Australian literature

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Australian literature is the

Overview

Australian writers who have obtained international renown include the

Among the important authors of classic Australian works are the poets Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson, C. J. Dennis and Dorothea Mackellar. Dennis wrote in the Australian vernacular, while Mackellar wrote the iconic patriotic poem My Country. Lawson and Paterson clashed in the famous "Bulletin Debate" over the nature of life in Australia with Lawson considered to have the harder edged view of the Bush and Paterson the romantic.^[2] Lawson is widely regarded as one of Australia's greatest writers of short stories, while Paterson's poems remain amongst the most popular Australian bush poems. Significant poets of the 20th century included Dame Mary Gilmore, Kenneth Slessor, A. D. Hope and Judith Wright. Among the best known contemporary poets are Les Murray and Bruce Dawe, whose poems are often studied in Australian high schools.

Novelists of classic Australian works include

Although historically only a small proportion of Australia's population have lived outside the major cities, many of Australia's most distinctive stories and legends originate in the outback, in the drovers and squatters and people of the barren, dusty plains.^[3]

Charles Bean, Geoffrey Blainey, Robert Hughes, Manning Clark, Claire Wright, and Marcia Langton are authors of important Australian histories.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander writers and themes

Writing by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

While his father, James Unaipon (c.1835-1907), contributed to accounts of Aboriginal mythology written by the missionary George Taplin,^[5] David Unaipon (1872–1967) provided the first accounts of Aboriginal mythology written by an Aboriginal: Legendary Tales of the Aborigines. For this he is known as the first Aboriginal author. Oodgeroo Noonuccal (1920–1993) was a famous Aboriginal poet, writer and rights activist credited with publishing the first Aboriginal book of verse: We Are Going (1964).^[6] Sally Morgan's novel My Place was considered a breakthrough memoir in terms of bringing indigenous stories to wider notice. Leading Aboriginal activists Marcia Langton (First Australians, 2008) and Noel Pearson (Up from the Mission, 2009) are active contemporary contributors to Australian literature.

The voices of

At the point of the first colonization, Indigenous Australians had not developed a system of writing, so the first literary accounts of Aboriginal people come from the journals of early European explorers, which contain descriptions of first contact, both violent and friendly.^[8] Early accounts by Dutch explorers and by the English buccaneer William Dampier wrote of the "natives of New Holland" as being "barbarous savages", but by the time of Captain James Cook and First Fleet marine Watkin Tench (the era of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), accounts of Aborigines were more sympathetic and romantic: "these people may truly be said to be in the pure state of nature, and may appear to some to be the most wretched upon the earth; but in reality they are far happier than ... we Europeans", wrote Cook in his journal on 23 August 1770.^[9]

Many notable works have been written by non-indigenous Australians on Aboriginal themes. Examples include the poems of Judith Wright; The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith by Thomas Keneally, Ilbarana by Donald Stuart, and the short story by David Malouf: "The Only Speaker of his Tongue".^[10] Histories covering Indigenous themes include Watkin Tench (Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay et Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson); Roderick J. Flanagan (The Aborigines of Australia, 1888); The Native Tribes of Central Australia by Spencer and Gillen, 1899; the diaries of Donald Thomson on the subject of the Yolngu people of Arnhem Land (c.1935-1943); Alan Moorehead (The fatal Impact, 1966); Geoffrey Blainey (Triumph of the Nomads, 1975); Henry Reynolds (The Other Side of the Frontier, 1981); and Marcia Langton (First Australians, 2008). Differing interpretations of Aboriginal history are also the subject of contemporary debate in Australia, notably between the essayists Robert Manne and Keith Windschuttle.

Early and classic works

For centuries before the British settlement of Australia, European writers wrote fictional accounts of an imagining of a Great Southern Land. In 1642

Among the first true works of literature produced in Australia were the accounts of the settlement of Sydney by Watkin Tench, a captain of the marines on the First Fleet to arrive in 1788. In 1819, poet, explorer, journalist and politician William Wentworth published the first book written by an Australian: A Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen's Land, With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America, in which he advocated an elected assembly for New South Wales, trial by jury and settlement of Australia by free emigrants rather than convicts

The first novel to be published in Australia was a crime novel, Quintus Servinton: A Tale founded upon Incidents of Real Occurrence

In 1838 The Guardian: a tale by Anna Maria Bunn was published in Sydney. It was the first Australian novel printed and published in mainland Australia and the first Australian novel written by a woman. It is a Gothic romance.^[15]

A number of notable classic works by international writers deal with Australian subjects, among them D. H. Lawrence's Kangaroo. The journals of Charles Darwin contain the famous naturalist's first impressions of Australia, gained on his tour aboard the Beagle that inspired his writing of On the Origin of Species. The Wayward Tourist: Mark Twain's Adventures in Australia contains the acclaimed American humourist's musings on Australia from his 1895 lecture tour.

In 2012, The Age reported that Text Publishing was releasing an Australian classics series in 2012, to address a "neglect of Australian literature" by universities and "British dominated" publishing houses—citing out of print Miles Franklin award winners such as David Ireland's The Glass Canoe and Sumner Locke Elliott's Careful, He Might Hear You as key examples.^[16]

Children's literature

Ethel Turner's Seven Little Australians, which relates the adventures of seven mischievous children in Sydney, has been in print since 1894, longer than any other Australian children's novel.^[17] The Getting of Wisdom (1910) by Henry Handel Richardson, about an unconventional schoolgirl in Melbourne, has enjoyed a similar success and been praised by H. G. Wells and Germaine Greer.^[18]

Other perennial favourites of Australian children's literature include

The Children's Book Council of Australia has presented annual awards for books of literary merit since 1946 and has other awards for outstanding contributions to Australian children's literature. Notable winners and shortlisted works have inspired several well-known Australian films from original novels, including the Silver Brumby series, a collection by Elyne Mitchell which recount the life and adventures of Thowra, a Snowy Mountains brumby stallion; Storm Boy (1964), by Colin Thiele, about a boy and his pelican and the relationships he has with his father, the pelican, and an outcast Aboriginal man called Fingerbone; the Sydney-based Victorian era time travel adventure Playing Beatie Bow (1980) by Ruth Park; and, for older children and mature readers, Melina Marchetta's 1993 novel about a Sydney high school girl Looking for Alibrandi. Robin Klein's Came Back to Show You I Could Fly is a story about the beautiful relationship between an eleven-year-old boy and an older, drug-addicted girl.^[23]

Jackie French, widely described as Australia's most popular children's author, has written about 170 books, including two CBCA Children's Book of the Year Award winners. One of them, the critically acclaimed Hitler's Daughter (1999), is a "what if?" story that explores mind-provoking issues about what would have happened if Adolf Hitler had had a daughter. French is also the author of the highly praised Diary of a Wombat (2003), which won awards such as the 2003 COOL Award and 2004 BILBY Award, among others. It was also named an honour book for the CBCA Children's Book of the Year Award for picture books.

A generation of leading contemporary international writers who left Australia for Britain and the United States in the 1960s have remained regular and passionate contributors of Australian themed literary works throughout their careers including: Clive James, Robert Hughes, Barry Humphries, Geoffrey Robertson and Germaine Greer. Several of these writers had links to the Sydney Push intellectual sub-culture in Sydney from the late 1940s to the early 1970s; and to Oz, a satirical magazine originating in Sydney, and later produced in London (from 1967 to 1973).

After a long media career, Clive James remained a leading humourist and author based in Britain whose memoir series was rich in reflections on Australian society (including his 2007 book Cultural Amnesia). Robert Hughes has produced a number of historical works on Australia (including The Art of Australia (1966) and The Fatal Shore (1987)).

Barry Humphries took his

Martin Boyd (1893–1972) was a distinguished memoirist, novelist and poet, whose works included social comedies and the serious reflections of a pacifist faced with a time of war. Among his Langton series of novels—The Cardboard Crown (1952), A Difficult Young Man (1955), Outbreak of Love (1957)—earned high praise in Britain and the United States, though despite their Australian themes, were largely ignored in Australia.^[31]

J. M. Coetzee, who was born in South Africa and was resident there when awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003,^[35] now lives in Adelaide, South Australia, and is an Australian citizen.^[36] Colleen McCullough's The Thorn Birds, 1977, is Australia's highest selling novel and one of the biggest selling novels of all time with around 30 million copies sold by 2009.^[37] Thomas Keneally wrote The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith, 1972 and Schindler's Ark, 1982. This latter work was the inspiration for the film Schindler's List. Other notable Australian novels converted to celluloid include: Paul Brickhill's The Great Escape; Pamela Lyndon Travers' Mary Poppins; Morris West's The Shoes of the Fisherman and Bryce Courtenay's The Power of One.

Careful, He Might Hear You by Sumner Locke Elliott won the Miles Franklin Award in 1963, and was the subject of a 1983 Australian film. Author David Ireland won the Miles Franklin Award three times, including for The Glass Canoe (1976).^[38] Peter Carey has also won the Miles Franklin Award three times (Jack Maggs 1998; Oscar and Lucinda 1989; and Bliss 1981). He has twice won the Booker Prize with 1988's Oscar and Lucinda and 2001's True History of the Kelly Gang. DBC Pierre's Vernon God Little won the Booker Prize in 2003. Other notable writers to have emerged since the 1970s include Kate Grenville, David Malouf, Helen Garner, Janette Turner Hospital, Marion Halligan, Susan Johnson, Christopher Koch, Alex Miller, Shirley Hazzard, Richard Flanagan, Gerald Murnane, Brenda Walker, Rod Jones and Tim Winton.

Grunge lit (an abbreviation for "grunge literature") is an Australian

The term "grunge lit" and its use to categorize and market this diverse group of writers and authorial styles has been the subject of debate and criticism. Linda Jaivin disagreed with putting all these authors in one category, Christios Tsiolkas called the term a "media creation", and Murray Waldren denied grunge lit even was a new genre; he said the works actually are a type of the pre-existing dirty realism genre.

1998–2010s: Post-grunge lit

Post-grunge lit is a genre of Australian fiction from the late 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. It is called "post-grunge lit" to denote that this genre appeared after the 1990s Australian literary genre known as grunge lit. Michael Robert Christie's 2009 PhD dissertation, "Unbecoming-of-Age: Australian Grunge Fiction, the Bildungsroman and the Long Labor Decade" states that there is a genre called "post Grunge [lit]" which follows the grunge lit period. Christie names three examples of Australian "post-grunge lit": Elliot Perlman's Three Dollars (1998), Andrew McCann's Subtopia (2005) and Anthony Macris' Capital. Christie's dissertation interprets and explains these three post-grunge lit works "as responses to the embedding of Neoliberalism in Australian and global political culture".

Kalinda Ashton (born 1978) has been called a post-grunge writer, in part due to influences from grunge lit author Christos Tsiolkas. Ashton is the author of the novel The Danger Game. Samantha Dagg's 2017 thesis on grunge lit and post-grunge lit states that Luke Carman is a post-grunge writer.^[44] Carman's first work, a collection of interlinked semi-autobiographical short stories, explores the authentic experiences of working-class Australians in the suburbs, including issues such as drug addiction and a sense of disillusionment.

Australian writing in languages other than English

Australia has migrant groups from many countries, and members of those communities (not always of the first generation) have produced Australian writing in a variety of languages. These include Italian, Greek, Arabic, Chinese, Vietnamese, Lao, Filipino, Latvian, Ukrainian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Yiddish and Irish.^[45]

Comparatively little attention has been devoted to such writing by mainstream critics. It has been argued that, in relation to the national literary landscape, such literary communities have a quite separate existence, with their own poetry festivals, literary competitions, magazine and newspaper reviews and features, and even local publishers.^[46] Some writers, like the Greek Australian Dimitris Tsaloumas, have published bilingually. There are now signs that such writing is attracting more academic interest.^[47] Some older works in languages other than English have been translated and received critical and historical attention long after their first publication; for example, the first Chinese-language novel to be published in Australia (and possibly the West), The Poison of Polygamy (1909–10) by Wong Shee Ping, was published in English for the first time in 2019, in a bilingual parallel edition.^[48]

Histories

History has been an important discipline in the development of Australian writing.

.

Writing and identity

A complicated, multi-faceted relationship to Australia is displayed in much Australian writing, often through writing about landscape. Barbara Baynton's short stories from the late 19th century/early 20th century convey people living in the bush, a landscape that is alive but also threatening and alienating. Kenneth Cook's Wake in Fright (1961) portrayed the outback as a nightmare with a blazing sun, from which there is no escape. Colin Thiele's novels reflected the life and times of rural and regional Australians in the 20th century, showing aspects of Australian life unknown to many city dwellers.

In Australian literature, the term mateship has often been employed to denote an intensely loyal relationship of shared experience, mutual respect and unconditional assistance existing between friends (mates) in Australia. This relationship of (often male) loyalty has remained a central subject of Australian literature from colonial times to the present day. In 1847, Alexander Harris wrote of habits of mutual helpfulness between mates arising in the "otherwise solitary bush" in which men would often "stand by one another through thick and thin; in fact it is a universal feeling that a man ought to be able to trust his own mate in anything". Henry Lawson, a son of the Goldfields wrote extensively of an egalitarian mateship, in such works as A Sketch of Mateship and Shearers, in which he wrote:

They tramp in mateship side by side -

The Protestant and Roman

They call no biped lord or sir

And touch their hat to no man.^[50]

What it means to be Australian is another issue that Australian literature explores. Miles Franklin struggled to find a place for herself as a female writer in Australia, fictionalising this experience in My Brilliant Career (1901). Marie Bjelke Petersen's popular romance novels, published between 1917 and 1937, offered a fresh upbeat interpretation of the Australian bush. The central character in Patrick White's The Twyborn Affair tries to conform to expectations of pre–World War II Australian masculinity but cannot, and instead, post-war, tries out another identity—and gender—overseas. Peter Carey has toyed with the idea of a national Australian identity as a series of 'beautiful lies', and this is a recurrent theme in his novels. Andrew McGahan's Praise (1992), Christos Tsiolkas's Loaded (1995), Justine Ettler's The River Ophelia (1995) and Brendan Cowell's How It Feels (2010) introduced a grunge lit, a type of 'gritty realism' take on questions of Australian identity in the 1990s, though an important precursor to such work came some years earlier with Helen Garner's Monkey Grip (1977), about a single mother living on and off with a male heroin addict in Melbourne share housing.

Australian literature has had several scandals surrounding the identity of writers. In the 1930s, a misunderstanding with a printer caused Maude Hepplestone's bush poetry collection "Songs of the Kookaburra" to be mistakenly lauded internationally as a modernist masterpiece. The 1944

Helen Darville used the pen-name "Helen Demidenko" and won major literary prizes for her Hand that Signed the Paper before being discovered, sparking a controversy over the content of her novel, a fictionalised and highly tendentious account of the Nazi occupation of the Ukraine. Mudrooroo

—previously known as Colin Johnson—was acclaimed as an Aboriginal writer until his Aboriginality came under question (his mother was Irish/English and his father was Irish/African-American, however he has strong connections with Aboriginal tribes); he now avoids adopting a specific ethnic identity and his works deconstruct such notions.

Poetry

"Australian poetry" redirects here. For the organisation, see Australian Poetry.

C.J. Dennis

, poet and humourist of the Australian vernacular.

The Sydney Gazette.^[51] The first book of verse by a native-born Australian poet, Australasia, was published by explorer and author William Charles Wentworth in 1823, espousing his ideals of Australian identity.^[52][53] Charles Harpur and Henry Kendall

were the first poets of any consequence.

national poet of Australia" and is the only Australian with a monument in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey

in England. Both Gordon's and Brennan's (but particularly Brennan's) works conformed to traditional styles of poetry, with many classical allusions, and therefore fell within the domain of high culture.

However, at the same time Australia had a competing, vibrant tradition of

pampa

became part of the self-image of those nations.

Other poets who reflected a sense of Australian identity include

Dorothea McKellar. Dennis wrote in the Australian vernacular ("The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke"), while McKellar wrote the iconic patriotic poem "My Country". Prominent Australian poets of the 20th century include Dame Mary Gilmore, A. D. Hope, Judith Wright, Gwen Harwood, Kenneth Slessor, Les Murray, Bruce Dawe and more recently Robert Gray, John Forbes, John Tranter, John Kinsella and Judith Beveridge

.

Contemporary Australian poetry is mostly published by small, independent book publishers. However, other kinds of publication, including new media and online journals, spoken word and live events, and public poetry projects are gaining an increasingly vibrant and popular presence. 1992–1999 saw poetry and art collaborations in Sydney and Newcastle buses and ferries, including Artransit from Meuse Press. Some of the more interesting and innovative contributions to Australian poetry have emerged from artist-run galleries in recent years, such as Textbase which had its beginnings as part of the 1st Floor gallery in Fitzroy. In addition, Red Room Company is a major exponent of innovative projects. Bankstown Poetry Slam has become a notable venue for spoken-word poetry and for community intersection with poetry as an art form to be shared.^[54] With its roots in Western Sydney it has a strong following from first and second generation Australians, often giving a platform to voices that are more marginalised in mainstream Australian society.

The Australian Poetry Library contains a wide range of Australian poetry as well as critical and contextual material relating to them, such as interviews, photographs and audio/visual recordings. As of 2018^[update] it contains over 42,000 poems, from more than 170 Australian poets. Begun in 2004 by leading Australian poet

Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) with funding by the Australian Research Council.^[55]

Plays

Main article:

Theatre in Australia

European traditions came to Australia with the

Belvoir St Theatre presented works by Nick Enright and David Williamson. Williamson is Australia's best known playwright, with major works including: The Club, Emerald City, and Brilliant Lies

.

In The One Day of the Year,

Pitjantjatjara people of nuclear testing in the Western Desert during the Cold War. It is an example of the contemporary fusion of traditions of drama in Australia with Pitjantjatjara actors being supported by a multicultural cast of Greek, Afghan, Japanese and New Zealand heritage.^[57] Eminent contemporary Australian playwrights include David Williamson, Alan Seymour, Stephen Sewell, the late Nick Enright and Justin Fleming.^[58] The Australian government supports a website (australianplays.org The Home of Australian Playscripts | AustralianPlays.org

) that aims to combine playwright biographies and script information. Scripts are also available there.

Science fiction and fantasy

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2010)

Main article: Australian science fiction

Australia, unlike Europe, does not have a long history in the genre of science fiction. Nevil Shute's On the Beach, published in 1957, and filmed in 1959, was perhaps the first notable international success. Though not born in Australia, Shute spent his latter years there, and the book was set in Australia. It might have been worse had the imports of American pulp magazines not been restricted during WWII, forcing local writers into the field. Various compilation magazines began appearing in the 1960s and the field has continued to expand into some significance. Today Australia has a thriving SF/Fantasy genre with names recognised around the world. In 2013 a trilogy by Sydney-born Ben Peek was sold at auction to a UK publisher for a six-figure deal .^[59]

Crime

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2010)

The crime fiction genre is currently thriving in Australia, most notably through books written by Kerry Greenwood, Shane Maloney, Peter Temple, Barry Maitland, Arthur Upfield and Peter Corris, among others.

High-profile, highly publicised court cases and murders have seen a significant amount of non-fiction crime literature, perhaps the most recognisable writer in this field being Helen Garner. Garner's published accounts of three court cases: The First Stone, about a sexual harassment scandal at the University of Melbourne, Joe Cinque's Consolation, about a young man murdered by his girlfriend in Canberra, and This House of Grief, about Victorian child-killer Robert Farquharson. Each of Garner's works incorporates the style reminiscent of a fictional narrative novel, a stylistic device known as the non-fiction novel.

Cameron Doomadgee, in police custody in Palm Island, Queensland

.

Literary journals

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The first periodical that could be called a literary journal in Australia was The Australian Magazine (June 1821 - May 1822).[60] It featured poetry, a two-part story and articles on theology and general topics. Most of the others that followed in the 19th century were based in either Sydney or Melbourne. Few lasted long due to difficulties that included a lack of capital, the small local market and competition from literary journals from Britain.

Most recent Australian literary journals have originated from universities, and specifically English or Communications departments. They include:

• Meanjin
• Overland
• HEAT
• Southerly
• Westerly

Other journals include:

• Quadrant
• Australian Book Review
• Island
• Voiceworks
• Wet Ink (now closed)
• The Lifted Brow
• Red Leaves / 紅葉
• Kill Your Darlings

A number of newspapers also carry literary review supplements:

• Australian Literary Review

Awards

Main article: List of Australian literary awards

Current literary awards in Australia include:

• Anne Elder Award
• The Australian/Vogel Literary Award
• Children's Book Council of Australia
• Ditmar Award Science Fiction (includes Fantasy & Horror)
• Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry
• Mary Gilmore Prize
  for a first book of poetry
• Miles Franklin Award
• New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards
• Patrick White Award
• Peter Blazey Fellowship
• Prime Minister's Literary Awards
• Queensland Premier's Literary Awards
• Stella Prize
• Victorian Premier's Literary Award
• Western Australian Premier's Book Awards

Australian authors are also eligible for a number of other literary awards, such as the:

• Booker Prize
• Commonwealth Writers' Prize
• Women's Prize for Fiction

See also

• AustLit: The Australian Literature Resource
• Australian film
• Australian outback literature of the 20th century
• Australian performance poetry
• List of Australian novelists
• List of Australian poets
• List of years in Australian literature
• Tasmanian literature
  • Tasmanian Gothic
• Indigenous Australian literature

References

1. ^ "Australian language, letters and literature - Australia's Culture Portal". Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Henry Lawson: Australian writer - Australia's Culture Portal". Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
3. ISBN 978-0-19-554919-5
   .
4. ^ "Oodgeroo Noonuccal." Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Vol. 27. Gale, 2007
5. ^ Jenkin, Graham (1979). Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri. Adelaide: Rigby.
6. ^ (in English) "Modern Australian poetry". Ministère de la culture. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
7. ^ "Documenting Democracy". Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
8. ^ Genoni, Paul (2004). Subverting the Empire: Explorers and Exploration in Australian Fiction. Altona, VIC: Common Ground.
9. ISBN 0904351025
   .
10. ^ Home Page | W. W. Norton & Company
11. ^ "Dunalley, Tasmania - About Australia". Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
12. ^ Savery, Henry (1830), Quintus Servinton : a tale founded upon incidents of real occurrence, Henry Melville, printer, retrieved 13 January 2015
13. ^ Savery, Henry. "Quintus Servinton: A Tale founded upon Incidents of Real Occurrence". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
14. ^ Franks, Rachel. "Crime Fiction Novels and the History of Libraries. Presented at Libraries for the People: the 11th Australian Library History Forum, 18 - 19 November 2014. Sydney, NSW" (PDF). State Library of New South Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
15. ^ Turcotte, Gerry (1998). "Australian Gothic" (PDF, 12 pages). Faculty of Arts—Papers. University of Wollongong. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
16. ^ "Call to revive Aussie classics". The Age. Melbourne.
17. ^ 100 Objects, Mitchell Library Centenary Exhibition Archived 22 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine, State Library of New South Wales
18. ^ The Getting of Wisdom at Text Publishing
19. ^ Ursula Dubosarsky Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 July 2012
20. ^ Eleanor Spence's obituary Retrieved 2 April 2015
21. ^ Carnegie Living Archive: Josh Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2 April 2015
22. IBBY
23. ^ CBCA awards history Archived 20 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
24. ^ "How Paul did a dare". The Age. Melbourne. 28 May 2005.
25. ^ "Beautiful award ceremony when Hartnett recieved [sic] prize - PublicTemplates". Archived from the original on 23 August 2010.
26. ^ "Austlit — XXX". Austlit. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
27. ^ ^{a b} "ALMA award winners, 2011". Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
28. ^ "Underdog Aussie's Oscar triumph". The Sydney Morning Herald.
29. ^ World Fantasy Awards Archived 1 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
30. ^ Hugo award winners
31. ^ Niall, Brenda (1933). "Boyd, Martin à Beckett (1893–1972)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 13. Melbourne University Press.
32. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 – Patrick White". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
33. ^ ^{a b} Webby, Elizabeth (2012). "White, Patrick Victor (Paddy) (1912–1990)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 18. Melbourne University Press.
34. ^ "Patrick White's rare first novel revived for a new audience". The Sydney Morning Herald.
35. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2003 – J. M. Coetzee". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
36. ^ "JM Coetzee becomes an Australian citizen". M&G. 6 March 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
37. ^ Price, Karen (29 March 2013). "The Thorn Birds' author on why she'll never write a sequel". Wales Online.
38. ^ "Miles Franklin Literary Award – Past winners". Miles Franklin Literary Award. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015.
39. ^ "When the smoke clears". The Sydney Morning Herald. 1 November 2008.
40. ^ Vernay, Jean-François. "Grunge Fiction". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 6 November 2008 accessed 18 December 2017.
41. ^ ^{a b c} Leishman, Kirsty, 'Australian Grunge Literature and the Conflict between Literary Generations', Journal of Australian Studies, 23.63 (1999), pp. 94–102
42. ISBN 978-1-74305-404-8
    .
43. ^ ^{a b} Vernay, Jean-François, 'Grunge Fiction', The Literary Encyclopedia, 6 November 2008, accessed 9 September 2009
44. ^ Dagg, Samantha. "Still digging: from grunge to post-grunge in Australian fiction". Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1342404
45. ^ For an overview of Australian poetry in Italian, see [1] Gaetano Rando (University of Wollongong), 'Italian-Australian Poetry by First Generation Writers: An Overview'. Examples of Australian writing in Irish can be found in An Gael: see http://angaelmagazine.com/inneacs/udar.asp?iAINM=colinryan. See also Teachtaireacht by Colin Ryan, Cló Iar-Chonnacht: https://www.cic.ie/en/books/published-books/teachtaireacht
46. ^ Michael Jacklin (University of Wollongong), "Desde Australia para todo el mundo hispano": Australia's Spanish-Language Magazines and Latin American/Australian Writing.
47. ^ PhD Spanish Writing in Australia: Scholarship Description Archived 13 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
48. OCLC 1101172962. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
49. ^ Charles Edwin Woodrow Bean - Despatches from Gallipoli - National Library of Australia Online Exhibition
50. ^ "Mateship, diggers and wartime". Culture and Recreation. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
51. ^ Clarke, Donovan, "Michael Massey Robinson," Australian Dictionary of Biography, accessed 13 June 2019
52. ISBN 978-1-74175-192-5
    .
53. ^ Wentworth, William Charles (July 1823). "Australasia". Macquarie University. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
54. ^ Bankstown Poetry Slam: In the Media
55. ^ "About Us". Australian Poetry Library. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
56. ^ ^{a b} The Recruiting Officer & Our Country's Good – Stantonbury Campus Theatre Company, 2000
57. ^ No Cookies | Daily Telegraph
58. ^ "Play search | Australian Plays Transform". Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
59. ^ "TOR UK ACQUIRES NEW FANTASY TRILOGY -- BY AUSTRALIAN BEN PEEK April 22, 2013 By Julie Crisp". Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
60. ISBN 0908094531

External links

Library resources about
Australian literature

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• Resources in your library

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Literature of Australia.

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Australian literature

• The Library of Australiana page at Project Gutenberg of Australia
• Bibliography of Australian Literature to 1954 at Freeread
• "AustLit: The Australian Literature Resource" (2000-)
• List of Australian Writers in English