Liverpool
Liverpool | |
---|---|
Three Graces | |
Latin: Deus Nobis Haec Otia Fecit, lit. 'God has granted us this ease' | |
Coordinates: 53°24′34″N 2°58′43″W / 53.4094°N 2.9785°W | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Country | England |
Region | North West |
Ceremonial county | Merseyside |
City region | Liverpool |
Founded | 1207 |
City status | 1880 |
Metropolitan borough | 1 April 1974 |
Administrative HQ | Cunard Building |
Government | |
• Type | Metropolitan borough |
• Body | Liverpool City Council |
• Executive | Leader and cabinet |
• Control | Labour |
• Leader | Liam Robinson (L) |
• Lord Mayor | Mary Rasmussen |
• MPs | 5 MPs
|
Area | 51.5 sq mi (133.5 km2) |
• Land | 43.2 sq mi (111.8 km2) |
• Urban | 42.62 sq mi (110.39 km2) |
• Rank | 185th |
Population (2021)[8] | 486,100 |
• Rank | 12th |
• Density | 11,220/sq mi (4,332/km2) |
• Urban (2021)[9] | 506,565 |
Demonyms |
|
Ethnicity (2021) | |
• Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2021) | |
• Religion | List
|
UTC+1 (BST) | |
Postcode area | |
Dialling code | 0151 |
ISO 3166 code | GB-LIV |
GSS code | E08000012 |
GDP (nominal) | 2021 estimate[11] |
• Total | £15.9 billion |
• Per capita | £32,841 |
Website | liverpool |
Liverpool is a
Liverpool was established as a borough in 1207 in the county of Lancashire and became a significant town in the late seventeenth century, when the port at nearby Chester began to silt up. The Port of Liverpool became heavily involved in the Atlantic slave trade, with the first slave ship departing from the town in 1699. The port also imported much of the cotton required by the neighbouring Lancashire textile mills, and became a major departure point for English and Irish emigrants to North America. In the 19th century, Liverpool rose to global economic importance at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution and built the first intercity railway, the first non-combustible warehouse system (the Royal Albert Dock), and a pioneering elevated electrical railway; it was granted city status in 1880. In common with many British cities, the city entered a period of decline in the mid-20th century, though it experienced unprecedented levels of regeneration after it was selected as the European Capital of Culture in 2008.[16][17]
Liverpool's modern economy is diversified. The city has a significant influence on sectors such as tourism, culture, maritime, hospitality, healthcare, life sciences, advanced manufacturing, creative, and digital.[18][19][20] The city contains the second-highest number of national museums, listed buildings, and listed parks in the UK, with only London having more.[21] It is often used as a filming location due to its architecture, and was one of the top five cities in the UK most visited by overseas tourists in 2022. It is England's only UNESCO City of Music and has produced many notable musical acts, most notably the Beatles, while musicians from the city have released more chart-topping hit singles than anywhere else in the world. It has also produced countless actors, artists, poets, and writers. In sports, the city is known as the home of Premier League football teams Everton FC and Liverpool FC. The city's port was the fourth-largest in the UK in 2020, and numerous shipping and freight lines have headquarters and offices there.
Residents of Liverpool are often called "Scousers" in reference to scouse, a local stew made popular by sailors in the city, and the name is also applied to the distinct local accent. The city has a culturally and ethnically diverse population and historically attracted many immigrants, especially from Ireland, Scandinavia, and Wales. It is the home of the earliest black community in the UK, the earliest Chinese community in Europe, and the first mosque in England.[22]
Toponymy
The name comes from the Old English lifer, meaning thick or muddy water, and pōl, meaning a pool or creek, and is first recorded around 1190 as Liuerpul.[23][24] According to the Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, "The original reference was to a pool or tidal creek now filled up into which two streams drained".[25] The place appearing as Leyrpole, in a legal record of 1418, may also refer to Liverpool.[26] Other origins of the name have been suggested, including "elverpool", a reference to the large number of eels in the Mersey.[27] The adjective "Liverpudlian" was first recorded in 1833.[24]
Although the Old English origin of the name Liverpool is beyond dispute, claims are sometimes made that the name Liverpool is of Welsh origin, but these are without foundation. The Welsh name for Liverpool is Lerpwl, from a former English local form Leerpool. This is a reduction of the form "Leverpool" with the loss of the intervocalic [v] (seen in other English names and words e.g. Daventry (Northamptonshire) > Danetry, never-do-well > ne’er-do-well).
In the 19th century, some Welsh publications used the name "Lle'r Pwll" ("(the) place (of) the pool"), a reinterpretation of Lerpwl, probably in the belief that "Lle'r Pwll" was the original form.
Another name, which is widely known even today, is Llynlleifiad, again a 19th-century coining. "Llyn" is pool, but "lleifiad" has no obvious meaning. G. Melville Richards (1910–1973), a pioneer of scientific toponymy in Wales, in "Place Names of North Wales",[28] does not attempt to explain it beyond noting that "lleifiad" is used as a Welsh equivalent of "Liver".
A derivative form of a learned borrowing into Welsh (*llaf) of Latin lāma (slough, bog, fen) to give "lleifiad" is possible, but unproven.
History
Early history
In the
In the 17th century, there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for control of the town were waged during the
As trade from the
19th century
The 19th century saw Liverpool rise to global economic importance. Pioneering, world first, technology and civic facilities launched in the city to serve the accelerating population which was fuelled by an influx of ethnic and religious communities from all around the world.
By the start of the 19th century, a large volume of trade was passing through Liverpool, and the construction of major buildings reflected this wealth. In 1830, Liverpool and
In her poetical illustration "Liverpool" (1832), which celebrates the city's worldwide commerce, Letitia Elizabeth Landon refers specifically to the Macgregor Laird expedition to the Niger River, at that time in progress.[45] This is to a painting by Samuel Austin, Liverpool, from the Mersey.[46]
Britain was a major market for cotton imported from the Deep South of the United States, which fed the textile industry in the country. Given the crucial place cotton held in the city's economy, during the American Civil War Liverpool was, in the words of historian Sven Beckert, "the most pro-Confederate place in the world outside the Confederacy itself."[47] Liverpool merchants helped to bring out cotton from ports blockaded by the Union Navy, built ships of war for the Confederacy, and supplied the South with military equipment and credit.[48]
During the war, the Confederate Navy ship, the CSS Alabama, was built at Birkenhead on the Mersey, and the CSS Shenandoah surrendered there (being the final surrender at the end of the war). The city was also the center of Confederate purchasing war materiel, including arms and ammunition, uniforms, and naval supplies to be smuggled by British blockade runners to the South.[49]
For periods during the 19th century, the wealth of Liverpool exceeded that of London,
In the early 19th century, Liverpool played a major role in the Antarctic sealing industry, in recognition of which Liverpool Beach in the South Shetland Islands is named after the city.[54]
As early as 1851, the city was described as "the New York of Europe".
20th century
The 20th century saw Liverpool's established rank as a global economic powerhouse challenged. Its strategic location as an international seaport made it particularly vulnerable in two World wars. Economic depressions (both in the United Kingdom and across the world), changing housing patterns and containerisation in the maritime industry contributed to a downtrend in the city's productivity and prosperity. Despite this, the city's influence on global popular culture excelled and by the end of the century, the continuing process of urban renewal paved the way for the redefined modern city of the 21st century.
The period after the
The
During the
The Luftwaffe made 80 air raids on Merseyside, killing 2,500 people and causing damage to almost half the homes in the metropolitan area. Significant rebuilding followed the war, including massive housing estates and the Seaforth Dock, the largest dock project in Britain. Since 1952, Liverpool has been twinned with Cologne, Germany, a city which also suffered severe aerial bombing during the war. In the 1950s and 1960s, much of the immediate reconstruction that took place in the city centre proved to be deeply unpopular. The historic portions of the city that had survived German bombing suffered extensive destruction during urban renewal. It has been argued that the so-called 'Shankland Plan' of the 1960s, named after the town planner Graeme Shankland, led to compromised town planning and vast road-building schemes that devastated and divided inner city neighbourhoods. Concrete brutalist architecture, compromised visions, botched projects and grand designs that were never realised became the subject of condemnation. Historian Raphael Samuel labelled Graeme Shankland "the butcher of Liverpool".[61][62][63][64]
A significant West Indian black community has existed in the city since the first two decades of the 20th century. Like most British cities and industrialised towns, Liverpool became home to a significant number of Commonwealth immigrants, beginning after World War I with colonial soldiers and sailors who had served in the area. More immigrants arrived after World War II, mostly settling in older inner-city areas such as Toxteth, where housing was less expensive. The black population of Liverpool was recorded at 1.90% in 2011. In the 2021 Census, 5.2% described themselves as black African, Caribbean, mixed white and black African, mixed white and Caribbean or 'other black'.[65][66]
The construction of suburban public housing expanded after the Second World War. Some of the older inner-city areas were redeveloped for new homes.
In the 1960s, Liverpool was the centre of the "
Previously part of Lancashire, and a county borough from 1889, Liverpool became a
21st century
Ongoing regeneration combined with the hosting of internationally significant events has helped to re-purpose Liverpool as one of the most visited, tourist orientated, cities in the United Kingdom. City leaders are focussing on long-term strategies to grow the city's population and economy, while national government explores the continuous potential for devolution in the city.
In 2002, Queen
Capitalising on the popularity of 1960s rock groups, such as the Beatles, as well as the city's world-class art galleries, museums and landmarks, tourism and culture have become a significant factor in Liverpool's economy.
In 2004, property developer Grosvenor started the Paradise Project, a £920 million development based on Paradise Street. This produced one of the most significant changes to Liverpool's city centre since the post-war reconstruction. Renamed as 'Liverpool One,' the centre opened in May 2008.
In 2007, events and celebrations took place in honour of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the borough of Liverpool. Liverpool was designated as a joint European Capital of Culture for 2008. The celebrations included the erection of La Princesse, a large mechanical spider 20 metres high and weighing 37 tonnes, which represented the "eight legs" of Liverpool: honour, history, music, the Mersey, the ports, governance, sunshine and culture. La Princesse roamed the streets of the city during the festivities, and concluded by entering the Queensway Tunnel.
Spearheaded by the multi-billion-
Changes to Liverpool's governance took place in 2014. The local authority of Liverpool City Council decided to pool its power and resources with surrounding boroughs through the formation of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority in a form of devolution. With a devolved budget granted by central government, the authority now oversees and invests in foremost strategic affairs throughout the Liverpool City Region, including major regeneration projects. The authority, along with Liverpool City Council itself, has embarked on long-term plans to grow the population and economy of the city.[81][82][83][84]
By the 2020s, urban regeneration throughout the city continues. Liverpool Waters, a mixed-use development in the city's disused northern docklands, has been identified as one of the largest megaprojects in the UK's history. Everton's new stadium at Bramley-Moore Dock was regarded as the largest single-site private sector development in the United Kingdom at the time of construction.[85][86]
Major events, business and political conferences regularly take place in the city and form an important part of the economy. In June 2014, Prime Minister David Cameron launched the International Festival for Business in Liverpool, the world's largest business event in 2014,[87] and the largest in the UK since the Festival of Britain in 1951.[88] The Labour Party has chosen Liverpool numerous times since the mid 2010s for their annual Labour Party Conference. Liverpool hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2023.
Inventions and innovations
Liverpool has been a centre of invention and innovation. Railways, transatlantic steamships, municipal trams,[89] and electric trains were all pioneered in Liverpool as modes of mass transit. In 1829 and 1836, the first railway tunnels in the world were constructed under Liverpool (Wapping Tunnel). From 1950 to 1951, the world's first scheduled passenger helicopter service ran between Liverpool and Cardiff.[90]
The first
The first
The world's first integrated sewer system was constructed in Liverpool by James Newlands, appointed in 1847 as the UK's first borough engineer.[112][113] Liverpool also founded the UK's first Underwriters' Association[114] and the first Institute of Accountants. The Western world's first financial derivatives (cotton futures) were traded on the Liverpool Cotton Exchange in the late 1700s.[115]
In the arts, Liverpool was home to the first lending library (
In 1864, Peter Ellis built the world's first iron-framed, curtain-walled office building, Oriel Chambers, which was a prototype of the skyscraper. The UK's first purpose-built department store was Compton House, completed in 1867 for the retailer J.R. Jeffrey.[120] It was the largest store in the world at the time.[121]
Between 1862 and 1867, Liverpool held an annual Grand Olympic Festival. Devised by John Hulley and Charles Pierre Melly, these games were the first to be wholly amateur in nature and international in outlook.[122][123] The programme of the first modern Olympiad in Athens in 1896 was almost identical to that of the Liverpool Olympics.[124] In 1865, Hulley co-founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool, a forerunner of the British Olympic Association. Its articles of foundation provided the framework for the Olympic Charter.
A concept devised by retail entrepreneur David Lewis, the first Christmas grotto opened in Lewis's department store in Liverpool in 1879.[125] Sir Alfred Lewis Jones, a shipowner, introduced bananas to the UK via Liverpool's docks in 1884.[126] The Mersey Railway, opened in 1886, incorporated the world's first tunnel under a tidal estuary[127] and the world's first deep-level underground stations (Liverpool James Street railway station).
In 1889, borough engineer
In 1897, the Lumière brothers filmed Liverpool,[130] including what is believed to be the world's first tracking shot,[131] taken from the Liverpool Overhead Railway, the world's first elevated electrified railway. The Overhead Railway was the first railway in the world to use electric multiple units, employ automatic signalling, and install an escalator.
Liverpool inventor
In 1999, Liverpool was the first city outside London to be awarded
Government
For the purposes of local government, the city of Liverpool is classified as a metropolitan borough. The metropolitan borough is located within both the county of Merseyside and the Liverpool City Region. Each of these geographical areas is treated as an administrative area with different levels of local governance applying to each.
Nevertheless, there are a few exceptions to local governance apart from these two structures. Liverpool was administered by Merseyside County Council between 1974 and 1986 and some residual aspects of organisation which date back to this time have survived. When the County Council was disbanded in 1986, most civic functions were transferred to Liverpool City Council. However, several authorities such as the police and fire and rescue service, continue to be run at a county-wide level. The county of Merseyside, therefore, continues to exist as an administrative area for a few limited services only, while the capability and capacity of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority is evolving over time.[135]
The city also elects five
City Council Leader and Cabinet
Liverpool City Council operates under a constitution comprising 85 city councillors who are directly elected by the Liverpool electorate every 4 years and represent a variety of different political parties. The city councillors make decisions about local services for the city's people.
At each election, the political party that wins the majority of the 85 council seats leads the council for the following 4 years. The local leader of this party assumes the role of Leader of the City Council who then chairs a Cabinet of 9 councillors who are assigned specific responsibilities known as 'portfolios'.
The incumbent Leader of Liverpool City Council is Councillor Liam Robinson, who represents the Labour Party, which secured a large majority at the 2023 local election.[137]
The City Council's decisions and scrutiny of activities are undertaken by a number of different committees and panels which include the Overview and Scrutiny Committees, Scrutiny Panels, Regulatory Committees and other committees. The day-to-day management of the council is carried out by the management team which includes the Chief Executive and several directors and senior officers. The management team works with the Cabinet and councillors to deliver strategic direction and priorities such as the budget and the City Plan.[138][139]
Liverpool City Council elections
Every 4 years, the city elects 85
During the 2023 Liverpool City Council election, the Labour Party consolidated its control of Liverpool City Council, following on from the previous elections. Out of the total 85 City Council seats up for election, The Labour Party won 61 seats (53.13% of the electorate's total votes), the Liberal Democrats won 15 seats (21.61% of the votes), the Green Party won 3 seats (9.76% of the votes), the Liverpool Community Independents won 3 seats (4.64% of the votes) and the Liberal Party won the remaining 3 seats (3.21% of the votes). The Conservative Party, the political party in power at national government, had no representation on Liverpool City Council. Only 27.27% of the eligible Liverpool electorate turned out to vote.[141]
Throughout most of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Liverpool was a municipal stronghold of Toryism. However, support for the Conservative Party in recent times has been among the lowest in any part of Britain, particularly since the monetarist economic policies of former prime minister Margaret Thatcher. After the 1979 general election, many have claimed that her victory contributed to longstanding high unemployment and decline in the city.[142] Liverpool is one of the Labour Party's key strongholds; however, the city has also seen hard times under Labour governments also. Particularly in the Winter of Discontent (late 1978 and early 1979) when Liverpool suffered public sector strikes along with the rest of the United Kingdom, but also when it suffered the particularly humiliating misfortune of having grave-diggers going on strike, leaving the dead unburied for long periods.[143]
City Council criticism and improvement
In recent years, Liverpool City Council began an extensive improvement program designed to ensure that the authority makes efficient use of taxpayer's money and to encourage more business and investment in the city. Grosvenor Group, the property company responsible for Liverpool One, commended the changes as an "opportunity for bold thinking in liverpool".[144]
In 2021, a highly critical government inspection and subsequent report of Liverpool City Council (referred to as the Caller report) identified multiple shortcomings at Liverpool City Council. The Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, Robert Jenrick sent government commissioners to oversee the City Council's highways, regeneration, property management, governance and financial decision-making. The authority was compelled to commit to a three-year improvement plan in which the entire structure of the council would be overhauled. As a result of the intervention, major structural changes at the City Council took place by the 2023 United Kingdom local elections, which were labelled "the most unpredictable [elections] in the city's history". The number of electoral wards in the city was doubled from 30 to 64, while the overall number of City Councillors up for election was reduced from 90 to 85. In future, the council would also change to 'all out' elections every four years whereby every single City Councillor would be eligible for re-election at the same time. The role of elected city mayor was also abolished and the Council reverted to the previous Leader and Cabinet style of leadership. The outcome of the elections were seen not only as a test of how the general public would respond to the government intervention in the city, but also to Prime Minister Rishi Sunak's government as a whole.[145][146][147][148]
Councillor
In February 2008, Liverpool City Council was reported to be the worst-performing council in the country, receiving just a one-star rating (classified as inadequate). The main cause of the poor rating was attributed to the council's poor handling of tax-payer money, including the accumulation of a £20m shortfall while the city held the title of European Capital of Culture.[150]
Lord Mayor of Liverpool
The Lord Mayor of Liverpool is an ancient ceremonial role. Councillors within Liverpool City Council (not the general public) elect the Lord Mayor annually, who then serves a one-year term. The Lord Mayor is styled as the 'first citizen' and is chosen to represent the city at civic functions and engagements, promote it to the wider world, support local charities and community groups, attend religious events, meet delegates from Liverpool's twin cities, chair council meetings and confer Honorary Freemen and associations.[151]
Metro Mayor of Liverpool City Region
The City of Liverpool is one of the six constituent local government districts of the
Parliamentary constituencies and MPs
Liverpool is included within five
Geography
Environment
Liverpool has been described as having "the most splendid setting of any English city."[154] At 53°24′0″N 2°59′0″W / 53.40000°N 2.98333°W (53.4, −2.98), 176 miles (283 kilometres) northwest of London, located on the Liverpool Bay of the Irish Sea the city of Liverpool is built across a ridge of sandstone hills rising up to a height of around 230 feet (70 m) above sea-level at Everton Hill, which represents the southern boundary of the West Lancashire Coastal Plain.
The
Climate
Liverpool | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Liverpool experiences a
The lowest amount of sunshine on record was 16.5 hours in December 1927 whereas the most was 314.5 hours in July 2013.[157][158]
Tornado activity or funnel cloud formation is very rare in and around the Liverpool area and tornadoes that do form are usually weak. Recent tornadoes or funnel clouds in Merseyside have been seen in 1998 and 2014.[159][160]
During the period 1981–2010, Crosby recorded an average of 32.8 days of air frost per year, which is low for the United Kingdom.[161] Snow is fairly common during the winter although heavy snow is rare. Snow generally falls between November and March but can occasionally fall earlier and later. In recent times, the earliest snowfall was on 1 October 2008[162] while the latest occurred on 15 May 2012.[163] Although historically, the earliest snowfall occurred on 10 September 1908[164] and the latest on 2 June 1975.[165]
Rainfall, although light, is quite a common occurrence in Liverpool, with the wettest month on record being August 1956, which recorded 221.2 mm (8.71 in) of rain and the driest being February 1932, with 0.9 mm (0.035 in).[166] The driest year on record was 1991, with 480.5 mm (18.92 in) of rainfall and the wettest was 1872, with 1,159.9 mm (45.67 in).[167]
Climate data for Crosby[a] WMO ID: 03316; coordinates 53°29′50″N 3°03′28″W / 53.49721°N 3.05767°W; elevation: 30 m (98 ft); 1991–2020 normals,[b][c] extremes 1867–present[d] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.1 (59.2) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
28.2 (82.8) |
30.7 (87.3) |
35.5 (95.9) |
34.5 (94.1) |
30.4 (86.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
15.8 (60.4) |
35.5 (95.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) |
7.9 (46.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.7 (63.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
8.0 (46.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
6.9 (44.4) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
14.5 (58.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
5.6 (42.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
8.5 (47.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.1 (8.4) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
1.0 (33.8) |
5.0 (41.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−17.6 (0.3) |
−17.6 (0.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 69.4 (2.73) |
57.1 (2.25) |
53.3 (2.10) |
49.8 (1.96) |
52.5 (2.07) |
64.4 (2.54) |
65.5 (2.58) |
72.1 (2.84) |
76.6 (3.02) |
89.7 (3.53) |
82.2 (3.24) |
91.9 (3.62) |
824.3 (32.45) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13.8 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 10.4 | 11.0 | 12.2 | 11.8 | 14.4 | 15.5 | 15.4 | 146.9 |
Average snowy days | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 22 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
85.1 | 83.5 | 80.7 | 77.9 | 76.6 | 78.9 | 79.0 | 80.1 | 81.9 | 84.6 | 85.1 | 85.6 | 80.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 56.0 | 70.3 | 105.1 | 154.2 | 207.0 | 191.5 | 197.0 | 175.2 | 132.7 | 97.3 | 65.8 | 46.8 | 1,499.1 |
Mean daily daylight hours | 8.2 | 9.9 | 11.9 | 14.1 | 15.9 | 16.9 | 16.4 | 14.7 | 12.7 | 10.5 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 12.3 |
Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Source 1: Met Office[168] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: National Oceanography Centre[169] WeatherAtlas[170] CEDA Archive[171] |
- ^ Weather station is located 7 miles (11 km) from the Liverpool city centre.
- ^ Sunshine hours were recorded at the Bidston Observatory from the period of 1971–2000.
- ^ Humidity was recorded at the Bidston Observatory for the period of 1975–June 2002. The period Jul–Sep 1992 has no record, with Jan–May 2001 reporting unreliabe data.
- ^ From 1867–2002, extremes were recorded at the Bidston Observatory in Wirral. Since 1983, extremes were recorded at Crosby, Sefton.
Human
Suburbs and districts
Suburbs and districts of Liverpool include:
- Aigburth
- Allerton
- Anfield
- Belle Vale
- Broadgreen
- Canning
- Childwall
- Chinatown
- City Centre
- Clubmoor
- Croxteth
- Dingle
- Dovecot
- Edge Hill
- Everton
- Fairfield
- Fazakerley
- Garston
- Gateacre
- Gillmoss
- Grassendale
- Hunt's Cross
- Kensington
- Kirkdale
- Knotty Ash
- Mossley Hill
- Netherley
- Norris Green
- Oglet
- Old Swan
- Orrell Park
- St Michael's Hamlet
- Speke
- Stoneycroft
- Toxteth
- Tuebrook
- Vauxhall
- Walton
- Wavertree
- West Derby
- Woolton
Green Liverpool
UK core cities – Population and population density (Number of usual residents per km2) (2021)[172][173][174][175] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Core City | Population | Population density | |
Birmingham | 1,144,900 | 4275.4 | |
Leeds | 812,000 | 1471.7 | |
Glasgow | 635,130 | 3637 | |
Sheffield | 556,500 | 1512.5 | |
Manchester | 552,000 | 4772.7 | |
Liverpool | 486,100 | 4346.1 | |
Bristol | 472,400 | 4308.1 | |
Cardiff | 362,400 | 2571.3 | |
Belfast | 345,418 | 2597.8 | |
Nottingham | 323,700 | 4337.6 | |
Newcastle | 300,200 | 2646.1 |
In 2010, Liverpool City Council and the Primary Care Trust commissioned the Mersey Forest to complete "A Green Infrastructure Strategy" for the city.[176]
Green belt
Liverpool is a core urban element of a
Due to being already highly built up, the city contains limited portions of protected green belt area within greenfield throughout the borough at Fazakerley, Croxteth Hall and country park and Craven Wood, Woodfields Park and nearby golf courses in Netherley, small greenfield tracts east of the Speke area by the St Ambrose primary school, and the small hamlet of Oglet and the surrounding area south of Liverpool Airport.[178]
The green belt was first drawn up in 1983 under Merseyside County Council[179] and the size in the city amounts to 530 hectares (5.3 km2; 2.0 sq mi).[180]
Demonyms
Scouser
This section
may contain verify the text.(April 2024) ) |
Since the mid-20th century, Scouser has become the predominant demonym for the inhabitants of Liverpool, and is strongly associated with the Scouse accent and dialect of the city.[181] The Scouse accent is described as progressively diverging from the Lancastrian accent in the late 19th century.[182][183][184][185][186]
The etymology of Scouser is derived from the traditional dish Scouse brought to the area by sailors travelling through Liverpool's port.[187][186][188]
Other demonyms
Prior to the establishment of Scouser as there have been a number of different terms used to refer to inhabitants of Liverpool of varying popularity and longevity:
- Liverpoldon (17th century)[189]
- Leeirpooltonian (17th Century)[186]
- Liverpolitan (19th century)[190]
- Liverpudlian (19th century to present)[191]
Professor Tony Crowley argues that up until the 1950s, inhabitants of Liverpool were generally referred to by a number of demonyms. He argues that there was a debate in the mid 20th century between the two rival terms of 'Liverpolitan' and 'Liverpudlian'. The debate surrounded the lexicology of these terms and their connotations of social class.[188][192]
Professor John Belchem suggests that a series of other nicknames such as 'Dick Liver', 'Dicky Sam' and 'whacker' were used, but gradually fell out of use. Belchem and Philip Boland suggest that comedic radio presenters and entertainers brought the Liverpool identity to a national audience, which in turn encouraged locals to be gradually more known as 'scousers'. By the time that Frank Shaw's My Liverpool, a Celebration of 'Scousetown' was published in 1971, Belchem argues that 'Scouser' had firmly become the dominant demonym.[181][193][194]
Demography
Population
Historical population of Liverpool (numbers vary by source) Sources:[195][196][197][198][199][200][201][202][203][204][205] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Date | Population | Notes | |
1207 | Borough of Liverpool founded by John, King of England. The economy was focused on agricultural and food processing, grain mills and warehouses until the 16th century. | ||
1272 | 840 | ||
14th century | 1,000 – 1,200 | Population roughly 1,000 in 1300. Because Liverpool was a port, it was more at risk from the spread of disease. Townspeople lived partly by farming and fishing. Some were craftsmen or tradesmen such as bakers, brewers, butchers, blacksmiths, and carpenters. A watermill existed to ground grain into flour for the townspeople's bread, and there was a windmill. Black Death wiped out whole families and bodies were buried in a mass grave at St Nicholas's churchyard. | |
16th century | Ireland was still Liverpool's main trading partner. In 1540, a writer said: "Irish merchants come much hither as to a good harbor". He also said there was "good merchandise at Liverpool and much Irish yarn, that Manchester men buy there". Skins and hides were still imported from Ireland. Exports from Liverpool included coal, woolen cloth, knives and leather goods. There were still many fishermen in Liverpool. In the mid 16th century, the town was under the control of the country gentry and trade was slow. The population dropped to below 600, in part due to deaths in the 1558 plague when a third of the townspeople died. Further plague outbreaks took place in 1609, 1647 and 1650 which led to static or retrogressive population levels. The town was regarded as subordinate to Chester until the 1650s. | ||
1600 | <2,000 | English troops bound for rebellions in Ireland settled in the 16th and early 17th centuries. | |
1626 | Charles I of England issued new Charter for the town. Trade with other cities, Ireland, Isle of Man, France and Spain increased. Fish and wool was exported to the Continent, and wines, iron and other commodities imported. In the following decades, merchants invested in Liverpool and its importance grew. Regular shipping began to America and West Indies. Liverpool was controlled by the Crown, the Molyneux and Stanley families. | ||
1642 | 2,500 | Liverpool overtook Chester in exporting coal and salt in early 17th century, especially to Ireland. | |
1644 | During English Civil War, Prince Rupert led a royalist army to capture Liverpool. He described the town as a "mere crow's nest which a parcel of boys could take". He stormed Liverpool Castle in the 'Siege of Liverpool' with considerable slaughter. | ||
1647 | Liverpool was made a free and independent port, no longer subject to Chester. | ||
1648 | First recorded cargo from America landed at Liverpool. | ||
Late 17th century | Liverpool grew rapidly with the growth of Protestants who did not belong to the Church of England). It's a very rich trading town, the houses are of brick and stone, built high and even so that a street looks very handsome. The streets are well paved. There is an abundance of persons who are well dressed and fashionable. The streets are fair and long. It's London in miniature as much as I ever saw anything. There is a very pretty exchange. It stands on 8 pillars, over which is a very handsome Town Hall ."
| ||
1700 | 5,714 | First recorded Liverpool slave ship, the 'Liverpool Merchant', sold a cargo of 220 slaves in Barbados. In the early 1700s, the writer Daniel Defoe said: "Liverpool has an opulent, flourishing and increasing trade to Virginia and English colonies in America. They trade around the whole island (of Great Britain), send ships to Norway, to Hamburg, and to the Baltic as also to Holland and Flanders (roughly modern Belgium)." Welsh people in search of work and opportunity made up a large amount of population in early 18th century. | |
1715 | World's first wet dock opened in Liverpool, symbolising a new era in the town's growth, the starting point of the 18th century boom in Liverpool's fortunes. | ||
1720s | Liverpool Castle demolished (built in the 1230s) | ||
1750 | 20,000 | ||
1795 | Influx of Irish, Welsh, Scandinavian and Dutch communities grew the town rapidly. Most of the population were not native to Liverpool. | ||
1797 | 77,708 | ||
1801 | 77,000 – 85,000 | ||
1811 | 94,376 | ||
1821 | 118,972 | ||
1831 | 165,175 | ||
1835 | Boundary of Liverpool expanded to include Everton, Kirkdale and parts of Toxteth and West Derby. Liverpool was second only to London in importance. Poor, overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions led to disease and epidemics of cholera in 1830s to 1860s. | ||
1841 | 286,487 | ||
1851 | 375,955 | At the height of the potato famine, Liverpool's Irish born population peaked to about 83,000–90,000. 43,000 were settled in the area around the docks. More Irish people lived in Liverpool than the majority of Irish towns. 40% of the world's trade was passing through Liverpool's docks. | |
1861 | 413,000 – 462,749 | ||
1871 | 493,405 – 539,248 | ||
1880 | Liverpool officially became a city. | ||
1881 | 552,508 – 648,616 | ||
1891 | 617,032 – 644,243 | ||
1895 | Boundary of Liverpool expanded to include Wavertree, Walton, and parts of Toxteth and West Derby. | ||
1901 | 684,958 – 711,030 | ||
1902 | Boundary of Liverpool expanded to include Garston, Aigburth, Cressington and Grassendale. | ||
1904 | Boundary of Liverpool expanded to include Fazakerley. | ||
1907 | 746,144 | ||
1911 | 746,421 – 766,044 | ||
1913 | Boundary of Liverpool expanded to include Woolton and Gateacre. | ||
1921 | 805,046 – 821,000 | ||
1931 | 855,688 | ||
1937 | 867,000 | The highest recorded population of Liverpool city proper. | |
1941 | 806,271 | Liverpool's population fell in the following decades, largely due to the new towns movement and the British government's policy to displace thousands of people from major British cities (including Central Liverpool) to various new towns such as Kirkby, Skelmersdale, Runcorn and Warrington. Liverpool's downward population trend continued until the early 21st century as people escaped rising unemployment and increasing deprivation. | |
1951 | 765,641 – 768,337 | ||
1961 | 683,133 – 737,637 | ||
1971 | 595,252 – 607,454 | ||
1981 | 492,164 – 503,726 | High levels of unemployment led to significant numbers of people leaving the city. | |
1991 | 448,629 – 480,196 | ||
2001 | 439,428 – 439,476 | Liverpool's population steadily increased again, partly attributed to a rise in students, student accommodation, young professionals, and increased job opportunities through urban regeneration. | |
2011 | 466,415 | ||
2021 | 486,100 |
The city
The city of Liverpool is at the core of a much larger and more populous metropolitan area, however, at the most recent UK Census in 2021, the area governed by Liverpool City Council had a population of 486,100, a 4.2% increase from the previous Census in 2011. This figure increased to 500,500 people by 2022, according to data from Liverpool City Council.
Taking in to account how local government is organised within the cities and metropolitan areas of England, the city of Liverpool was the fifth largest of England's 'core cities' and had the second overall highest population density of those, by 2021.[206][207][208]
The population of the city has steadily risen since the 2001 Census. As well as having a growing population, the population density also grew at the 2021 Census compared to the previous Census. This makes Liverpool the second most densely populated local authority in North West England, after Manchester.
The population of the city is comparatively younger than that of England as a whole. Family life in the city is also growing at odds with the North West England region as a whole: At the 2021 Census, the percentage of households including a couple without children increased in Liverpool, but fell across the North West. The percentage of people aged 16 years and over (excluding full-time students) who were employed also increased in Liverpool compared to the overall North West region where it fell.
The 2021 Census also showed that Liverpool's ethnic and international population was growing. The number of residents in the city born outside of England has increased since the previous Census, while the number of residents who did not identify with any national identity associated with the UK has also increased at a faster rate than England as a whole. The overall share of the city's population who identified as Asian and Black increased, while the percentage who identified as white decreased in the city compared with previous Census.[209]
It has been argued that the city can claim to have one of the strongest Irish heritages in the United Kingdom, with as many as 75 percent (estimated) of Liverpool's population with some form of Irish ancestry.[210]
The growing population of Liverpool in the 21st century reverses a trend which took place between the 1930s and 2001, when the population of the city proper effectively halved.
At the 1931 United Kingdom census, Liverpool's population reached an all-time high of 846,302. Following this peak, in response to central government policy, the Council authority of Liverpool then built and owned large several 'new town' council estates in the suburbs within Liverpool's metropolitan area. Tens of thousands of people were systematically relocated to new housing in areas such as Halton, Knowsley, St Helens, Sefton, Wirral, Cheshire West and Chester, West Lancashire, Warrington and as far as North Wales.
Such a mass relocation and population loss during this time was common practice for many British cities, including London and Manchester, In contrast, satellite towns such as Kirkby, Skelmersdale and Runcorn saw a corresponding rise in their populations (Kirkby being the fastest growing town in Britain during the 1960s).[211][212][213][214]
Urban and metropolitan area
Liverpool is typically grouped with the wider Merseyside (plus Halton) area for the purpose of defining its metropolitan footprint, and there are several methodologies. Sometimes, this metropolitan area is broadened to encompass urban settlements in the neighbouring counties of Lancashire and Cheshire.
The Office for National Statistics in the United Kingdom uses the international standardised International Territorial Levels (ITLs) to divide up the economic territory of the UK. This enables the ONS to calculate regional and local statistics and data. The ONS uses a series of codes to identify these areas. In order of hierarchy from largest area to smallest area, Liverpool is part of the following regions:[215][216][217]
ITL 1 region
North West England (code TLD)
At the 2021 Census, the ITL 1 region of North West England had a usual resident population of 7,417,300.[218]
ITL 2 region
Merseyside (code TLD7)
The ITL 2 region of Merseyside is defined as the area comprising East Merseyside (TLD71) plus Liverpool (TLD72), Sefton (TLD73) and Wirral (TLD74).
At the 2021 Census, the population of this area was as follows:[219]
East Merseyside (TLD71):
- Halton = 128,200
- Knowsley = 154,500
- St. Helens = 183,200
Liverpool (TLD72) = 486,100
Sefton (TLD73) = 279,300
Wirral (TLD74) = 320,200
Therefore, the total population of the ITL 2 Merseyside region was 1,551,500 based on the 2021 Census.
ITL 3 region
The smallest ITL 3 area classed as Liverpool (code TLD72), therefore, had a population of 486,100 at the 2021 Census.
Other definitions
At the 2021 Census, the ONS used a refreshed concept of built-up areas (BUAs) based on the physical built environment, using satellite imagery to recognise developed land, such as cities, towns, and villages. This allows the ONS to investigate economic and social statistics based on actual settlements where most people live. Data from the 2021 Census is not directly comparable with 2011 Census data due to this revised methodology. Using the population figures of BUAs at the 2021 Census (excluding London), Liverpool Built-up Area is the third largest in England with some 506,565 usual residents (behind only Birmingham and Leeds). Liverpool's built-up area is, therefore, larger than the major English cities of Bristol, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham and Sheffield.[220]
Excluding London, the
A 2011 report, Liverpool City Region – Building on its Strengths, by
In 2006, in an attempt to harmonise the series of metropolitan areas across the European Union, ESPON (now European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion) released a study defining a "Liverpool/Birkenhead Metropolitan area" with an estimated population of 2,241,000 people. The metro area comprised a functional urban area consisting of a contiguous urban sprawl, labour pool, and commuter Travel to work areas. The analysis defined this metropolitan area as Liverpool itself, combined with the surrounding areas of Birkenhead, Wigan/Ashton, Warrington, Widnes/Runcorn, Chester, Southport, Ellesmere Port, Ormskirk and Skelmersdale.[226]
Liverpool and Manchester are sometimes considered as one large polynuclear metropolitan area,
Ethnicity
In recent decades, Liverpool's population is becoming more multicultural. According to the 2021 census, 77% of all Liverpool residents described their ethnic group as White English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish or British. The remaining 23% were described as non-White English/British. Between 2011 and 2021, there was population growth across all ethnic groups, except 'White English/British' and 'Any Other', where there were overall losses. The number of 'Other White residents' in Liverpool also increased by almost 12,000 people, with notable increases in the 'Other Asian', 'Arab', and 'Other Mixed/Multiple' population categories. The non-White English/British population as a percentage of the total population across the 'newly organised city electoral wards' ranged from 5% in the Orrell Park ward to 69% in the Princes Park ward. 9 out of 10 Liverpool residents regarded English as their main language. The highest non-English languages in the city were Arabic (5,743 main speakers) followed by Polish (4,809 main speakers). Overall, almost 45,000 residents had a main language that was not English.[230]
According to a 2014 survey, the ten most popular surnames of Liverpool and their occurrence in the population are:[231][232]
- 1. Jones – 23,012
- 2. Smith – 16,276
- 3. Williams – 13,997
- 4. Davies – 10,149
- 5. Hughes – 9,787
- 6. Roberts – 9,571
- 7. Taylor – 8,219
- 8. Johnson – 6,715
- 9. Brown – 6,603
- 10. Murphy – 6,495
Liverpool is home to Britain's oldest Black community, dating to at least the 1730s. Some Liverpudlians can trace their black ancestry in the city back ten generations.[233] Early Black settlers in the city included seamen, the children of traders sent to be educated, and freed slaves, since slaves entering the country after 1722 were deemed free men.[234] Since the 20th century, Liverpool is also noted for its large African-Caribbean,[10] Ghanaian,[235] and Somali[236] communities, formed of more recent African-descended immigrants and their subsequent generations.
The city is also home to the oldest Chinese community in Europe; the first residents of the city's Chinatown arrived as seamen in the 19th century.[237] The traditional Chinese gateway erected in Liverpool's Chinatown is the largest gateway outside China. Liverpool also has a long-standing Filipino community. Lita Roza, a singer from Liverpool who was the first woman to achieve a UK number one hit, had Filipino ancestry.
Ethnic breakdown in Liverpool – (UK Census 2021)[238][239] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ethnic group | Population | Percentage | |
White: English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish or British | 375,785 | 77.3 | |
White: Other White | 24,162 | 5 | |
Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African: African | 12,709 | 2.6 | |
Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh: Chinese | 8,841 | 1.8 | |
Other ethnic group: Arab | 8,312 | 1.7 | |
Other ethnic group: Any other ethnic group | 7,722 | 1.6 | |
Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh: Other Asian | 7,085 | 1.5 | |
White: Irish | 6,826 | 1.4 | |
Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh: Indian | 6,251 | 1.3 | |
Mixed or multiple ethnic groups: Other mixed or multiple ethnic groups | 4,934 | 1 | |
Mixed or multiple ethnic groups: White and Black African | 4,157 | 0.9 | |
Mixed or multiple ethnic groups: White and Black Caribbean | 4,127 | 0.8 | |
Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh: Pakistani | 3,673 | 0.8 | |
Mixed or multiple ethnic groups: White and Asian | 3,662 | 0.8 | |
Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African: Other Black | 2,762 | 0.6 | |
Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh: Bangladeshi | 1,917 | 0.4 | |
Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African: Caribbean | 1,493 | 0.3 | |
White: Roma | 1,169 | 0.2 | |
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller | 501 | 0.1 |
The city is also known for its large Irish and Welsh populations.[240] In 1813, 10 per cent of Liverpool's population was Welsh, leading to the city becoming known as "the capital of North Wales."[240]
During, and in the decades following, the Great Irish Famine in the mid-19th century, up to two million Irish people travelled to Liverpool within one decade, with many subsequently departing for the United States.[241] By 1851, more than 20 per cent of the population of Liverpool was Irish.[242] At the 2001 Census, 1.17 per cent of the population were Welsh-born and 0.75 per cent were born in the Republic of Ireland, while 0.54 per cent were born in Northern Ireland,[243] but many more Liverpudlians are of legacy Welsh or Irish ancestry.[244]
Other contemporary ethnicities include
communities, which number several thousand each.Religion
The thousands of migrants and sailors passing through Liverpool resulted in a religious diversity that is still apparent today. This is reflected in the equally diverse collection of religious buildings,[249] including two Christian cathedrals.
Liverpool is known to be England's 'most Catholic city', with a Catholic population much larger than in other parts of England.[250] This is mainly due to high historic Irish migration to the city and their descendants since.[251]
The parish church of Liverpool is the Anglican
Liverpool's wealth as a port city enabled the construction of two enormous cathedrals in the 20th century. The
Liverpool contains several synagogues, of which the Grade I listed
Liverpool also has a
The city had the earliest Mosque in England and possibly the UK, founded in 1887 by
Economy
City and region
The City of Liverpool forms an integral part of North West England's economy, the third largest regional economy in the United Kingdom. The city is also a major contributor to the economy of Liverpool City Region, worth over £40 billion per year.[274][275][276]
The local authority area governed by Liverpool City Council accounts for 39% of the Liverpool city region's total jobs, 40% of its total GVA and 35% of its total businesses. At the local authority level, the city's GVA (balanced) at current basic prices was £14.3 billion in 2021. Its GDP at current market prices was £15.9 billion. This equates to £32,841 per head of the population.[277][278]
At the 2021 United Kingdom census, 51.1% of Liverpool's population aged 16 years and over was classed as employed, 44.2% economically inactive and 4.8% unemployed. Of those employed, the most popular industries providing the employment were human health and social work activities (18.7%), wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles (15%), education (10.8%), public administration and defence; compulsory social security (7.3%), accommodation and food service activities (6.8%), construction (6.5%), transport and storage (5.8%), manufacturing (5.5%) and professional, scientific and technical activities (5.2%).[279]
According to the ONS Business Register and Employment Survey 2021, some industries within Liverpool perform strongly compared to other local authorities in Great Britain. In terms of absolute number of jobs per industry in Great Britain's local authority areas, Liverpool features in the national top 10 for human health and social work activities; arts, entertainment and recreation; public administration and defence; compulsory social security; accommodation and food service activities and real estate activities. Liverpool features in the national top 20 for number of jobs in education; construction; wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; transportation and storage; financial and insurance activities and professional, scientific and technical activities.[280]
In 2023, Liverpool City Council set out an economic growth plan for the city over the following 20 years. The City Council will have particular focus on economic sectors such as the visitor economy (tourism), culture, life sciences, digital and creative sectors, and advanced car manufacturing.[281]
According to the International passenger Survey, from the ONS, Liverpool was one of the top 5 most visited cities in the UK by overseas tourists in 2022. As of the same year, the city's tourist industry was worth a total of £3.5 billion annually and was part of a larger city region tourist industry worth £5 billion. A consistent calendar of major events, as well as a plethora of cultural attractions, continue to provide a significant draw for tourists. Tourism related to the Beatles is worth an estimated £100m to the Liverpool economy each year alone. Liverpool One, as well as a growing retail offer overall, has led to the city being one of the most prominent destinations for shopping in the UK. Liverpool Cruise Terminal, which is situated close to the Pier Head, enables tourists to berth in the centre of the city.[282][283][284][285][286][287][288]
Liverpool is home to the Knowledge Quarter, a 450-acre city centre district that hosts some of the world's most influential institutions in science, health, technology, education, music and the creative performing arts. The UK government has also identified the city as a 'pharmaceutical production superpower' and one of the UK's leading regions for bioprocessing. The accolade led to the government choosing the city for England's second ever 'Investment Zone' in 2023. This will involve millions of pounds being invested over the coming years in to science orientated districts including the Knowledge Quarter and the so-called 'pharma cluster' in the city suburb of Speke. The two clusters form an internationally significant role in infectious disease control. Liverpool City Council also plan to invest in the city's Baltic Triangle, which is renowned in the creative and digital industries.[289][290][291][292][293][294]
Car manufacturing also takes place in the city at the Jaguar Land Rover Halewood plant, where the Range Rover Evoque model is assembled. In 2023, Jaguar Land Rover announced that the Halewood plant would begin to shift its focus to electric car production.[295][296]
Historically, the economy of Liverpool was centred on the city's port and manufacturing base. Today, the
The Liverpool2 container terminal, completed in 2022, has greatly increased the volume of cargo which Liverpool is able to handle and has facilitated the world's biggest container vessels.[297][298][299][300][301][302][303]
Liverpool is also home to numerous UK headquarters, or the major strategic branch offices, of many shipping and freight lines including: Atlantic Container Line,[304] Bibby Line,[305] Borchard Lines Ltd,[306] CMA CGM,[307] Hapag-Lloyd,[308] Independent Container Line,[309] Irish Ferries,[310] Maersk Line,[311] Mediterranean Shipping Company[312] and Zim Integrated Shipping Services.[313]
Liverpool's rich architectural base has helped the city become the second most filmed city in the UK outside London. As well as being a featured location in its own right, it often doubles up for Chicago, London, Moscow, New York City, Paris and Rome. The Depot studios, close to the city centre, provide space for film and TV productions.[314][315]
Major economic projects planned for the city include the revitalisation of disused land in the North docks/Ten Streets area, Liverpool Waters and a new purpose built TV studio at the former Littlewoods Pools building, adjacent to the Depot.[316][317][318]
City region economy and devolution
The policy agenda of the
As of 2023, there are 10 city regions in England with Combined Authorities. The economy of Liverpool's combined authority area in comparison to the other city regions is as follows:
Combined authority area | Core city (if applicable) | GVA (2021) (£ billions) |
GDP (2021) (£ billions) |
GDP per head (2021) (£) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cambridgeshire and Peterborough | 28.648 | 31.698 | 35,348 | |
Greater Manchester | Manchester | 78.744 | 87.703 | 30,576 |
Liverpool City Region | Liverpool | 35.345 | 40.479 | 26,086 |
North East | 22.516 | 26.255 | 23,038 | |
North of Tyne | Newcastle upon Tyne | 19.725 | 22.444 | 27,075 |
South Yorkshire | Sheffield | 28.971 | 33.528 | 24,399 |
Tees Valley | 14.241 | 16.346 | 24,103 | |
West Midlands | Birmingham | 70.961 | 79.076 | 27,117 |
West of England | Bristol | 34.110 | 37.571 | 39,371 |
West Yorkshire | Leeds | 60.137 | 67.607 | 28,769 |
Landmarks and recent development projects
Liverpool's long commercial history has given rise to a considerable variety of architectural styles found within the city, ranging from 16th century Tudor buildings to modern-day contemporary architecture.[325] The majority of buildings in the city date from the late-18th century onwards, the period during which the city grew into one of the foremost powers in the British Empire.[326] There are over 2,500 listed buildings in Liverpool, of which 27 are Grade I listed[327] and 85 are Grade II* listed.[328] The city also has a greater number of public sculptures than any other location in the United Kingdom aside from Westminster[329] and more Georgian houses than the city of Bath.[330] This richness of architecture has subsequently seen Liverpool described by English Heritage, as England's finest Victorian city.[331]
The value of Liverpool's architecture and design was recognised in 2004, when several areas throughout the city were declared a
Waterfront and docks
As a major British port, the docks in Liverpool have historically been central to the city's development. Several major docking firsts have occurred in the city including the construction of the world's first enclosed
One of the most famous locations in Liverpool is the Pier Head, renowned for the trio of buildings – the Royal Liver Building, the Cunard Building and the Port of Liverpool Building – which sit upon it. Collectively referred to as the Three Graces, these buildings stand as a testament to the great wealth in the city during the late 19th and early 20th century. Built in a variety of architectural styles, they are recognised as being the symbol of 'maritime Liverpool' and are regarded by many as contributing to one of the most impressive waterfronts in the world.[338][339][340][341]
In the 21st century, several areas along Liverpool's waterfront have undergone significant redevelopment. Among the notable developments are the
However, plans to redevelop parts of
Commercial district and cultural quarter
Liverpool's historic position as one of the most important trading ports in the world has meant that over time many grand buildings have been constructed in the city as headquarters for shipping firms, insurance companies, banks and other large firms. The great wealth this brought then allowed for the development of grand civic buildings, which were designed to allow the local administrators to 'run the city with pride'.[346]
The commercial district is centred on the Castle Street, Dale Street and Old Hall Street areas of the city, with many of the area's roads still following their medieval layout. Having developed predominantly over a period of three centuries, the area is regarded as one of the most important architectural locations in the city, as recognised by its inclusion in Liverpool's former World Heritage site.[347]
The oldest building in the area is the
The area around
Other notable landmarks
While the majority of Liverpool's architecture dates from the mid-18th century onwards, there are several buildings that pre-date this time. One of the oldest surviving buildings is
The oldest building within the city centre is the
Liverpool is noted for having two Cathedrals, each of which imposes over the landscape around it.
In the 21st century, many parts of Liverpool's city centre have undergone significant redevelopment and regeneration after years of decline. So far, the largest of these developments has been
There are many other notable buildings in Liverpool, including the
Parks and gardens
The Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England describes Merseyside's Victorian Parks as collectively the "most important in the country".[374] The city of Liverpool has ten listed parks and cemeteries, including two Grade I and five Grade II*, more than any other English city apart from London.[375]
Transport
Liverpool has an extensive transport infrastructure that connects the city with its metropolitan area, the rest of the
National and international travel
Roads
The city of Liverpool proper sits at the centre of a much larger metropolitan area. The city's suburbs run contiguously in to the neighbouring boroughs of the Liverpool City Region, a heavily urbanised region with substantial road links to many other areas within England. The city is surrounded by a network of six motorways (M58 to the north, M56 to the south, M6 & M62 to the east and M53 to the west). The M57 also acts as an outer ring road and bypass for the city of Liverpool itself.
To the north, the
Railway
Liverpool is served by two separate rail networks. The local rail network is managed and run by
Port
The Port of Liverpool connects passengers and freight to Liverpool from all around the world. Passenger ferry services depart from the city across the Irish Sea to Belfast, Dublin and the Isle of Man. Services are provided by several companies, including the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company, P&O Ferries and Stena Line.
The Liverpool Cruise Terminal handles over 200,000 passengers and crew annually and is located alongside the Pier Head in the city centre. Berthing facilities for long-distance passenger cruises are provided and served by a large number of different cruise lines. Ports in Australia, France, Faroe Islands, Iceland, North America, Norway, Spain and the Caribbean are served by the facility.[392][393][394] The cruise lines that call at Liverpool cruise terminal include the following:
- Ambassador[395]
- Atlas Ocean Voyages[396]
- Azamara[397]
- Carnival Cruise Line[398]
- Celebrity Cruises[399]
- Cunard Line[400]
- Disney Cruise Line[401]
- Fred Olsen[402]
- Hapag-Lloyd cruises[403]
- Holland America Line[404]
- Noble Caledonia[405]
- Norwegian[406]
- P&O Cruises[407]
- Princess Cruises[408]
- Regent Seven Seas[409]
- Royal Caribbean[410]
- Saga Cruises[411]
- Silversea Cruises[412]
- Viking[413]
-
Liverpool Cruise Terminal
In terms of freight traffic today, the Port of Liverpool is the 4th busiest port in the UK by tonnage. It is the main port in the country for transatlantic trade and the largest port on the west coast of the UK. The Royal Seaforth and Liverpool2 container terminals are the port's two main terminals and handle a wide variety of cargo including containers, liquid and dry bulk cargoes such as coal and grain, biomass and roll-on/roll-off cargoes such as cars and trucks.[414][415][416][417][418][419] Leeds and Liverpool Canal runs into Liverpool city centre via Liverpool Canal Link at Pier Head since 2009.[420]
Airport
Local travel
Trains
Liverpool's
The network consists of three lines: the
Buses
Local bus services within and around Liverpool are managed by
Mersey Ferry
The cross-river ferry service in Liverpool, known as the Mersey Ferry, is managed and operated by Merseytravel, with services operating between the Pier Head in Liverpool city centre and both Woodside in Birkenhead and Seacombe in Wallasey. Services operate at intervals ranging from 20 minutes, at peak times, to every hour during the middle of the day and at weekends.[446] Despite remaining an important transport link between the city and the Wirral Peninsula, the Mersey Ferry has become an increasingly popular tourist attraction within the city, with daytime River Explorer Cruises providing passengers with an historical overview of the River Mersey and surrounding areas.[447]
Cycling and scooters
A scooter-sharing system and electric bicycle scheme operates throughout Liverpool which allows residents and visitors to move around the city on rented scooters and bicycles. The scheme is operated by Swedish technology company Voi, and riders are able to pick up and drop off bikes and scooters at various locations around the city.[448][449][450] National Cycle Route 56, National Cycle Route 62 and National Cycle Route 810 run through Liverpool.
Culture
As with other large cities, Liverpool is an important cultural centre within the United Kingdom, incorporating music, performing arts, museums and art galleries, literature and nightlife among others. In 2008, the cultural heritage of the city was celebrated with the city holding the title of European Capital of Culture, during which time a wide range of cultural celebrations took place in the city, including Go Superlambananas! and La Princesse. Liverpool has also held Europe's largest music and poetry event, the Welsh national Eisteddfod, three times, despite being in England, in 1884, 1900, and 1929.
Music
Liverpool is internationally known for music and is recognised by Guinness World Records as the "World Capital City of Pop".
The city is also home to the oldest surviving professional
Well established festivals in the city include
On 7 October 2022, the
Visual arts
Liverpool has more galleries and national museums than any other city in the United Kingdom apart from London.
The Liverpool Biennial festival of arts runs from mid-September to late November and comprises three main sections; the International, The Independents and New Contemporaries although fringe events are timed to coincide.[466] It was during the 2004 festival that Yoko Ono's work "My mother is beautiful" caused widespread public protest when photographs of a naked woman's pubic area were exhibited on the main shopping street.
Literature
An engraving of a painting of The Wishing Gate. by S. F. Serres was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834 with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon to which she adds the note 'I believe that to this haunted gate, a common superstition is attached, namely, that to wish, and to have that wish fulfilled, is the result of such wish being uttered while passing'. It stood on the North Shore before the docks were built and was a place where farewells could be waved to departing voyagers.[468]
A number of notable authors have visited Liverpool, including Daniel Defoe, Washington Irving, Thomas De Quincey, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Charles Dickens, Gerard Manley Hopkins and Hugh Walpole. Daniel Defoe, after visiting the city, described it, as "one of the wonders of Britain in his 'Tour through England and Wales'".[469]
Of all the poets who are connected with Liverpool, perhaps the greatest is Constantine P. Cavafy, a twentieth-century Greek cultural icon, although he was born in Alexandria. From a wealthy family, his father had business interests in Egypt, London and Liverpool. After his father's death, Cavafy's mother brought him in 1872 at the age of nine to Liverpool, where he spent part of his childhood being educated. He lived first in Balmoral Road, then when the family firm crashed, he lived in poorer circumstances in Huskisson Street. After his father died in 1870, Cavafy and his family settled for a while in Liverpool. In 1876, his family faced financial problems due to the Long Depression of 1873, so, by 1877, they had to move back to Alexandria.[467]
Her Benny, a novel telling the tragic story of Liverpool street urchins in the 1870s, written by Methodist preacher Silas K. Hocking, was a best-seller and the first book to sell a million copies in the author's lifetime.[474] The prolific writer of adventure novels, Harold Edward Bindloss (1866–1945), was born in Liverpool.
The writer, docker and political activist
The novelist and playwright
J. G. Farrell was born in Liverpool in 1935 but left at the outbreak of war in 1939.[481] A novelist of Irish descent, Farrell gained prominence for his historical fiction, most notably his Empire Trilogy (Troubles, The Siege of Krishnapur and The Singapore Grip), dealing with the political and human consequences of British colonial rule. However, his career ended when he drowned in Ireland in 1979 at the age of 44.
Liverpool has produced several noted writers of horror fiction, often set on Merseyside – Ramsey Campbell, Clive Barker and Peter Atkins among them. A collection of Liverpudlian horror fiction, Spook City was edited by a Liverpool expatriate, Angus Mackenzie, and introduced by Doug Bradley, also from Liverpool.[484] Bradley is famed for portraying Barker's creation Pinhead in the Hellraiser series of films.
Performing arts
Liverpool also has a long history of performing arts, reflected in several annual theatre festivals such as the Liverpool Shakespeare Festival, which takes place inside Liverpool Cathedral and in the adjacent historic St James' Gardens every summer; the Everyword Festival of new theatre writing, the only one of its kind in the country;[485] Physical Fest, an international festival of physical theatre;[486] the annual festivals organised by Liverpool John Moores University's drama department and the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts; and other festivals by the large number of theatres in the city, such as the Empire, Epstein, Everyman,[487][488] Playhouse,[489][490] Royal Court, and Unity theatres.
Notable actors and actresses from Liverpool include Arthur Askey, Tom Baker, Kim Cattrall, Jodie Comer, Stephen Graham, Rex Harrison, Jason Isaacs, Tina Malone, the McGann brothers (Joe, Mark, Paul, and Stephen), David Morrissey, Elizabeth Morton, Peter Serafinowicz, Elisabeth Sladen, Alison Steadman, and Rita Tushingham. Actors and actresses from elsewhere in the world have strong ties to the city, such as Canadian actor Mike Myers (whose parents were both from Liverpool) and American actress Halle Berry (whose mother was from Liverpool).
Nightlife
Liverpool has a thriving and varied nightlife. The majority of the city's late-night restaurants, bars, pubs, nightclubs, music venues and comedy clubs are located in a number of distinct districts.
In 2023, figures from global data company Square show that night-time spending in bars and restaurants in Liverpool city centre outperformed all major UK cities, including London.[491]
Figures by the Liverpool BID Company suggest that the busiest nights of the week in Liverpool city centre are Friday and Saturday. Using cameras to track the flow of people in key locations between 7 pm and 4 am, at least 1.5 million people pass through the city centre every Friday night and almost 2 million people on Saturday nights. The data demonstrates that Monday night is the quietest night of the week in the city centre and footfall then increases every single night to reach its peak on Saturday nights. 125,889 people worked in the city's night time economy as of 2022, according to the Liverpool BID Company.[492][493][494]
Liverpool's nightlife is concentrated in a number of districts including Ropewalks which comprises Concert Square, St. Peter's Square and the adjoining Seel Street and Duke Street. Other popular areas include Hardman Street, the Cavern Quarter, Baltic Triangle, Royal Albert Dock and the city's Pride Quarter, which is home to a large number of LGBT venues.[495][496]
In the city's suburbs, Lark Lane in Aigburth is noted for an abundance of bars and late-night venues.[497][498]
Education
In Liverpool primary and secondary education is available in various forms supported by the state including secular, Church of England, Jewish, and Roman Catholic. Islamic education is available at primary level, but there is no secondary provision. One of Liverpool's important early schools was The Liverpool Blue Coat School; founded in 1708 as a charitable school.
The Liverpool Blue Coat School is the top-performing school in the city with 100% 5 or more A*-C grades at GCSE resulting in the 30th best GCSE results in the country and an average point score per student of 1087.4 in A/AS levels.[499] Other notable schools include Liverpool College founded in 1840 Merchant Taylors' School founded in 1620.[500] Another of Liverpool's notable senior schools is St. Edward's College situated in the West Derby area of the city. Historic grammar schools, such as the Liverpool Institute High School and Liverpool Collegiate School—both closed in the 1980s—are still remembered as centres of academic excellence. Bellerive Catholic College is the city's top-performing non-selective school, based upon GCSE results in 2007.
Liverpool has three universities: the University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Hope University. Edge Hill University, founded as a teacher-training college in the Edge Hill district of Liverpool, is now located in Ormskirk in South-West Lancashire. Liverpool is also home to the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA).
The University of Liverpool was established in 1881 as University College Liverpool. In 1884, it became part of the federal Victoria University. Following a Royal Charter and Act of Parliament in 1903, it became an independent university, the University of Liverpool, with the right to confer its own degrees. It was the first university to offer degrees in biochemistry, architecture, civic design, veterinary science, oceanography and social science.
Liverpool Hope University, which was formed through the merger of three colleges, the earliest of which was founded in 1844, gained university status in 2005. It is the only ecumenical university in Europe.[501] It is situated on both sides of Taggart Avenue in Childwall and has a second campus in the city centre (the Cornerstone).
The Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, founded to address some of the problems created by trade, continues today as a post-graduate school affiliated with the University of Liverpool and houses an anti-venom repository.
Liverpool John Moores University was previously a polytechnic, and gained status in 1992. It is named in honour of Sir John Moores, one of the founders of the Littlewoods football pools and retail group, who was a major benefactor. The institution was previously owned and run by Liverpool City Council. It traces it lineage to the Liverpool Mechanics' institute, opened in 1823, making it by this measure England's third-oldest university.
The city has one further education college, City of Liverpool College in the city centre. Liverpool City Council operates Burton Manor, a residential adult education college in nearby Burton, on the Wirral Peninsula.
There are two Jewish schools in Liverpool, both belonging to the King David Foundation. King David School, Liverpool, is the High School and the King David Primary School. There is also a King David Kindergarten, featured in the community centre of Harold House. These schools are all run by the King David Foundation located in Harold House in Childwall; conveniently next door to the Childwall Synagogue.
Sport
Football
Liverpool is one of the most successful footballing cities in England, and is home to two top flight Premier League teams. Everton F.C. was founded in 1878 and was one of the twelve founder members of the Football League. It plays at Goodison Park. Liverpool F.C. were founded in 1892 and play at Anfield. Between them, the clubs have won 28 English First Division titles, 12 FA Cup titles, 10 League Cup titles, 6 European Cup titles, 1 FIFA Club World Cup title, 1 European Cup Winners' Cup title, 3 UEFA Cup titles, and 24 FA Charity Shields.
The two clubs contest the Merseyside derby, dubbed the 'friendly derby'. Despite the name the fixture is known for its keen rivalry, having seen more sending-offs in this fixture than any other. Unlike many other derbies it is not rare for families in the city to contain supporters of both clubs.[502] Liverpool F.C. is the English and British club with the most European Cup titles with six, the latest in 2019.
Liverpool has played at Anfield since 1892, when the club was formed to occupy the stadium following Everton's departure due to a dispute with their landlord. Liverpool are still playing there 125 years later, although the ground has been completely rebuilt since the 1970s. The Spion Kop (rebuilt as an all-seater stand in 1994–95) was the most famous part of the ground, gaining cult status across the world due to the songs and celebrations of the many fans who packed onto its terraces. Anfield as capacity for 54,000 spectators in comfort and is a distinctive landmark in an area filled with smaller and older buildings. Liverpool club also has a multimillion-pound youth training facility called The Academy.
After leaving Anfield in 1892, Everton moved to Goodison Park on the opposite side of Stanley Park. The ground was opened on 24 August 1892, by Lord Kinnaird and Frederick Wall of the FA but the first crowds to attend the ground saw a short athletics meeting followed by a selection of music and a fireworks display. Everton's first game there was on 2 September 1892 when they beat Bolton 4–2. It was one of the host venues during the 1966 FIFA World Cup. It now has the capacity for just under 40,000 spectators all-seated, but the last expansion took place in 1994 when a new Park End Stand gave the stadium an all-seater capacity. The Goodison Road Stand dates back to the 1970s, while the Gwladys Street Stand and Bullens Road Stand are refurbished pre-Second World War structures.
Everton is currently in the process of relocating, with a stadium move first mooted as early as 1996.[503] In 2003, the club were forced to abandon plans for a 55,000-seat stadium at King's Dock due to financial constraints,[504] with further proposed moves to Kirkby (comprising part of Destination Kirkby, moving the stadium just beyond Liverpool's council boundary into Kirkby) and Walton Hall Park similarly scrapped.
The club will relocate to the multimillion-pound Everton Stadium designed by the American architect Dan Meis at the nearby Bramley-Moore Dock on the River Mersey waterfront during the 2024/25 season, with ground broken on the project in August 2021.[505] The new stadium will have a capacity of 52,888 which could be expanded to 62,000 demand permitting and it will be a host venue for the UEFA Euro 2028. Everton also have a multimillion-pound training facility based at Finch Farm. The Everton Women's Team play in the Women's Super League at the Walton Hall Park Stadium.
Rugby league
Rugby league is a developing sport in Liverpool, with many community partners assisting the sport's governing body (RFL) to offer opportunities to participate. These include well established professional clubs in the neighbouring towns of St. Helens and Widnes. The city has a thriving student rugby league scene; Liverpool University took part in the first university game in 1968 and the other universities have been regular participants in the BUSA competition.
Today there are a number of non-professional clubs in the city, including
A number of secondary schools throughout Merseyside are now participating in the inaugural merit league and 2008 is the first year that Merseyside schools have qualified for the RFL's Champion Schools tournament. Primary schools have been competing in tag festivals for a few years and the annual Tag World Cup is one of the major events in the Liverpool schools' competition calendar.
Boxing
Boxing is massively popular in Liverpool. The city has a proud heritage and history in the sport and is home to around 22 amateur boxing clubs, which are responsible for producing many successful boxers, such as Nel Tarleton, Alan Rudkin, John Conteh, Andy Holligan, Liam Smith, Paul Hodkinson, Tony Bellew and Robin Ried. The city also boasts a consistently strong amateur contingent which is highlighted by Liverpool being the most represented city on the GB Boxing team, as well as at the 2012 London Olympics, the most notable Liverpool amateur fighters include; Jimmy Lloyd, George Turpin, Tony Willis, Robin Reid and David Price who have all medalled at the Olympic Games. Boxing events are usually hosted at the Echo Arena and Liverpool Olympia within the city, although the former home of Liverpool boxing was the renowned Liverpool Stadium.
Horse racing
Aintree Racecourse in the adjacent Metropolitan Borough of Sefton is home to the world's most famous steeple-chase, the Randox Grand National which takes place annually in early April. The race meeting attracts horse owners/ jockeys from around the world to compete in the demanding 4-mile (6.5-kilometre) and 30-fence course. There have been many memorable moments of the Grand National, for instance, the 100/1 outsider Foinavon in 1967, the dominant Red Rum and Ginger McCain of the 1970s and Mon Mome (100/1) who won the 2009 meeting. In 2010, the National became the first horse race to be televised in high-definition in the UK.
Golf
The Royal Liverpool Golf Club, situated in the nearby town of Hoylake on the Wirral Peninsula, has hosted The Open Championship on a number of occasions, most recently in 2023. It also hosted the Walker Cup in 1983.
Greyhound racing
Liverpool once contained four greyhound tracks, Seaforth Greyhound Stadium (1933–1965), Breck Park Stadium (1927–1948), Stanley Greyhound Stadium (1927–1961) and.White City Stadium (1932–1973). Breck Park also hosted boxing bouts and both Stanley and Seaforth hosted Motorcycle speedway.
Athletics
Wavertree Sports Park is home to the Liverpool Harriers athletics club, which has produced such athletes as Curtis Robb, Allyn Condon (the only British athlete to compete at both the Summer and Winter Olympics), and Katarina Johnson-Thompson; Great Britain was represented by Johnson-Thompson at the 2012 London Olympics in the women's heptathlon, and she would go on to win the gold medal at the 2019 World Championships, giving Liverpool its first gold medal and breaking the British record in the process.
Gymnastics
In August 2012, Liverpool gymnast Beth Tweddle won an Olympic bronze medal in London 2012 in the uneven bars at her third Olympic Games, thus becoming the most decorated British gymnast in history. Park Road Gymnastics Centre provides training to a high level.
Swimming
Liverpool has produced several swimmers who have represented their nation at major championships such as the Olympic Games. The most notable of which is Steve Parry who claimed a bronze medal at the 2004 Athens Olympics in the 200m butterfly. Others include Herbert Nickel Haresnape, Margaret Kelly, Shellagh Ratcliffe and Austin Rawlinson. There is a purpose-built aquatics centre at Wavertree Sports Park, which opened in 2008. The City of Liverpool Swimming Club has been National Speedo League Champions 8 out of the last 11 years.
Cricket
The city is the hub of the Liverpool and District Cricket Competition, an ECB Premier League.[506] Sefton Park and Liverpool are the league's founder members based in the city with Wavertree, Alder and Old Xaverians clubs having joined the league more recently.[507] Liverpool plays host Lancashire County Cricket Club as an outground most seasons, including six of eight home County Championship games during Lancashire's 2011[508] title winning campaign[509] while Old Trafford was refurbished.[510][511]
Tennis
Since 2014 Liverpool Cricket Club has played host[512] to the annual Tradition-ICAP Liverpool International tennis tournament, which has seen tennis stars such as Novak Djokovic, David Ferrer, Mardy Fish, Laura Robson and Caroline Wozniacki. Previously this had been held at Calderstones Park, situated in Allerton in the south of the city. Liverpool Tennis Development Programme at Wavertree Tennis Centre is one of the largest in the UK.
Basketball
Professional basketball came to the city in 2007 with the entry of Everton Tigers, now known as Mersey Tigers, into the elite British Basketball League. The club was originally associated with Everton F.C., and was part of the Toxteth Tigers youth development programme, which reached over 1,500 young people every year.[513] The Tigers began to play in Britain's top league for the 2007–08 season, playing at the Greenbank Sports Academy before moving into the newly completed Echo Arena during that season. After the 2009–10 season, Everton F.C. withdrew funding from the Tigers, who then changed their name to Mersey Tigers. Their closest professional rivals are the Cheshire Jets, based 18 miles (29 km) away in Chester.
Baseball
Liverpool is one of three cities which still host the traditional sport of British baseball and it hosts the annual England-Wales international match every two years, alternating with Cardiff and Newport. Liverpool Trojans are the oldest existing baseball club in the UK.
Cycling
The 2014 Tour of Britain cycle race began in Liverpool on 7 September, using a city centre circuit to complete 130 km (80.8 mi) of racing.[514] The Tour of Britain took nine stages and finished in London on 14 September.
Other
A 2016 study of UK fitness centres found that, of the top 20 UK urban areas, Liverpool had the highest number of leisure and sports centres per capita, with 4.3 centres per 100,000 of the city population.[515]
Media
The city has one daily newspaper: the
TalkLiverpool is a local television station serving Liverpool City Region and surrounding areas. The station is owned and operated by Made Television Ltd and forms part of a group of eight local TV stations. It broadcasts from studios and offices in Liverpool.
The ITV region which covers Liverpool is ITV Granada. In 2006, the Television company opened a new newsroom in the Royal Liver Building. Granada's regional news broadcasts were produced at the Royal Albert Dock News Centre during the 1980s and 1990s.[517] The BBC also opened a new newsroom on Hanover Street in 2006.
ITV's daily magazine programme
Liverpool is the home of the TV production company
Radio stations include BBC Radio Merseyside, Hits Radio Liverpool, Greatest Hits Radio, Capital Liverpool, In Demand Radio, Liverpool Live Radio,[519] and Melodic Distraction.[520] Hits Radio and Greatest Hits Radio are owned by Bauer and located in St Johns Beacon which, along with the two cathedrals, dominates the city's skyline.
Liverpool has also featured in films;
Notable people
Quotes about Liverpool
- "Lyrpole, alias Lyverpoole, a pavid towne, hath but a chapel ... The king hath a castelet there, and the Earl of Darbe hath a stone howse there. Irisch merchants cum much thither, as to a good haven ... At Lyrpole is smaul custom payed, that causith marchantes to resorte thither. Good marchandis at Lyrpole, and much Irish yarrn that Manchester men do buy there ..." – John Leland, Itinerary, c. 1536–1539[523]
- "Liverpoole is one of the wonders of Britain ... In a word, there is no town in England, London excepted, that can equal [it] for the fineness of the streets, and the beauty of the buildings." – A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, 1721–1726
- "[O]ne of the neatest, best towns I have seen in England." – John Wesley. Journal, 1755
- "I have not come here to be insulted by a set of wretches, every brick in whose infernal town is cemented with an African's blood." – George Frederick Cooke (1756–1812), an actor responding to being hissed at when he came onstage drunk during a visit to Liverpool[524]
- "That immense City which stands like another Venice upon the water ... where there are riches overflowing and every thing which can delight a man who wishes to see the prosperity of a great community and a great empire ... This quondam village, now fit to be the proud capital of any empire in the world, has started up like an enchanted palace even in the memory of living men." – Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron Erskine, 1791
- "I have heard of the greatness of Liverpool, but the reality far surpasses my expectation." – Prince Albert, speech, 1846
- "Liverpool ... has become a wonder of the world. It is the New York of Europe, a world city rather than merely British provincial." – Illustrated London News, 15 May 1886
- "The dream represented my situation at the time. I can still see the greyish-yellow raincoats, glistening with the wetness of the rain. Everything was extremely unpleasant, black and opaque – just as I felt then. But I had a vision of unearthly beauty, and that is why I was able to live at all. Liverpool is the "pool of life." The "liver," according to an old view, is the seat of life, that which makes to live." – C. G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, 1928
- "The centre is imposing, dignified and darkish, like a city in a rather gloomy Victorian novel ... We had now arrived in the heart of the big city, and as usual it was almost a heart of darkness. But it looked like a big city, there was no denying that. Here, emphatically, was the English seaport second only to London. The very weight of stone emphasised that fact. And even if the sun never seems to properly rise over it, I like a big city to proclaim itself a big city at once..." – J. B. Priestley, English Journey, 1934
- "If Liverpool can get into top gear again, there is no limit to the city's potential. The scale and resilience of the buildings and people is amazing – it is a world city, far more so than London and Manchester. It doesn't feel like anywhere else in Lancashire: comparisons always end up overseas – First World War, were the abilities of the architects who built over it. The centre is humane and convenient to walk around in, but never loses its scale. And, in spite of the bombings and the carelessness, it is still full of superb buildings. Fifty years ago it must have outdone anything in England." – Ian Nairn, Britain's Changing Towns, 1967
International links
Twin cities
Liverpool is twinned[525] with:
- Surabaya, Indonesia (2017)
- Birmingham, Alabama, United States (2015)
- Cologne, Germany (1952)
- Dublin, Ireland (1997)
- Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Medan, Indonesia
- Odesa, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine
- Penang, Malaysia
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2003)
- Shanghai, China (1999)
Friendship links
Liverpool has friendship links (without formal constitution)[526] with the following cities:
- Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée, Pas-de-Calais, France
- Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- La Habana, Cuba
- La Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
- Memphis, Tennessee, US
- Minamitane, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
- Naples, Campania, Italy
- New Orleans, Louisiana, US
- Ponsacco, Tuscany, Italy
- Râmnicu Vâlcea, Vâlcea County, Romania
- Valparaíso, Valparaíso Province, Chile
- Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Consulates
The first overseas consulate of the United States was opened in Liverpool in 1790, and it remained operational for almost two centuries.[527] Today, a large number of consulates are located in the city serving Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Sweden and Thailand. Tunisian & Ivory Coast Consulates are located in the neighbouring Metropolitan Borough of Sefton.
Freedom of the City
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Liverpool.
Individuals
Military units
- Duke of Lancaster's Regiment: 14 September 2008.[528]
- War Widows Association (Merseyside Branch): 1 December 2014.[529]
- 208 (3rd West Lancashire) Battery 103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery: 14 October 2017.[530]
- 8th Engineer Brigade, RE: 11 December 2020.[531][532][533]
Organisations and groups
- The Pain Relief Foundation: 3 March 2010.[534]
- The Whitechapel Centre: 5 October 2016.[535]
- The Parachute Regiment Association (Liverpool Branch): 24 October 2021.[536]
- The Royal Signals Association (Liverpool Branch): 26 November 2021.[537]
See also
- 2008 European Amateur Boxing Championships
- Atlantic history
- Big Dig (Liverpool)
- Healthcare in Liverpool
- History of slavery
- International Garden Festival
- List of films and television shows set in Liverpool
- List of hotels in Liverpool
- Magistrates Courts, Liverpool
- Triangular
- Williamson Tunnels
- Category: Culture in Liverpool
- Liver bird
- 1911 Liverpool general transport strike
- 1345 Liverpool riot
Notes
References
Footnotes
- ^ "How Liverpool became known as 'the capital of North Wales'". March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ^ "Second capital of Ireland: Liverpool's unique Irish history and culture and what it means to the city". 25 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ^ "It's official – Liverpool rocks!". Retrieved 31 October 2020.
- ^ "Is Liverpool still the world in one city?". Retrieved 1 May 2010.
- ^ "Council". Liverpool City Council. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ^ "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2021". Office for National Statistics. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ "OS Open Built Up Areas". Ordnance Survey. December 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ a b "The population reached nearly 490,000". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
- ^ Oinn, Su; Bubb, Emma; Jenkins, Joe (2 August 2023). "Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ Fenton, Trevor (25 April 2023). "Regional gross domestic product: local authorities". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ Fenton, Trevor (25 April 2023). "Regional gross domestic product: city regions". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ "Rebalancing Britain: Policy of Slogan? Liverpool City Region - Building on its Strengths: An independent report" (PDF). www.assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ^ "Liverpool City Region Combined Authority Rights of Way Improvement Plan 2018-2028" (PDF). www.wirral.gov.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ^ "Liverpool City Region Statement of Cooperation on Local Planning. Liverpool City Region Combined Authority" (PDF). www.api.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
- ^ "Report on the Nominations from the UK and Norway for the European Capital of Culture 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
- ^ "Liverpool, European Capital of Culture: 2008 – 2018". 6 April 2018. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022.
- ^ "Liverpool to become £80m investment zone". www.lbndaily.co.uk. 15 March 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ "Economy of Liverpool". www.varbes.com. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ "'Liverpool's economy will thrive' says Prof Parkinson". www.lbndaily.co.uk. 8 August 2022. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Visit Liverpool". Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ "Help Restore & Expand England's First Mosque". www.abdullahquilliam.org. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
- ISBN 978-0198605614.
- ^ a b Harper, Douglas. "Liverpool". The Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names, ed. by Victor Watts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), s.v. Liverpool.
- ^ "Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas". National Archives. Retrieved 25 November 2015. Third entry, the home of John Stanle, the defendant, in a plea of debt.
- ISBN 9781781389089. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
- ^ Richards, G. Melville (1953). "Place-Names of North Wales". A Scientific Survey of Merseyside. British Association. pp. 242–250.
- ^ "The Victoria history of the county of Lancaster. Edited by William Farrer and J. Brownbill". www.clickfind.com.au. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
- ^ "European traders". www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk.
- OCLC 10476612.
- ^ a b "West Derby hundred: The City of Liverpool". British Gistory Online. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ "Liverpool: The castle and development of the town". British History Online. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ "History of Liverpool". www.history.co.uk. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ^ "Medieval port". www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ^ "Liverpool in the Middle Ages". www.localhistories.org. 14 March 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
- ^ "The York March, 1644". bcw-project.org. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- ^ "Liverpool's Slavery History Trail". Lodging-World.com. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
- ^ Power, Michael (1999). "Creating a Port: Liverpool 1695–1715" (PDF). Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. 149: 51–71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
- ^ "Liverpool: The docks". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
- ^ "The Lost Dock of Liverpool". Channel 4: Time Team, 21 April 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ^ "Liverpool Dock System". The New York Times. 2 January 1898. Retrieved 2 June 2008. Note: "pdf" reader needed to see full article
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/101301. Retrieved 20 September 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
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Bibliography
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Further reading
- Burke, Tom (1910). ISBN 978-1408642504.
- Liverpool, Dixon Scott, 1907
- A History of Liverpool, Ramsay Muir, 1907
- Bygone Liverpool, Ramsay Muir, 1913
- Bygone Liverpool, David Clensy, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4357-0897-6
- Liverpool 800, John Belchem, 2006. ISBN 978-1-84631-035-5
- Beatle Pete, Time Traveller, Mallory Curley, 2005.
- Chinese Liverpudlians, Maria Lin Wong, 1989. ISBN 978-1-871201-03-1
- Writing Liverpool: Essays and Interviews, edited by Michael Murphy and Rees Jones, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84631-073-7
- Jenkinson, Jacqueline, Black 1919: Riots, Racism and Resistance in Imperial Britain (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009)
- May, Roy and Cohen, Robin, 'The Interaction between Race and Colonialism: A Case Study of the Liverpool Race Riots of 1919', Race and Class XVI.2 (1974), pp. 111–26