Liturgical book
A liturgical book, or service book, is a book published by the authority of a
Christianity
Roman Rite
In the
Other Roman-Rite liturgical books include the
The Catholic Church is composed of 24 autonomous
among others.While the Roman Rite of the Latin Church is by far the most common liturgical rite found within the Latin Church, a number of local Latin liturgical rites and uses also exist.
Byzantine Rite
The
The regular services chanted in the Constantinopolitan liturgical tradition are the
The sequences are governed by the convergence of several liturgical cycles, including the
(fixed cycle, dependent upon the calendar date).Acolouthia
The fixed portions of the services are found in the following liturgical books:
- kontakia, and those portions which change according to the day of the week. The Horologion may also contain some devotional material such as the Prayers Before Communion, Thanksgiving After Communion, and Morning and Evening Prayers.
- Consecration of a Church, and other occasional services. For convenience, the contents of the Great Euchologion in the Slavic tradition have been divided up as follows:
- Litourgicon (Slavonic: Sluzhebnik)—contains Vespers, Matins and the three Divine Liturgies
- Archieratikon (Slavonic: Chinovnik)—contains the parts of services performed by a bishop
- Euchologion (Slavonic: Trebnik)—omits the portions contained in the Litourgicon and Archieratikon, and adds other minor acolouthia (such as the blessing of an Iconostasis, Holy Vessels, Vestments, etc.)[4]
Sequences
Into this fixed framework, numerous movable parts of the service are inserted. These are taken from a variety of liturgical books:
- and normally contains tables for determining which Kathismata are to be read at each service, depending upon the day of the week and the liturgical season of the year.
- modes. This book contains an eight-week cycle, providing texts to be chanted for every day of the week at Vespers, Matins, Compline and (on Sundays) the Midnight Office. Each week, the hymns are sung in a different liturgical Mode or Tone. The origins of this book go back to compositions by St. John Damascene.
- Church Slavonic: Минеѧ, Mineya) – A twelve-volume set which provides all liturgical texts for each day of the calendar year (including the akrosticha for the Irmologion).[d]The twelve volumes correspond to the months of the year. The liturgical year begins in September, so the first volume of the Menaion is September.
- Sticherarion (Greek: Στιχηραριὸν, today Δόξασταριον) was called a chant book usually with musical notation. It is subdivided in the stichera for the cycle of the fixed feasts according to the yearly cycle between September and August (Menaion). The cycle of mobile feast is subdivided into two books. The first called Triodion contains the stichera sung during Lent and the Holy week, the second called Pentecostarioncontains the post-paschal period between Easter and Pentecost, the weekly cycle after Pentecost until the Sunday of All Saints.
- Church Slavonic: Постнаѧ Трїωдь, Postnaya Triod'; Romanian: Triodul)—Also called the Lenten Triodion. During Great Lentthe services undergo profound changes. The Lenten Triodion contains propers for:
- the Pre-Lenten Season
- the Forty Days of Great Lent itself
- Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday
- Holy Week
- the
- Pentecostarion (Greek: Πεντηκοστάριον, Pentekostarion; Slavonic: Цвѣтнаѧ Трїωдь, Tsvetnaya Triod' , literally "Flowery Triodon"; Romanian: Penticostar) – This volume contains the propers for the period from Pascha to the Sunday of All Saints. This period can be broken down into the following periods:
- Bright Week (Easter Week) – The seven days from the Pascha (Easter Sunday) through the following Saturday
- Paschal Season – The period from Ascension
- Ascension and its Afterfeast
- Pentecost and its Afterfeast
- All Saints Sunday(the Sunday after Pentecost)
- contains brief lives of the saints for each day of the year, usually read at Matins.
- of Matins and other services.
- ) with annotations in the margin to indicate the beginning and ending of each reading (and an index in the back).
- Epistle Book (Epistles and the Acts of the Apostles (the Apocalypse is not read during Divine Services in the Orthodox Church). It also contains the Prokeimenon and Alleluia verses that are chanted with the readings. The Apostól is laid out in the same manner as the Evangélion, depending on whether the book was prepared for the Greek or Slavic usage.[e]
Other
- liturgical calendarswhich give detailed instructions from the Typicon which are specific to the concurrence of sequences for that particular year.
- Great Feasts; and the General Menaion contains propers for each class of saints (with blank spaces for the name of the saint) which may be employed when one does not have the propers for that particular saint; etc.
There are many different editions of these books which have been published over the years in a variety of
Assyrian
The books of the Church of the East, all in Syriac, are:[5]
- the Liturgy (containing their three liturgies)
- the Gospel (Evangelion), Apostle (Shlicha), and Lessons (Kariane)
- the "Turgama" (Interpretation), containing hymns sung by deacons at the liturgy (corresponding to the Graduals and Sequences of the Roman Rite)
- the David (Dawidha = Psalter)
- the "Khudhra" (= "cycle", containing antiphons, responsories, hymns, and collects for all Sundays)
- the "Kash Kõl" (= "Collection of all"; the same chants for week-days)
- the "Kdham u-Wathar" (= "Before and after"; certain prayers, psalms, and collects most often used, from the other books)
- the "Gezza" ("Treasury", services for feast-days)
- the Abu-Halim (the name of the compiler, containing collects for the end of the Nocturns on Sundays)
- the "Bautha d'Ninwaie" (= "Prayer of the Ninevites", a collection of hymns ascribed to Ephrem the Syrian, used in Lent).
- the Baptism Office ("Taksa d'Amadha") (generally bound up with the Liturgies)
- the "Taksa d'Siamidha" (containing ordination services)
- the "Taksa d'Husaia" (containing the office for Penance)
- the "Kthawa d'Burrakha" (containing the marriage service)
- the "Kahneita" (containing the burial of clergy)
- the "Annidha" (containing the burial of laypeople)
- the "Khamis" (a collection of hymns)
- the "Warda" (a collection of hymns).
Naturally not every church possesses this varied collection of books. The most necessary ones are printed by the
Coptic
The Coptic Books (in
The Coptic Orthodox Church has a very sumptuously printed set of their books, edited by Gladios Labib, published at Cairo (Katamãrus, 1900–1902; Euchologion, 1904; Funeral Service, 1905).
These books were first grouped and arranged for the Coptic Catholic Church by Raphael Tuki, and printed at Rome in the eighteenth century. Their arrangement is obviously an imitation of that of the Latin service-books (Missale coptice et arabice, 1736; Diurnum alexandrinum copto-arabicum, 1750; Pontificale et Euchologium, 1761, 1762; Rituale coptice et arabice, 1763; Theotokia, 1764). Cyril II, the Uniate Coptic patriarch, published a "missal", "ritual", and "Holy Week book" (Cairo, 1898–1902).
Ethiopian
The Ethiopian service books are, with the exception of the Eucharistic Liturgy (the Missal), the least known of any. Hardly anything of them has been published, and no one seems yet to have made a systematic investigation of liturgical manuscripts in Abyssinia. Since the
Peter the Ethiopian (Petrus Ethyops) published the Liturgy with the baptism service and some blessings at the end of his edition of the Ethiopic New Testament (Tasfa Sion, Rome, 1548). Various students have published fragments of the Rite in Europe (cf. Chaine, "Grammaire éthiopienne", Beirut, 1907; bibliography, p. 269), but these can hardly be called service-books.
Syrian
The Syriac Orthodox (Jacobite) and Catholic-Syrian liturgical books have never been published as a whole. A fragment of the liturgy was published in Syriac and Latin at Antwerp (1572) by Fabricius Boderianus (D. Seven alexandrini ... de ritibus baptismi et sacræ Synaxis).
The Syrian Catholics have a Euchologion (Syriac and Karshuni), published at Rome in 1843 (Missale Syriacum), and a "Book of clerks used in the ecclesiastical ministries" (Liber ministerii, Syriac only, Beirut, 1888). The Divine Office, collected like a Breviary, was published at Mosul in seven volumes (1886–96), the ferial office alone at Rome in 1853, and at Sharfi in the Lebanon (1898). A Ritual – "Book of Ceremony" – for the Syrian Uniats is issued by the Jesuits at Beirut.
Maronite
The Maronites have an abundance of liturgical books for their divine liturgy. The Maronite Synod at Deir al-Luweize (1736) committed a uniform preparation of all their books to the patriarch (Part II, Sess. I, xiii, etc.) These books are all referred to in Western or Latin terms (Missal, Ritual, Pontifical, etc.). The Missal (in this case the name is not incorrect) was published at Rome in 1592 and 1716, since then repeatedly, in whole or in part, at Beirut. Little books containing the Ordinary of the Liturgy with the Anaphora commonly used are issued by many Catholic booksellers at Beirut. The "Book of the Minister" (containing the deacon's and other ministers' parts of the Liturgy) was published at Rome in 1596 and at Beirut in 1888. The "Ferial Office", called Fard, "Burden" or "Duty" (the only one commonly used by the clergy), was issued at Rome in 1890, at Beirut in 1900. The whole Divine Office began to be published at Rome in 1666, but only two volumes of the summer part appeared. A Ritual with various additional prayers was issued at Rome in 1839. All Maronite books are in Syriac and Karshuni.
Armenian
The Armenian Liturgical Books are quite definitely drawn up, arranged, and authorized. They are the only other set among Eastern Churches whose arrangement can be compared to those of the Byzantines. There are eight official Armenian service-books:
- the Directory, or Calendar, corresponding to the Byzantine Typikon,
- the Manual of Mysteries of the Sacred Oblation (= a Euchologion),
- the Book of Ordinations, often bound up with the former,
- the Lectionary,
- the Hymn-book (containing the variable hymns of the Liturgy),
- the Book of Hours (containing the Divine Office and, generally, the deacon's part of the Liturgy),
- the Book of Canticles (containing the hymns of the Office),
- the Mashdotz, or Ritual (containing the rites of the sacraments).
The books of both the Armenian Apostolic Church (Oriental-Orthodox) and Armenian Catholic Church have been published a great number of times; the latest Orthodox editions are those of Constantinople and Jerusalem, the Catholic ones have been issued at Rome, Vienna, and especially Venice (at the Monastery of San Lazaro). There are many extracts from them, especially from the Liturgy.
Lutheran
Martin Luther was in favor of preserving the Mass of the Church and, other than translating it into the vernacular language of the people, he made very few changes to the liturgy. Over the centuries since the days of the Reformation, the many diverging branches of Lutheran denominations – despite developing a wide swath of differing core beliefs, have maintained and cherished the liturgy and its ancient roots. Owing to its widespread diaspora of branches, and especially because of the wide variety of regional languages, customs, and beliefs, there have been many different books of Worship prepared and used by congregations worldwide.[6]
Besides the formal liturgy itself, Lutheran worship books usually contain the orders for the minor services during the week, such as
One particular Lutheran hymnal, used by the Moderate/Liberal Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the largest Lutheran denomination in the U.S., is Evangelical Lutheran Worship. The ELW (as it is called) is also used by a few smaller denominations as well, but is mostly frowned upon by more conservative Lutheran bodies, which use their own versions.[6][7]
Anglican
In the wake of the English Reformation, a reformed liturgy was introduced into the Church of England. The first liturgical book published for general use throughout the church was the Book of Common Prayer (BCP) of 1549, edited by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury.
The work of 1549 was the first prayer book to contain the forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in English and to do so within a single volume; it included
Other official books are published by the member churches for the official use of their churches, such as the Lectionary, Book of Occasional Services, etc.
Anglo-Catholic
In the late 1800s, as part of the
Methodist
John Wesley, the Anglican priest who was a principal leader of the early Methodist revival, wrote that
there is no Liturgy in the world, either in ancient or modern language, which breathes more of a solid, scriptural, rational piety, than the Common Prayer of the Church of England.[9]
When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England because of the American Revolution, John Wesley himself provided a revised version of the Book of Common Prayer called the Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America. Wesley's Sunday Service has shaped the official liturgies of the Methodists ever since. For this reason, Methodist liturgy is decidedly Anglican in its character, though Methodists have generally allowed for more flexibility and freedom in how the liturgy is celebrated than is typical of Anglican churches.
Today, the primary liturgical books of the
Presbyterian
Presbyterianism's first liturgical book is the Book of Common Order, which was written by the denomination's founder, John Knox. The book was published first in Geneva in 1556 under the title Forme of Prayers and was written for use by that city's English Reformed congregation. In 1562 it was adopted by the Church of Scotland, which had been founded two years earlier, and in 1567 was translated into Scottish Gaelic as Foirm na n-Urrnuidheadh for use in the Highlands by Séon Carsuel (John Carswell).
In 1645, the Church of Scotland adopted the Directory for Public Worship, which was written by the Westminster Assembly and intended for use in England, Scotland, and Ireland. It was never translated into Scottish Gaelic.
Since 1906, most Presbyterians in the United States have used their own liturgical book, the Book of Common Worship. Its most recent edition was published in 1993.
Other religions
- The Book of Rites (simplified Chinese: 礼记; traditional Chinese: 禮記, "Liji")
- The : 儀禮, "Yili")
- The Engishiki (延喜式, "The Procedures of the Engi Era") is a book about laws and customs, including liturgical texts
- The Mikagura-uta (Japanese: みかぐらうた, "The Songs for the Service")
See also
- Alternative Service Book, Anglican
- Anglican Missal
- Antiphonary
- Book of Alternative Services, Anglican Church of Canada
- Book of Common Prayer, Anglican Communion
- Breviary
- Christian liturgy
- Common Worship, Anglican
- Euchologion – Eastern Christianity
- Evangeliarium
- Gelasian Sacramentary
- Hymnal
- Irmologion – Eastern Christianity
- Liturgical Movement
- Missal
- Missal of Arbuthnott
- Octavarium Romanum
- Octoechos (liturgy) – Eastern Christianity
- Of Exorcisms and Certain Supplications
- Pentecostarion (Byzantine Rite)
- Roman Missal
- Roman Pontifical
- Roman Processional
- Roman Ritual
- The Book of Common Worship of 1906
- The Book of Common Worship of 1932
- The Book of Common Worship of 1946
- The Book of Common Worship of 1993
- The Book of Worship for Church and Home (1965), Methodist
- The Worshipbook of 1970
- Siddur (Judaism)
- Tonary
- Triodion – Eastern Christianity
- Typikon – Eastern Christianity
- Verona Orational
Notes
- ^ There is also a Psalm 151 included in the Orthodox Psalter, though it is not actually chanted during the Divine Services.
- ^ Originally, these canticles were chanted in their entirety every day, but they gradually came to be replaced by the Canon and are now normally only chanted on weekdays of Great Lent.
- ^ During Great Lent, Kathismata are read at the Little Hours also.
- ^ On non-leap years, the service for February 29 (St. John Cassian) may be chanted at Compline on Feb. 28 or some other more convenient day.
- ^ The Slavonic Apostól will have all of the books of the New Testament (excluding the Gospels and Apocalypse) in their entirety, though not in the same order they are found in most English Bibles (Acts is placed first, etc.).
References
- ^ "Missaal van de Sint-Pietersabdij". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
- ^ Caeremoniale Episcoporum ex decreto Sacrosancti Oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum, auctoritate Pauli Ioannis Pauli II promulgatum Archived 2013-01-31 at archive.today
- ^ Kovalchuk (1974), p. 12.
- ^ Kovalchuk (1974), p. 14.
- ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia cites Badger, "The Nestorians and their Rituals", London, 1852, II, pp. 16–25
- ^ a b "Reforming the Daily Office: Examining Two New Lutheran Books – Lutheran Forum". 2008-05-16. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
- ^ "Evangelical-Lutheran Liturgical Congregations – Helping Lutherans find Liturgical Congregations". www.lutheranliturgy.org. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
- ISBN 1-55126-398-X
- ^ Works of John Wesley, vol. XVI, page 304
Sources
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Liturgical Books". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Kovalchuk, Archpriest Feodor S. (1974), Abridged Typicon (2nd ed.), South Cannna PA: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press (published 1985)
External links
- Media related to Liturgical books at Wikimedia Commons
- Catholic Encyclopedia article