

Safavid dynasty
(1501–1736)

Persian-Uzbek Wars

(1502–1510)

Turkoman invasions of Georgia

Uzbeks

Victory

Fall of the Shaybanid Empire

Shirvanshah

Safavid Empire

(1502)

Kara Koyunlu

(1407–1468)

Aq Qoyunlu (1468–1502)

Victory

End of invasions against Georgia and consolidation of Safavids in Persia

Kurdish-Yazidi uprising against the Safavids
(1506–1510)

Yazidis

Victory

Uprising suppressed when the Yazidi leader, Shir Sarim, was defeated in the battle

Portuguese–Safavid wars (1507–1625)

British East India Company

Imamate of Oman
Supported by:

Portuguese Empire

Kingdom of Ormus

Supported by:

Spanish Empire (since 1580)

Victory

The Iranian military sought to punish the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf for the Iranians' grievances of Gambron, not only liberating the island of Hormuz but also forcing the Portuguese to withdraw to Mombasa in Kenya.

Britain recognized Iran's sovereignty over the entire Persian Gulf.

Battle of Chaldiran
(1514)

Ismail I invasion of Georgia

Defeat

End of Shia uprisings in the Ottoman Empire

(1516–1522)

Battle of Teleti

Samtskhe-Saatabago rebels

Samtskhe-Saatabago

Stalemate

Initial Persian victories, putting vassal governors in Georgia. Then withdrawal after Ottoman intervention

Battle of Jam (1528)

Uzbeks

Victory

Safavids Empire defeated Uzbeks and reconquered Herat.

Ottoman–Safavid War of 1523

(1532–1555),

Part of French–Habsburg rivalry

Supported by:

Habsburg monarchy^{[citation needed]}

Supported by:

France

Defeat

Ottomans captured Lower

Republic of Azerbaijan

remain in Persian hands

Georgian-Safavid wars

(1556–1659)

Uzbek invasion of Khorasan (1578)

Kingdom of Kartli

Kingdom of Kakheti

Stalemate

Persians subdue Georgian kingdoms as vassals of Safavids, but Georgians got restoration of its autonomy

Shaybanids

Victory

Uzbeks withdrew from northeastern Iran and Persians refused to pay them tribute.

Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578

(1578–1590)

Kingdom of Kartli

Treaty of Constantinople (1590)

Crimean Khanate

Defeat

Battle of Herat

(1598)

Shaybanids

Victory

Khorasan returned to Persians

Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603

(First Stage)
(1603–1612)

Victory

Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)

Siege of Dimdim
(1609–1610)

Emirate of Bradost

Victory

Uprising suppressed

Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603

(Second Stage)

(1612–1618)

Victory

Treaty of Serav (1618)

Capture of Ormuz

(1622)

British East India Company

Iberian Union

Portuguese Empire
- Kingdom of Hormuz

Victory

Ormuz annexed to

Persia

Mughal–Safavid War of 1622

(1622–1623)

Mughal Empire

Victory

Kandahar falls to Persia

Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623
(1623–1639)

Defeat

Permanent partition of the Caucasus; western Georgia and Western Armenia go to the Ottomans, while Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, eastern and southern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remain under Persian rule. Ottomans decisively gain control of Mesopotamia.

Battle off Hormuz

(1625)

part of Dutch–Portuguese War

English East India Company

Dutch East India Company

Supported by:

Safavid Persia

Portuguese Empire

Estado da Índia

Draw

End of Portuguese influence on the Persian Gulf

Capture of Julfar

(1633)

part of the Omani–Portuguese conflicts

Portuguese Empire

Omani Empire

Defeat

Omanis captured the two forts on Ras Al Khaimah.

Mughal–Safavid war of 1649

(1649–1653)

• Khanate of Bukhara

Mughal Empire

Jaipur State

Victory

Persia recaptured Kandahar

Russo-Persian War of 1651

(1651–1653)

Russia

Victory

Russian fortress on the Iranian side of the

Terek River

destroyed, and its garrison expelled

Bakhtrioni uprising

(1659)

1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain

Turcoman tribes

Khevsurs

Inconclusive

Kakheti remained under Persian rule

(1717)

Omani Empire

Al Bin Ali mercenaries

Defeat

Persian loss of Bahrain

Sack of Shamakhi

(1721)

Rebellious Sunni Lezgins

Defeat

The Shia population is massacred and the city, ransacked

Russo-Persian War of 1722
(1722–1723)

Melikdoms of Karabakh and Armenian rebels

Defeat

Russians capture

Astrabad

for about a decade.

Partition of Iran with the Ottomans in Treaty of Constantinople (1724).

Siege of Isfahan
(1722)

Hotaki dynasty

Defeat

(Regime change)

Afghan control of most of Iran

Hotaki dynasty (1722–1729)

Ottoman–Hotaki War 1724–1727

Hotaki dynasty

Sadozai Sultanate of Herat

Victory

Treaty of Hamedan

Ottoman recognition of Ashraf Hotak as Shah of Persia
Ottoman sovereignty over all the western and northwestern parts of Iran (including most of
Lorestan and most of the southern Caucasus
)

Return of Safavids(Nader)
(1726–1729)

Hotaki dynasty

Supported by:

Safavid Dinasty

Defeat

(Regime change)

End of the

Hotaki dynasty

Battle of Zarghan
(1730)

Hotaki dynasty

Victory

Afghans expelled from Iran (Persia)

Herat campaign of 1731

(1731)

Sadozai Sultanate of Herat

Afghan loyalists

Hotaki dynasty

Victory

Fall of Sadozai Sultanate of Herat

Ottoman-Safavid war of 1730 (Nader) (1730–1735)

• Erivan Khanate

• Crimean Khanate

Lezgins

Victory

Persian (Nader) reconquest of the entire Caucasus

•Treaty of Constantinople

Afsharid dynasty
(1736–1796)

Nader Siege of Kandahar (1737–1738)

Hotaki dynasty

Victory

End of the Hotaki dynasty

Nader conquest of the Persian Gulf

(1738–1747)

Omani Empire

Pirates

Victory

The Persian empire becomes the arbiter of the Persian Gulf until the collapse of the empire.

Nader invasion of India

(1738–1739)

Mughal Empire

Victory

Persian plundering of India

Nader Conquest of Central Asia

(1738–1740)

Khanate of Bukhara

Khanate of Khiva

Victory

Conquest of the Central Asian khanates

Nader invasion of Daghestan

(1741–1745)

Lezgins Avar Khanate Mekhtuly Khanate Gazikumukh Khanate Elisu Sultanate Shaki Khanate

Victory

The Persian Empire annexes almost all of Dagestan.

Afsharid–Ottoman War War of 1743

(1743–1746)

Treaty of Kerden, Status quo ante bellum

Stalemate

Civil War between Afsharid and Qajar
(1747–1796)

Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)

Qajar dynasty

Regime change

Mohammad Khan Qajar became the Shah

of Iran.

Khozeimeh Amirdom

Defeat

Afghan dominance in the region

Zand dynasty
(1751–1779)

Campaign against Azad Khan
(1754–1762)

Azad Khan Afghan

Victory

Azad Khan

's surrender

Bajalan uprising
(1755)

Bajalan Tribe (Kurds^[14]Bajalan Tribe^[15])

Victory

Uprising uppressed

Ottoman-Persian War of 1775
(1755–1776)

Victory

Persia captures Basra.

Persian-Dutch War (1765)

Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain

Dutch colonial empire

Dutch East India Company

Victory

Kharg Island reconquered by Persia and destruction of Fort Mosselstein

(1782–1783)

Persia

Bushehr

Sheikhdom of Kuwait

Zubarah

Defeat

Al Khalifa annexes Bahrain

into its sheikhdom.

Siege of Kerman
(1794)

Qajar Dynasty

Defeat

Qajars conquer and sack Kerman.

Qajar dynasty
(1785–1925)

Battle of Krtsanisi
(1795)

Kartli-Kakheti

Imereti

Victory

Tbilisi captured and sacked by Iranians. Persian reconquest of the Caucasus and Georgia.

Persian Expedition

(1796)

Victory

Tactical Russian victory
Strategic Persian victory
Russian withdrawal after the death of
Catherine II

Russo-Persian War of 1804
(1804–1813),

Part of Napoleonic Wars and Russian conquest of the Caucasus

Supported by:

Russian Empire Supported by:

British Empire

Defeat

Azerbaijan Republic

) to Russia.

Battle of Kafir Qala

(1818)

Part of Herati-Qajar Wars

Durrani Empire

Inconclusive

Both armies retreated

Ottoman–Persian War of 1821

(1821–1823)

Victory

Treaty of Erzurum, status quo ante bellum

Russo-Persian War of 1826
(1826–1828)

Defeat

Republic of Armenia

.

Siege of Herat

(1837–1838)

Part of Great Game

Supported by:

Principality of Qandahar

Supported by:

Bukhara Emirate

Khiva Khanate^[16]

Defeat

Successful Persian siege at Herat; breach eventually repelled; temporary British occupation of Kharg Island; Persian withdrawal from Herat

Battle of Fort Tabarsi

(1848–1849)

Bábís

Victory

Successful repression

Siege of Herat

(1856)

Supported by:

Victory

Successful siege of Herat; continued occupation until Persia's compliance with the Treaty of Paris; installment of Sultan Ahmad Khan as puppet ruler of Herat

Anglo-Persian War
(1856–1857)

Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah

East India Company

Afghanistan

Defeat

Persian force occupies and later withdraws from Herat.

(1879–1880)

Supported by:

Austria-Hungary

Austro-Hungarian military mission in Persia

Kurdish tribes

Victory

Successful repression

Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)

Supported by:

Iranian constitutionalists

Persian Cossack Brigade

Supported by:

Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran

Stalemate

Revolt of Salar-al-Daulah

(1911–1913)

Forces of Salar-al-Daulah

Victory

Rebellion suppressed

Swedish intervention in Persia

(1911–1916)

Shiraz expedition

Sweden^[17]

Anti-Qajar insurgents

Victory

Anti-Qajar rebellions are suppressed.
The Swedish government quits on 1916 due to its neutrality on World War I. However, Swedes volunteers continued to serve in the Persian Gendarmerie until 1921.

Persian Campaign
(1914–1918)

Part of World War I

Jungle Movement

Armenian volunteer units

British Empire

British Raj

Assyrian volunteers

Shekak tribesmen

German Empire

Stalemate

Occupation of Iran by Anglo-Russian and Ottoman troops
Ottoman withdrawal after signing of Armistice of Mudros
Persian famine of 1917–1919

Jungle Movement insurrection on Gilan (1915–1921)

Part of the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War

Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)

Persian Cossack Brigade

Russian Empire (1915–1917)

White movement (since 1920)

British Empire

Jungle revolutionaries

Persian Socialist Soviet Republic

Supported by:
Soviet Russia (since 1920)

Soviet Caspian Flotilla

Victory

Revolt suppressed
Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement forces the retreat of Bolsheviks from northern Iran.

Qajar and Pahlavi Iran

Irregular Kurdish militias

Victory

Revolt suppressed

Mohammad Khiabani's uprising (1920)

Persian Cossack Brigade

Mohammad Khiabani's forces

Azerbaijan rebels

Victory

Revolt suppressed

Pessian's revolt (1921)

Autonomous Government of Khorasan

Khans of Khorasan

Victory

Revolt suppressed after the death of Mohammad Taqi Pessian

1921 Persian coup d'état (1921)

Persian Cossack Brigade
Supported by:

United Kingdom

Defeat

Power takeover by
Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee
Suppression of
Colonel Pessian's revolt and dissolution of the Autonomous Government of Khorasan

Dissolution of the

Republic of Gilan

Continuing
conflict with Simko Shikak
until 1922

Deterioration of Persian control over
Sheikh Khazal's Emirate of Muhammara
until 1925

Sheikh Khazal rebellion (1924)

Qajar and Pahlavi Iran

Sheikhdom of Mohammerah

Bakhtiari tribesmen

Arab separatists

Supported by:

Simko Shikak revolt (1926)

Victory

Rebellious Arab forces disbanded
Bakhtiaris defeated
Khazal arrested
Sheikhdom of Mohammerah abolished
Reza Khan re-established full control over the Emirate of Muhammara
.

Pahlavi dynasty
(1925–1979)

Iran

Assyrian volunteers
Assyrian levies

Irregular Kurdish militias

Victory

Revolt suppressed; Simko Shikak fled to Mandatory Iraq

Jafar Sultan revolt (1931)

Iran

Jafar Sultan's Kurdish rebels

Victory

Revolt suppressed

Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
(1941)

Part of World War II

Iran

Soviet Union

Islamic Jihad Organization

India

Defeat

Abdication of

Rezā Shāh, Allied

occupation of Iran

Hama Rashid revolt (1941–1944)

Iran

Kurdish

tribesmen

Victory

Hama Rashid driven into Iraq

Iran Crisis of 1946
(1945–1946)

Iran

Mahabad

Azerbaijan
Supported by:

Soviet Union

Victory

Dissolution of Mahabad and Azerbaijan

First Iraqi–Kurdish War

(1961–1970)

KDP

Supported by:

Iran

Israel^[18]

United States (alleged)^[19]

Before 1968:

Republic of Iraq

Syria (1963)^[20]

After 1968:

Ba'athist Iraq

Stalemate

Several Iraqi offensives intended to suppress the Kurdish rebellion fail.
Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970
Arabization program continued

Dhofar Rebellion
(1963–1976)^[21]

Iran

Oman

PFLOAG

PFLO

Victory

Defeat of insurgents, modernization of Oman

1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran (1967)

Iran

Revolutionary Committee leadership:

KDP-I

Victory

Kurdish revolt suppressed:

Insurgency in Balochistan (1973–present)

Iran^[21]

Pakistan

Baloch separatist groups

Taliban-aligned groups

Supported by:

Ongoing

Insurgency mostly repressed

Second Iraqi–Kurdish War

(1974–1975)

KDP

Supported by:

Iraq

Defeat

Peshmerga fighting ability destroyed
Iran withdrew its support for KDP

Arvand Conflict
(1974–1975)

Iran

Iraq

Victory

1975 Algiers Agreement
Iran consolidates control over the Shatt al-Arab/Arvand Rud waterway
Tensions between Iran and Iraq over the disputed waterway and border escalate into a full-scale war in 1980

Islamic Republic of Iran
(since 1979)

Consolidation

(1979–1983)

Iran

Imperial State

Islamic Republic victory

Rival political factions and separatist movements crushed

Tens of thousands of political executions in the aftermath (7,900 from 1981 to 1985, 3,800 to 33,000 in 1988, unknown in 1986–1987 or 1979–1980)

1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran (1979)

Iran

KDP-I

Komala

IPFG

OIPFG (Minority)

Supported by:

Iraq

Victory

Iranian victory, but pockets of KDPI resistance remained until 1996.

1979 Khuzestan insurgency (1979)

Iran

DRFLA

APCO

PFLA

AFLA
Supported by:
Iraq

Victory

Uprising quelled
Iranian Embassy siege in 1980

Qatif conflict (1979–present)

part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Iran

Shia militants

Saudi Arabia

Ongoing

Mostly repressed from 1983 to 2011 by Saudi government. Sunni government executes many Shia rebels.

Iran–Iraq War
(1980–1988)

Iran

KDP

PUK

Badr Brigades

PDKI

Stalemate

Both Iraq and Iran accepted UNSC Resolution 598.

Return to status quo, observed by

UNIIMOG

Multinational Force in Lebanon
(1982–1984)

Part of Lebanese Civil War

Iran

Syria

Progressive Socialist Party

Amal Movement

France
United States
Italy

Stalemate

Syrian Allied victory^[25]

Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into Syrian- or Israeli- supported militias^[26]
Multinational forces evacuated after the
US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization

Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization
Humanitarian crisis in southern Lebanon
Civil war continues until 1990
President Hafez al-Assad continues his occupation of Lebanon until his son and later president Bashar al-Assad orders a withdrawal from the country

Tanker War

(1984−1988)

Iran
Supported by:

Pakistan^[27]^[28]

Iraq

Supported by:

Ceasefire

(1984−1991)

Iran

KDP-I

Komala

Victory

Both armed forces debilitate and Iran maintain control of Iranian Kurdistan.

Iran–Israel proxy conflict (1985−present)

Iran
Supported by:

Hamas
Hezbollah
Houthi movement
Lebanon
Syria
Iraq (from 2006)
Sudan (until 2015)

Israel
Supported by:

United States
Persian opposition

Ongoing

Iran-Israel conflicts continues

Tactical victories from Israel
Strategic stalemate

KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)

Iran

KDP-I

Victory

KDPI announces unilateral cease-fire in 1996.

Arab civil unrest and insurgency on Khuzestan

(1999−2020)

Part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Iran

Supported by:

Iraq (until 2003)
Saudi Arabia

Victory

Revolts suppressed

2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict

(2000–2006)

Part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Hezbollah–Israel conflict

War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)

Supported by:
Iran
Syria

Israel

Defeat

Israel maintains the territories

United States

Northern Alliance
Canada
Italy
Germany
Australia
New Zealand
Iran (until 2002)

Taliban

Al-Qaeda

055 Brigade

Foreign fighters

Victory

Fall of the Taliban government in Afghanistan
Then Iran quits the coallition and form the Axis of Resistance after Axis of evil speachment, ending his collaboration with the US coallition.

Iraqi insurgency

(2003–2011)

New Iraqi government

Supported by:

Iran^[31]^[32]

NATO

NATO Training Mission – Iraq

Israel^[33]^[34]

United Nations

United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq

United States

MNF–I (2003–09)

Shia insurgents

Ba'ath loyalists

Fedayeen Saddam (2003 Only)
SCJL
- JRTN

Sunni insurgents

Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–06)
Islamic State of Iraq^[35] (from 2006)
Islamic Army of Iraq
Ansar al-Sunnah
(2003–07)
Others
Iraqi Islamic Resistance Army (not to be confused with Iraqi Hamas)

Inconclusive

End of American military presence in Iraq with 2007–2011 withdrawal
Continued Iraqi conflict in the War in Iraq (2013–2017)
Stronger Iranian influence in Iraq^[36]^{[dubious – discuss]}^[37]^[38]^[39]

Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
(2004–present)

Iran

Jundallah (Iran)

Ongoing

Capture of Abdolmalek Rigi

Dissolution of Jundallah

Iran–PJAK Conflict
(2004–present)

Iran

Turkey

PJAK

Ongoing

PJAK withdraws from Iranian territory

2006 Lebanon War
(2006)

part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Iran

Lebanon

Israel

Stalemate

U.N brokered ceasefire through UNSCR 1701
Israeli strategic and military failure^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]

Afghanistan–Iran border skirmishes

(2007-2023)

Iran

Afghanistan

Stalemate

Status quo ante bellum

Gaza War (2008–2009)

2009 Sudan airstrikes
part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Gaza Strip

Supported by:
Iran

Israel

Defeat

Israel tactical victory

Syrian Civil War

(2011–present)

Syria

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

Iran

Russia

Islamic State

Ongoing

Rebel and Islamist uprisings quelled in much of Syria
Most of Syria now controlled by Syrian Government, which is supported by Iran Islamic State in Syria defeated near the end of 2017

Insurgency in Bahrain (2011–present)

part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Al-Ashtar Brigades
Waad Allah Brigades
al-Mukhtar Brigades
God's Revenge Companies
Popular Resistance Brigades
February 14 Youth Coalition
Saraya al Karar
Asa’ib al-Muqawama al-Bahrainia
Imam al-Mahdi Brigades
al-Haydariyah Brigades

Supported by:

Iran

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

Bahrain
Supported by:

Saudi Arabia

Ongoing

Ongoing insurgency by militant groups, supported by Iran, to topple government of Bahrain

War in Iraq
(2014–2017)

Iraq

Peshmerga

Iran
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq

Badr Organization