Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland
| Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland | |
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 Original Japanese theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by |
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| Screenplay by | |
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| Based on | Little Nemo by Winsor McCay |
| Produced by | Yutaka Fujioka |
| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Hajime Hasegawa |
| Edited by | Takeshi Seyama |
| Music by |
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Production company | |
| Distributed by |
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Release dates |
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Running time |
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| Budget | |
| Box office | ¥0.9 billion ($11.4 million) |
Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (released in Japan as simply Nemo (ニモ, Nimo) and credited in some territories as Little Nemo) is a 1989
Even though it derived from an American comic strip, Little Nemo was animated by the Japanese company Tokyo Movie Shinsha and thus is often considered an anime film, although it was a joint production of Japanese and American animators and production companies.
The movie was infamous for being in
The film was first released in Japan on July 15, 1989, by the Toho-Towa and in the United States on August 21, 1992, by the Hemdale Film Corporation for the dub. It received mixed reviews and was a box-office bomb, earning $11.4 million on a $35 million budget. However, it sold well on home video and has since become a cult film.
Plot
A young boy named Nemo experiences a nightmare in which he is pursued by a
Nemo is taken to Slumberland in a
Nemo awakens in his home, which floods with seawater and ejects him into the ocean. Genius discovers Nemo and tells him not to blame himself for Morpheus's capture and that Flip is at fault for tempting him, but Nemo accepts his role in the situation, and pledges to find the King. When the two return to Slumberland, they rescue Flip from being shot out of a cannon because he has a map of Nightmare Land, where Morpheus is currently being held. Nemo, Icarus, Camille, Flip, and Genius set off in a tugboat in search of Morpheus. They are soon sucked into a whirlpool and find themselves in the goblin-infested Nightmare Land. The five come across a group of shapeshifting goblins called Boomps who wish to aid in the quest to rescue Morpheus. The Nightmare King sends a flock of gigantic bats to seize the rescue party. Nemo attempts to use the scepter, but cannot remember the full incantation, and awakens in his bed after watching Camille, Flip, and Genius get captured.
The Boomps appear in Nemo's room and, after reuniting with a lost member of theirs who gives Nemo a letter from Morpheus containing the full scepter incantation, the group travels to Nightmare Castle by flying through a portal in the sky. However, they are subsequently trapped in the castle, where the Nightmare King demands possession of the scepter, threatening his captives, including Morpheus, to try and force Nemo's compliance. After a fierce battle, Nemo uses the scepter to finally defeat and eliminate the Nightmare King and purify Nightmare Land, but seemingly at the cost of his own life as well. As everyone mourns Nemo's death, Morpheus uses the scepter to revive him, and accepts his apology for causing everything, citing that his courage has allowed him to make up for his mistake and become a true prince. As Slumberland celebrates the fall of the Nightmare Kingdom, Camille escorts Nemo home on the dirigible. The two then share a kiss before Nemo awakens in his room, where he apologizes to his mother for breaking his promise and trying to take the pie. Nemo's parents also agree to take Nemo to the circus. Nemo stares out the window as he looks forward to his new day.
Cast
- Gabriel Damon (Takuma Gōno in the Japanese adaptation) as Nemo: He is a human boy living in New York City who is taken to Slumberland to be the official playmate of Princess Camille; in actuality, however, he is being summoned to be the heir to the elderly King Morpheus. He is given the key to Slumberland but is warned by the king to leave a door with a coiled dragon emblazoned on it closed. Sadly, he opens the aforementioned door when he is tempted by Flip and goes on a quest to restore Slumberland to its rightful glory, save King Morpheus and defeat the Nightmare King.
- Chikao Ōtsukain the Japanese adaptation) as Flip: He is described as a "frightful fellow" by Professor Genius, he is wanted throughout Slumberland for "having fun" (the bounty on his head is a sizeable one) and his only friend is his partner-in-crime: a bird named Flap. He tricks Nemo into accidentally releasing the Nightmare King and blames Nemo for the ruin of Slumberland. He is in possession of a map of Nightmare Land (hand-drawn and written in his own special code) and serves as the guide to the Nightmare Castle until he is replaced by the Boomps. He has a serious smoking addiction. In the real world, he is a clown in a circus that stops in Nemo's town.
- René Auberjonois (Kōichi Kitamura in the Japanese adaptation) as Professor Genius: King Morpheus' advisor. He comes to the real world to bring Nemo to Slumberland. As a sophisticated man, he is quite punctual and prefers order as opposed to madness. He is quite a dancer, as he dances quite a bit during Nemo's coronation ceremony. In the real world, he is an organ player in a circus that stops in Nemo's town.
- Danny Mann as Icarus: a flying squirrel, Nemo's best friend and a supporting protagonist. Icarus is Nemo's only friend from the real world. He shows great concern for Nemo's wellbeing in a sense similar to that of two siblings. He speaks a mix of both squirrel and some English. His screech is painful to the ears of the Boomps. He detests being called a "little rat" (which Princess Camille mistakes him for). Unlike other squirrels, Icarus eats human food, like cookies. His initial relationship with Princess Camille, though rough, eventually changes for the better.
- Bernard Erhard (Kenji Utsumi in the Japanese adaptation) as King Morpheus: The sovereign of Slumberland. He has protected Slumberland for years with the help of the royal scepter: an ancient weapon of great power. Though he is a child at heart, he knows when to be serious. He has Nemo brought to Slumberland so that he may become his heir to the throne. He gives Nemo the key to Slumberland, which can open any door; however, he warns Nemo of one door with a dragon symbol emblazoned on it that must never be opened. Like Professor Genius, he is quite a dancer, as he dances alongside the Professor during Nemo's coronation ceremony. When Nemo accidentally releases the Nightmare King, King Morpheus is captured and Nemo has to go and rescue him from Nightmare Land. In the real world, he is the ringmaster of a circus that stops in Nemo's town.
- Bill Martin (Tarō Ishida in the Japanese adaptation) as The Nightmare King: He is a demonic horned creature who rules over the realm of Nightmares or Bad Dreams. When Nemo goes to Nightmare Land to save King Morpheus, the Nightmare King has his minions capture Nemo's friends (Professor Genius, Flip, and Princess Camille). He is shown to be a liar and quite temperamental as he destroys several minions for the failure of just one of his underlings (the general of his army). Among his forces are a gigantic flying stingray and a presence known as "The Nightmare". The only thing that can vanquish him is the royal scepter.
- Laura Mooney (Hiroko Kasahara in the Japanese adaptation) as Princess Camille: the daughter of King Morpheus. Though she initially acts somewhat spoiled, she eventually grows to like Nemo. She also grows fond of Icarus (and vice versa, despite a rough start). When her father is kidnapped by the Nightmare King, she takes over as sovereign but decides to join Nemo in his quest to save King Morpheus. In the real world, she is riding on an elephant in a circus that stops in Nemo's town.
- Greg Burson (Tesshō Genda in the Japanese adaptation) as Nemo's father
- Greg Burson as Flap: Flip's bird companion.
- Jennifer Darling (Mari Yokō in the Japanese adaptation) as Nemo's mother
- Neil Ross (Hiroshi Ōtake in the Japanese adaptation) as Oompa: A member of the Boomps that befriend Nemo.
- Alan Oppenheimer (Keiichi Nanba in the Japanese adaptation) as Oomp: A member of the Boomps that befriend Nemo.
- John Stephenson (Masaharu Satō in the Japanese adaptation) as Oompo: A member of the Boomps that befriend Nemo.
- Sidney Miller (Kōzō Shioya in the Japanese adaptation) as Oompe: A member of the Boomps that befriend Nemo.
- Michael Bell (Hiroko Emori in the Japanese adaptation) as Oompy: A member of the Boomps that befriend Nemo.
- Kathleen Freeman (Kimie Nakajima in the Japanese adaptation) as the dance teacher
- Bever-Leigh Banfield (Seiko Nakao in the Japanese adaptation) as the woman
- John Stephenson (Kazumi Tanaka in the Japanese adaptation) as the dirigible captain
- Bert Kramer (Yukimasa Kishino in the Japanese adaptation) as a goblin: A hideous creature that serves as a member of the Nightmare King's army. They are sent by the Nightmare King to ensure that Nemo doesn't reach his castle and free King Morpheus. Though the goblins succeed in capturing most of Nemo's friends, they fail to capture Nemo himself and, when the Nightmare King finds out, he kills them all in a fit of rage. The only goblins to survive are the Boomps (who, in contrast to the other goblins, are not hideous and are actually good).
- Beau Weaver (Tarō Arakawa in the Japanese adaptation) as a policeman
- Sherry Lynn as Bon Bon In the real world, she and the pages are driving the wagon with the organ in a circus that stops in Nemo's town.
- Guy Christopher as a Courtier and a Cop
- Nancy Cartwright and Ellen Gerstell as pages In the real world, they and Bon-Bon are driving the wagon with the organ in a circus that stops in Nemo's town.
- Tress MacNeille as an elevator creature
- Michael McConnohie as an etiquette master
- Michael Gough as a teacher
- Michael Sheehan as a fencing master
- June Foray as the librarian
- Gregg Berger as the equestrian master
Production
Nemo was the brainchild of producer Yutaka Fujioka, then president of Tokyo Movie Shinsha (TMS). He had long realized the limitations of the animation business in Japan and wanted to enter the U.S. market, so he started a new animation studio and planned to distribute U.S.-Japan co-produced animation films worldwide.[2][3][4] He founded Telecom Animation Film in 1975, and embarked on a film adaptation of the legendary comic strip Little Nemo, which was so well known in the U.S. that two film adaptations were proposed during Walt Disney's lifetime.[2][3] As the first step towards realizing this project, in 1977 he personally flew to Monterey, California, to convince the McCay descendants to allow him to obtain the film rights, and he finally won it in the summer of 1978.[4]
Fujioka had another dream: to make a "full animation" (not Japanese limited animation) film that could compete with Disney.[4] For this purpose, Fujioka hired newcomers with no experience in Japanese TV animation and had them trained by Sadao Tsukioka, followed by Yasuo Ōtsuka.[2][4] Incidentally, the 1980 pilot film was created by Tsukioka.
However, a lack of funding and inexperienced animators made it difficult to go into Nemo production, so he hired veteran staff away from other studios to work on
In the spring of 1981, Fujioka launched the project after securing a 4 billion yen investment from consumer finance company Lake.[4]
Fujioka initially approached George Lucas, who was then at the height of his career with Star Wars and Indiana Jones, about co-producing the film as a foothold to penetrate the American market.[5] Lucas, however, declined the offer, citing difficulties with the initial draft plot. Fujioka also approached Chuck Jones, but Jones also declined.
So he asked Gary Kurtz, who had been recommended by Lucas to replace him, as producer of the American side, and Kurtz readily agreed, appointing Ray Bradbury as screenwriter.[3][4]
In February 1982, it was announced that Kineto TMS, an American corporation, would be established as a joint venture between TMS and Kurtz's Kineto Graphic, Inc. for the purpose of producing a Japan-US co-production film.[5][6] At the same time, Fujioka and Kurtz were appointed as executive producers, with Kurtz handling the film's content and Fujioka managing the budget and other aspects of production.[5][6]
In the summer of 1982, Kurtz had Bradbury and his newly hired Edward Summer completely rewrite the story to reflect his intentions. Bradbury realized that the name "Nemo" (the nobody), when read backward, would be "Omen" (the omen), and prepared a script that said, "Nemo, guided by his split personality Omen, dives deep into the dream world, defeats Omen and returns to the real world." In contrast, the original draft by Hayao Miyazaki was the prototype for the later
At the same time, Fujioka brought in Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston from the "Nine Old Men," a legendary group of animators from Disney's early days, as advisors in order to produce "full animation" in the Disney style.[4][6] At the invitation of the two, a total of 12 Japanese staff members, including Isao Takahata, Hayao Miyazaki, Yasuo Ōtsuka, Yoshifumi Kondo, and Kazuhide Tomonaga, traveled to the United States to receive training in American-style character animation. However, when they saw Miyazaki's sketch, they were puzzled: "We have nothing to teach them." The Japanese staff was also greatly inspired by their creative approach.[4][7]
The main staff then traveled back and forth between Japan and the U.S. to work jointly with Andy Gaskill and Roger Allers, who were introduced by Thomas and Johnston and who would later support Disney's work.[8]
Miyazaki and Takahata, who was scheduled to join the project as soon as his previous work was finished, were the two candidates for the Japanese director, but Miyazaki was negative about the project itself from the early stage, saying, "A film that professes to be set in a dream world will only make the audience blank out.[6] After reading the first draft of Bradbury's scenario, Miyazaki wondered if it could be considered an entertainment film, and submitted a report to Kurtz summarizing the elements of what he considered an entertaining film, but it was rejected.[6] Next, Miyazaki proposed Fujioka with ideas such as "the story of a young man turned into a beast and a princess in the age of provincial wars," which later became Princess Mononoke, "the story of Demon Extermination of a princess and her wolf," which was based on the American comic ROWLF, and Yara the windmaster and Princess of the dorok derived from it, which later became the image source of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind.[4][7][9] However, Fujioka had no authority to intervene in the scenarios, and Kurtz never adopted them. Miyazaki then left Telecom on November 22, 1982, without waiting for Takahata to join.[4][7]
Takahata, who joined the project in just after Miyazaki had left, tried to construct a story based on Peter Pan and Where the Wild Things Are, among others.[10] He then adopted Bradbury's idea and came up with a story structure in which "the main character is split into two positions, each of which becomes a component of the story." This structure was later carried over to Grave of the Fireflies and Only Yesterday.[11] On March 12, 1983, Takahata also clashed with Kurtz over a scenario and left Telecom.[4]
The directors who succeeded the duo were Andy Gaskill and Yoshifumi Kondo, but both soon retired from production.[12]
At that time, Kineto TMS was frequented by animation professionals who had heard rumors of the project or were interested in Japanese animation. John Lasseter first met Hayao Miyazaki here and began to interact with him thereafter. Brad Bird is reported to have informally painted a few image boards.[7][13]
Brad Bird and
Two years passed without a director being selected, and the project was suspended in August 1984 when the production fund ran out.[3]
Kurtz would eventually step down in the fall of 1984.[15] He was involved in other projects, so he did not show up at the Nemo project very often, and when he did occasionally, he caused friction with the Japanese staff, so he was removed from the project. However, the staff continued to change rapidly after that. Kondo went to the U.S. in the summer of 1984 to work with Kurtz and Gaskill, but returned home and began making a 70mm pilot film in September. It was a different film from the actual film, based on the storyboards Tomonaga had drawn when Takahata was a director; after completing it in December, Kondo left Telecom in March 1985.[16][17] Bradbury also dropped out.[4] Osamu Dezaki was also brought to direct for a brief while and completed another pilot film, but left as well. Jean Giraud (Mœbius), who later joined the project, saw the sketches Miyazaki had left behind and asked Fujioka closely why he did not adopt them. He and Miyazaki then began to interact with each other.[4][18]
During the hiatus, Fujioka continued to have many people write manuscripts, including Chris Columbus, Mœbius, John Canemaker, Richard Martini and many others. He then re-hired Summer to do yet another screenplay. Ultimately, Richard Outten wrote the script based on a plot Columbus wrote between May 1985 and May 1986 before making his directorial debut with Adventures in Babysitting.
When Lake agreed to an additional investment of 1 billion yen in 1987, Fujioka was the first to cancel his contract with Kurtz, and resume production at the newly established Los Angeles TMS. Fujioka himself became an executive producer and took full control of the project.[7]
On the American side, William T. Hurtz was hired at the recommendation of Thomas and Johnston, and on the Japanese side, Masami Hata, who had experience in full animation films at Sanrio, was hired as the director.[3] Many Disney Studio animators including Ken Anderson and Leo Salkin worked on individual sequences, and John Canemaker, Corny Cole, and Brian Froud provided visual development. Frank Thomas, Oliver Johnston and Paul Julian consulted to the production.
The world-famous Sherman Brothers (Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman) were hired to write the songs for Nemo. This was their first anime film, though not their first animated film; the pair had previously worked on most notably Disney's Mary Poppins in 1964 and several other projects for Disney, including The Jungle Book and Hanna-Barbera's Charlotte's Web.
The film was completed in 1988 and released in Japan in 1989 and in the United States in 1992, but failed at the box office. Fujioka took responsibility for the film and left TMS, giving up all rights to the company, and retired from the animation industry.[3][7]
Music
The award-winning Sherman Brothers wrote the songs for Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland.
Original songs performed in the film include:
| No. | Title | Performer(s) | Length |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Little Nemo" | Melissa Manchester | |
| 2. | "Slumberland" | Melissa Manchester | |
| 3. | "Etiquette" | Gabriel Damon, René Auberjonois, Kathleen Freeman, Michael Sheehan, June Foray, Gregg Berger & Chorus | |
| 4. | "The Boomps Song" | Neil Ross, Alan Oppenheimer, Sidney Miller & Michael Bell | |
| 5. | "Slumberland Princess" | Laura Mooney |
Release
The Japanese cut was released in Japan on July 15, 1989. In a summer that included strong competition, including Studio Ghibli's Kiki's Delivery Service, which was ironically directed by one of the animators who left the production of this film, it grossed ¥0.9 billion (US$10 million) in its release and was considered a box-office flop, against a budget of around ¥3 billion (US$35 million).
The English dub was released three years later in the United States in 579 theaters on August 21, 1992, through
Critical reception
It received generally mixed reviews from publications including The New York Times.[20] Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, though on a positive note, he wrote: "Little Nemo is an interesting if not a great film, with some jolly characters, some cheerful songs, and some visual surprises."[21]
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland has an approval rating of 55%, based on 29 reviews, with an average score of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Despite a creative team and source material that should be any animation fan's fantasy, uneven craft and an inert story keep Little Nemo from being a proper dream come true."[22]
Box office
In its opening weekend in the United States, Nemo made about $407,695 with a total US gross of approximately $1,368,000.[19] It won the "Audience Award" at Amsterdam's 1992 Cinekid Festival and was nominated for "Best Animated Feature" at the 1993 Annie Awards.[23]
In March 2005, Little Nemo was given a very limited re-release in
Aftermath
After the film's release, Fujioka decided to retire from the animation business. TMS, having to recoup Little Nemo's losses, increased production on locally-based anime programs and became highly involved in animation for Western-based productions, including
Home media
The film was released on VHS through Hemdale Home Video, Inc. on March 2, 1993. Nemo became the #4 best-selling children's title of 1993, with 1.5 million copies sold.[25]
On October 5, 2004, Little Nemo was released on DVD through Funimation (under the Our Time Family Entertainment name, and under license from TMS, which had regained North American rights to the film after Hemdale closed). All of the cuts that were made in the 1992 release were restored in this DVD, bringing the runtime of the film to the full 95 minutes, resulting in the DVD being released unrated instead. Once again, it is dub-only.
After the title went out of print, Little Nemo could be seen selling anywhere from $80 to $200 US for a sealed copy (usually DVD) on Internet sites such as
On March 2, 2016,
Video games
After the Japanese release, but before the US release, Capcom developed an NES game titled Little Nemo: The Dream Master, which was released in late 1990. An arcade game, also by Capcom and titled Nemo, was developed that same year.
References
- ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "宮崎駿監督幻の米デビュー作『リトル・ニモ』 企画途中で離脱も、数々の出会いと「名作」が生まれ…(1)". マグミクス (in Japanese). メディア・ヴァーグ. December 2, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f 西川昭幸 (September 22, 2019). "日本アニメ海外進出の先鞭をつけた野心作 NEMO ニモ（東宝東和）" (in Japanese). 日本映画100年史. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "宮崎駿も降板、壮大すぎたアニメ「NEMO/ニモ」映画より面白い制作過程!". Re:minder (in Japanese). 株式会社リマインダー. November 22, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ a b c d 片渕須直 (December 21, 2009). "β運動の岸辺で 第16回 思弁的なハリウッド". WEBアニメスタイル (in Japanese). 株式会社スタイル. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "宮崎駿監督幻の米デビュー作『リトル・ニモ』 企画途中で離脱も、数々の出会いと「名作」が生まれ…(2)". マグミクス (in Japanese). メディア・ヴァーグ. December 2, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f "宮崎駿監督幻の米デビュー作『リトル・ニモ』 企画途中で離脱も、数々の出会いと「名作」が生まれ…(3)". マグミクス (in Japanese). メディア・ヴァーグ. December 2, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ 片渕須直 (February 22, 2010). "β運動の岸辺で 第22回 演助助になる". WEBアニメスタイル (in Japanese). 株式会社スタイル. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ 片渕須直 (January 18, 2010). "β運動の岸辺で 第18回 捨てられた骨法". WEBアニメスタイル (in Japanese). 株式会社スタイル. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ 片渕須直 (February 1, 2010). "β運動の岸辺で 第20回 ひっかしいだ新スタジオ". WEBアニメスタイル (in Japanese). 株式会社スタイル. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ 片渕須直 (March 8, 2010). "β運動の岸辺で 第24回 演出補になる". WEBアニメスタイル (in Japanese). 株式会社スタイル. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ "Little Nemo test film". YouTube. April 8, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2012.[dead YouTube link]
- KADOKAWA, 株式会社はてな. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ "Little Nemo test film | Cartoon Brew: Leading the Animation Conversation". Cartoon Brew. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
- ^ "Masami Hata Filmography > 28". Pelleas.net. July 15, 1989. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
- ^ 片渕須直 (April 19, 2010). "β運動の岸辺で 第29回 パイロット・フィルム". WEBアニメスタイル (in Japanese). 株式会社スタイル. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ 片渕須直 (May 24, 2010). "β運動の岸辺で 第33回 突貫作業へのいざない". WEBアニメスタイル (in Japanese). 株式会社スタイル. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ "ユーロマンガ最新号は、メビウス追悼特集 宮崎駿コメントなど". アニメ!アニメ! (in Japanese). イード. July 24, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
- ^ a b "Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (1992)". Box Office Mojo. September 4, 1992. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
- ^ Holden, Stephen (August 21, 1992). "Review/Film; Young Hero in Pajamas Braves Nightmare Land - New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (August 21, 1992). "Little Nemo: Adventures In Slumberland movie review (1992)". Chicago Sun-Times.
- ^ "Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ "The Annie Awards". The Annie Awards. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
- ^ "Little Nemo Theatrical Release - News". Anime News Network. March 5, 2005. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
- ^ Miller Rosenblum, Trudi (June 25, 1994). Suppliers Aim Kids Vid at Parents. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 43.
- ^ "Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
- ^ Anime! on TMS Official Channel
- ^ LITTLE NEMO: Adventures in Slumberland (1989) | Full Movie!
External links
- Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland at IMDb
- Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland at Box Office Mojo
- Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland at Rotten Tomatoes
- Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (film) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
- Caro, Mark. "Dreamy 'Nemo' Jumps to the Big Screen" (Archive). Chicago Tribune. August 21, 1992.
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