Liverpool Scottish

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Liverpool Scottish
Estaires, France and Flanders 1914–18
Insignia
Tartan
Clan Forbes tartan
HackleRoyal Blue  

The Liverpool Scottish, known as "the Scottish", was a unit of the British Army, part of the Army Reserve (formerly the Territorial Army), raised in 1900 as an infantry battalion of the King's (Liverpool Regiment). The Liverpool Scottish became affiliated to the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders in the 1920s and formally transferred to the regiment in 1937 with its identity preserved. Reflecting the Territorial Army's decline in size since the late 1940s, the battalion was reduced to a company in 1967, then to a platoon of "A" (King's) Company, King's and Cheshire Regiment in 1999. In 2006, the company was incorporated into the 4th Battalion, Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's, Lancashire and Border).

Service in the

German reserves while other Allied forces were engaged elsewhere. The action is known to the Liverpool Scottish as the Battle of Hooge. Hooge being a village a few miles East of Ypres in Belgium.[3]

The unit's most acclaimed soldier during the war was Captain Noel Chavasse, who was awarded two Victoria Crosses while attached from the Royal Army Medical Corps.[4] Sergeant Albert Baybut, Chavasse's Medical Orderly, is technically the most highly decorated soldier in the history of Liverpool Scottish due to Chavasse's parent unit being the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC). Baybut received a Distinguished Conduct Medal and Bar, together with the Military Medal for his actions alongside Chavasse during the First World War. Chavasse remains one of only three people to have been awarded the VC twice and the only recipient from the Liverpool Scottish.[5]

Although expanded to two battalions during the

Norwegian Campaign and the St Nazaire Raid
.

1900–1914

King George V and Queen Mary
during a royal visit to Liverpool, July 1913.

There had been a previous attempt to raise a formation of Scots in Liverpool. Heightened tension with France in the late 1850s had provided the impetus for the emergence of the

companies of Liverpool Scottish existed within the 19th and 79th Corps. Neither corps survived: the 19th was subsumed by the Liverpool Volunteer Rifle Brigade while the 79th disbanded in 1863.[7]

The Second Boer War catalysed a renewed interest in establishing a unit composed of Scottish Liverpudlians.[8] On 30 April 1900, the 8th (Scottish) Volunteer Battalion was formed within the King's (Liverpool Regiment), with headquarters later being located at 22 Highgate Street, Edge Hill.[9] The Liverpool Scottish became one of four battalions in English infantry regiments to explicitly associate with the Irish and Scottish communities - the other battalions were the London Scottish, Liverpool Irish and London Irish Rifles.[10]

Traditional highland attire adopted for the battalion's dress uniform included the Clan Forbes pattern tartan and the glengarry headdress.[11] A former major in the 2nd Volunteer Battalion, Christopher Forbes Bell, was appointed commanding officer and officially assumed command on 24 October.[12] Bell was succeeded in command by Andrew Laurie Macfie in 1902.[13]

External image
the Liverpool Scottish
image icon Museum display of WWI uniform[14]

In common with other volunteer battalions, the Liverpool Scottish organised a detachment for overseas service in South Africa during the

1st Gordon Highlanders. The battalion had already suffered its first fatality after Lieutenant J.A. Bingham succumbed to wounds incurred at Klip River while serving with the Imperial Yeomanry in February 1902.[15] They had only limited duties, primarily occupying blockhouses, as the conflict was reaching its conclusion. Nevertheless, the British Army recognised the battalion's contribution with the reward of a battle honour: "South Africa 1902".[16]

The Liverpool Scottish acquired purpose-built accommodation for its headquarters in 1904 at Fraser Street, in Liverpool City Centre,[15] which the battalion maintained until 1967.[17] The construction of the building was partially subsidised by public donation (some £4,000) but its cost required additional funds generated through a three-day "bazaar" hosted at St George's Hall.[15]

The Liverpool Scottish became the King's 10th Battalion in 1908 when Secretary of State for War

Territorial Force, which grouped the volunteers and yeomanry into 14 county-administered divisions and 14 mounted brigades.[18] By 1914, the 10th (Liverpool Scottish) would be subordinate to the South Lancashire Brigade, West Lancashire Division.[19]

First World War

1914–1915

A line of soldiers standing behind tents with their army gear neatly laid out ready to be inspected. The line of soldiers continues into the distance were buildings can be seen the background.
"E" Company parading for kit inspection, in Holyrood Park, Edinburgh, September 1914.

When war was declared in August 1914, the Liverpool Scottish mobilised and moved to Scotland under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel William Nicholl, with the rest of the South Lancashire Brigade, as part of the defences of the Firth of Forth. Duplicate battalions were formed in Liverpool from personnel unable to volunteer for overseas service. The second-line battalion, designated as the 2/10th to distinguish it from the original, was organised in October, the third-line in May 1915. They became responsible for the training of recruits and provision of drafts for overseas service. The 2/10th, raised and organised by Captain (later Lieutenant-Colonel) Adam Fairrie, was committed to the Western Front in 1917.[17]

Considered by contemporaries to be socially élite and reasonably well-trained compared to other territorial units, the 1/10th volunteered for overseas service and became the seventh territorial battalion to be dispatched to the Western Front.[20][21] The battalion took passage aboard the SS Maidan at Southampton on 1 November 1914, completing its disembarkation at Le Havre on the morning of the third with the Queen's Westminster Rifles.[21] The battalion's original strength - those who qualified for the 1914 Star - became known as the "Maidaners" in reference to the vessel.[22]

Assigned to the 9th Brigade,

3rd Division, the Liverpool Scottish occupied trenches in the Kemmel area, five miles south of Ypres. The 1/10th suffered its first fatality on 29 November: Captain Arthur Twentyman, killed while attempting to return to British lines.[23][24] The combination of severe winter and trench warfare soon depleted the strength of the Liverpool Scottish.[25] From an establishment of 26 officers and 829 men recorded in November, the battalion had dwindled to 370 able-bodied men by January 1915.[21][25] Within weeks of the battalion's arrival, Major Blair, Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholl's successor, was replaced by J.R. Davidson due to ill-health. Davidson would command the battalion, albeit interrupted by wounds sustained during the Somme Offensive, until 1917, when he returned to Liverpool to become the city water board's Chief Engineer.[26]

Obsolete equipment and organisational differences with the regular army became some of the earliest challenges that the battalion and other territorials contended with in France. The Scottish employed the long version of the Lee–Enfield (MLE) rifle, which had been superseded by the SMLE (Short Magazine Lee–Enfield) in the Regular Army. Unsuited to newer ammunition and the conditions of the Western Front, the 10th's MLEs began to be phased out by the SMLE in early 1915—a process that would not be entirely complete until 1916.[27] Structurally different from their regular counterparts, territorial battalions were reorganised early in the war to conform with the regulars.[28] Unlike the Regular Army, which had adopted a four-company system in 1913, territorial battalions were still organised into eight companies. When the system was extended to the Liverpool Scottish, the battalion designated its consolidated companies "V", "X, "Y", and "Z". This contrasted with the more conventional "A" to "D" or "1" to "4"—considered by the battalion to be potentially confusing.[28]

The Liverpool Scottish, 16 June 1915. A shell explodes in Railway Wood, to the left of the German front line.

The battalion's first major engagement happened on 16 June 1915, at Hooge, 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Ypres.

1st Lincolnshire Regiment, forming the second wave, then left their trenches to pass through the first wave of attackers and reach the German second-line.[34] Although the advance was relatively unopposed, "V" Company encountered resistance on its front from machine-gun fire. After briefly suspending its advance, the company, reinforced by "Z", charged the opposing positions and took about 40 prisoners.[33]

On capturing the second-line, elements of the Liverpool Scottish decided to consolidate the shallow trenches that afforded little protection.

Northumberland Fusiliers.[35]

Battle of Hooge, 16 June 1915. In the background, an artillery marker has been planted atop the parapet to signal to the artillery that the line had been secured.

Consolidating the third-line proved difficult under relentless bombardment and determined opposition from the uncaptured right of the trench system.

A memorial
to this battle was erected in the area in 2000. An experienced Company-Quartermaster Sergeant, R.A. Scott Macfie, described the aftermath at camp in a letter to his father:

...after a while there passed through our gate a handful of men in tattered uniforms, their faces blackened and unshaved, their clothes stained red with blood, or yellow with the fumes of lyddite. I shouted for Y Company. One man came forward! It was heart breaking. Gradually others tottered in; some wounded, in various stages of exhaustion...[39][40]

1916–1917

The West Lancashire Division reformed in January 1916 as the 55th (West Lancashire) Division, under the command of Major-General Hugh Jeudwine. Many of the division's original constituent battalions returned and the Liverpool Scottish joined the 166th Brigade.[41] Before being committed to the Somme Offensive in July 1916, the 55th had concentrated in the Amiens area.[41] The Liverpool Scottish moved to the Somme in mid-July and relieved the 18th King's near Montauban on the 31st.[42] After spending six days under constant artillery fire undertaking auxiliary duties in the vicinity of Bernafay and Trônes Woods, the Liverpool Scottish moved to Mansel Copse in preparation for an assault on Guillemont.[43] The village had already been subjected to two attacks since the opening battles of the Somme. At 0420 on 8 August, brigades from the 2nd and 55th divisions began a concerted effort to take Guillemont. The operation failed with resultingly heavy losses. Despite that, the Liverpool Irish and part of the 1st King's managed to enter Guillemont, but became isolated. More than 700 men from the two battalions were killed, wounded, or missing, many becoming prisoners of war.[44]

Amid reports that the Liverpool Irish were holding out in Guillemont, orders were issued for the 55th Division to renew the attack the next day.[44] Resuming the battle on the night of the 8th had been considered before the decision to attack in the early hours of the 9th.[45] The Liverpool Scottish, which had been in reserve on the 8th, was to advance along a front of 400 yards (1,200 ft) with the 1/5th Loyals on its left flank, penetrate the German frontline, and establish itself on Guillemont's eastern boundary.[46] In the prelude to the battle, the Liverpool Scottish waited behind lines, constantly moving to avoid sporadic German bombardment. Further difficulties arose for the battalion when it attempted to navigate to its starting positions through unfamiliar territory, compounded at one stage by the absence of guides.[46] While the battalion reached its destination at 0400, just 20 minutes before the attack was to begin, the Loyals did not arrive until an hour later.[47] Final orders were received late, giving Colonel Davidson only minutes to brief his company commanders.[45][46]

A five-minute artillery bombardment preceded "Zero" hour, which provoked an immediate counter-barrage.[45] At 0420, the Liverpool Scottish went over the top from the same positions that the 164th Brigade had the previous day. The barrage enveloped the Liverpool Scottish in no man's land, which, combined with machine-gun fire, stifled the battalion's progress. Lieutenant-Colonel Davidson personally rallied his battalion, seeking to regain momentum, but was wounded during the repulsed attack. Two further attempts by the remnants of the battalion to reach the frontline yielded no success. Few had entered the German trenches, the majority having been obstructed by uncut barbed wire.[46] Of the 20 officers and about 600 other ranks engaged at Guillemont, 74 had been killed, 174 were wounded, and 32 were unaccounted for. Most of the missing would later be confirmed killed.[48] Another attempt was made days later by the 1/9th King's. The village would not be captured until September. Among the wounded was Captain Noel Godfrey Chavasse, attached to the Liverpool Scottish from the Royal Army Medical Corps, who was awarded the Victoria Cross.[49] He became the battalion's first and only recipient, and had previously been awarded the Military Cross for his conduct at Hooges.[50]

Portrait of Noel Godfrey Chavasse.

In the subsequent battles of

Third Battle of Ypres in July 1917.[53] Casualties were nevertheless sustained by the battalion during this period, invariably as a result of shelling and sniping.[53]

The battalion was subsequently returned to the Ypres salient, positioned at

Wieltje. On 31 July 1917, a new offensive around Ypres was launched to try to penetrate the German lines, advance to the Belgian coast and capture German submarine bases. The Liverpool Scottish experienced some of the heaviest resistance in 166th Brigade's area, taking heavy losses around the fortified farms. The battalion remained in some captured German trenches until it was relieved on 3 August. Captain Chavasse died of wounds the next day having again tended to wounded soldiers. His actions earned him a posthumous Bar to his Victoria Cross,[54] one of only three men to be so decorated, and the sole double recipient of the First World War.[55]

In September, the Scottish moved south to Epehy, thirteen miles south of Cambrai, where its division took part in the Battle of Cambrai in November.[56]

1918

Troops of the 55th Division blinded by poison gas await treatment at an Advanced Dressing Station near Bethune during the Battle of Estaires, 10 April 1918.

On 21 March 1918, the Central Powers launched their expected German spring offensive (Operation Michael), signifying the beginning of Germany's final attempt to achieve a decisive victory before significant American forces arrived on the Western Front. By the 25th, substantial gains in territory had been made in the direction of Amiens.[57] Although prepared for a possible attack, the Liverpool Scottish and the 55th Division did not participate in the desperate Allied defence until the next phase of the offensive, Operation Georgette.[58]

Begun on 9 April, Operation Georgette shifted the focus to the devastated town of Ypres, in Flanders.[57] The bombardment preceding the attack was of considerable scale and included phosgene gas shells, causing severe casualties among the Liverpool Scottish.[59]

General Sir William Birdwood, commander of the British Fifth Army, inspecting a Guard of Honour of the 1/10th Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool Scottish) outside the Tournai Cathedral on the occasion of the Thanksgiving Service, 15 November 1918.

The Liverpool Scottish was involved in the defence of the Givenchy sector during the Battle of Estaires, sustaining such losses that they absorbed the 2/10th Battalion that had landed in France in February 1917.[60] After the Spring Offensive was halted, the Western Front entered its final phase—a series of Allied drives from August to November known as the Hundred Days Offensive. The Liverpool Scottish fought one of its last actions of the war, at La Bassée Canal, in October.[61]

The final month of the war offered little respite to the battalion. In the days leading up to the Armistice of 11 November 1918, the Liverpool Scottish helped to secure numerous villages without opposition and crossed the River Scheldt on 9 November.[62] On the day of the Armistice, the Liverpool Scottish was situated at Villers-Notre-Dame.[63] With the 165th and 166th brigades, the battalion had been readied to assault German positions obstructing passage into the town of Ath. Such a prospect was averted, however, when the 2/5th Lancashire Fusiliers attacked and seized one of the bridges before it could be demolished.[62]

The Liverpool Scottish, with a large number of men not eligible for immediate demobilization, were sent to Antwerp with the Army of Occupation to maintain a receiving camp for Army of Occupation cadres returning to England via Antwerp for demobilization. They remained there until demobilized at the completion of their task in November.[64]

Interbellum

Following reconstitution into the Territorial Army in 1920, the Liverpool Scottish formalised its relationship with the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders and transferred in 1937 to become the regiment's second territorial battalion.

colours at Everton Football Club's Goodison Park stadium.[67]

Second World War

After the Territorial Army began to expand following a Government announcement in March 1939, the Liverpool Scottish formed a second battalion. The TA was mobilised in August 1939 shortly before the outbreak of the

Army "Commandos".[17][68][69][70]

1st Battalion

From 21 December 1943, 55th Division was in British Troops Northern Ireland. On 14 July 1944, 1st Bn joined 199th Bde (soon afterwards redesignated 166th Bde), which remained in Northern Ireland until the end of the war while 55th Division returned to England.[68][71] The 1st Scottish deployed to the garrison of Gibraltar in 1945.[72]

Commandos

Commando Memorial at Lochaber, Scotland.

The Liverpool Scottish contributed a

Allied campaign against Germany.[75] After landing in early May, No. 4 Company relieved a French force and occupied positions near Mosjoen. The company, in conjunction with others, operated under the aegis of Scisserforce, commanded by Brigadier Colin Gubbins.[76] When a German landing cut off Mosjoen from the north on 11 May, No. 4 Company had to be evacuated by a Norwegian steamer and transported to Sandnessjøen, then to Bodø with No. 5 Company.[77]

By the 24th, Allied troops had established a line of defence near the town of Pothus to facilitate the defence of Bodø against Germany's northern advance.[78] While his forces were engaged in battle, Brigadier Gubbins was informed that the British Government had decided to evacuate northern Norway.[79] The withdrawal of Allied forces commenced on 29 May, with Nos. 1 and 4 Companies being embarked on two destroyers carrying other passengers, including administrative personnel and wounded.[80]

After returning to Britain, the Liverpool Scottish troop obtained approval from the Government to readopt the kilt as an integral part of its

Battle Dress.[81] The Commando units and the independent companies consolidated later in the year into "Special Service" battalions, administered by a single brigade. For various reasons, the system proved unpopular and in 1941 the battalions were sub-divided, reverting to distinct Commando units. The 1st Special Service Battalion, which had absorbed No. 4 Company, became Nos. 1 and 2 Commando[82] - the latter included a number of the Liverpool Scottish, designated as 5 Troop.[81]

In March 1942, the troop participated with 2 Commando in the

lend-lease destroyer Campbeltown, and numerous small craft.[84] The Campbeltown was reconfigured to resemble a German destroyer but converted into a platform designed to deliver 9,600 pounds (4,400 kg) of explosives.[85]

89th (Liverpool Scottish) Anti-Tank Regiment

On 13 September 1942 the 2nd Battalion moved to 218th Bde in Northumberland District.[86] Then on 1 November 1942 it was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into 89th (Liverpool Scottish) Anti-Tank Regiment, with Q. R and S Anti-Tank Batteries, which were numbered as 137, 138 and 139 A/T Btys on 1 January 1943. The regiment formed an additional 324 A/T Bty on 25 June 1943.[87][88][89][90][91]

It became the divisional A/T regiment of 47th (London) Infantry Division on 9 November 1943. This was a reserve and training division serving in Hampshire and Dorset District. It moved to Northern Command and was broken up on 31 August 1944. 89th Anti-Tank Rgt was then assigned to 55th (West Lancashire) Division (by the back in Western Command from 21 October 1944 until the end of the war.[68][92]

After the war ended, 89th (Liverpool Scottish) A/T Rgt became a holding unit from 18 September 1945 until 10 March 1946, when it began to enter suspended animation; the process was completed about a month later.[88]

Postwar

1st Battalion

When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the 1st Bn was reformed at Fraser Street as the 1st (Motor) Battalion, Liverpool Scottish, Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders, providing the motor battalion of 23rd Independent Armoured Brigade in Western Command.[87][93][94][95]

In the 1960s, economic constraints and alignment towards nuclear weapons and other military technology resulted in the reorganisation and rationalisation of the Territorial Army.

103 (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery in 1974), the company remained an integral component of the 51st Highland until 1992.[97]

During company exercises in Cyprus in 1974,

Greek Junta and followed by the Turkish invasion.[98] Unable to intervene in the ethnic conflict, the Liverpool Scottish were eventually evacuated from Akamas, through Greek-controlled territory, to the British base at Akrotiri.[17] Post-Cold War restructuring incorporated "V" Company into the 5th/8th (Volunteer) Battalion of the King's Regiment, successor to the King's Regiment (Liverpool). Further reorganisation in 1999 reduced the Scottish to 2 (The Liverpool Scottish) Platoon of A (King's) Company, King's and Cheshire Regiment.[97] The platoon relocated to Townsend Avenue, Norris Green,[97] where territorial infantry in Liverpool are concentrated.[99]

In 2006, the King's Regiment amalgamated with two others to become the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment. The regiment's 4th Battalion was formed by the integration of the Lancastrian and Cumbrian Volunteers with the King's companies of the King's and Cheshire Regiment.[100] The Liverpool Scottish Platoon remained a part of the retitled "A" (Ladysmith) Company.[17] Individuals from the platoon were attached to other units deployed on operational tours in Bosnia, Afghanistan, and Iraq.[101][102]

The Liverpool Scottish lineage came to an end, on 30 April 2014, when the last surviving platoon was disbanded, and personnel re-affiliated entirely to the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment.[103]

655 (Liverpool Scottish) Light Anti-Aircraft/Searchlight Regiment

The 2nd Bn remained with the Royal Artillery after the war, reforming on 1 January 1947 as 655 (Liverpool Scottish) Light Anti-Aircraft/Searchlight Regiment in the Liverpool-based 79 AA Brigade of

525 LAA/SL Rgt, also in Liverpool.[87][88][89][104][94][105][106]

655 (Liverpool Scottish) LAA/SL Rgt wore a Liverpool Scottish shoulder flash (a rectangle of Forbes tartan) on the left shoulder of the battledress blouse, and this tradition was continued by the Liverpool Scottish battery of 525 LAA/SL Rgt.[89]

Commanding officers

Name Rank Tenure Remarks
Christopher Forbes Bell Lieutenant-Colonel 1900–1902 Resigned due to ill-health
Andrew Laurie Macfie, CB, VD, DL Lieutenant Colonel 1902–1911[13] Later brigadier-general
William Nicholl Lieutenant-Colonel 1911–1914[107] Replaced due to age
George Alexander Blair Major 1914[108] Replaced due to ill-health
Jonathan Roberts Davidson, CMG Lieutenant-Colonel 1914–1916 Wounded at Guillemont
F.W.M. Drew, DSO Lieutenant-Colonel 1916–1917[109] Later commanded 9th Battalion, King's Regiment
Sir Jonathan Roberts Davidson, CMG Lieutenant-Colonel 1917[109] Chief Engineer for the City of Liverpool
James Leslie Auld Macdonald, DSO Lieutenant-Colonel 1917–1918 Attached from the Royal Scots
David Campbell Duncan Munro, DSO, MC, DCM Lieutenant-Colonel 1918–1919[110] Attached from the Gordon Highlanders
Edward Gordon Thin, DSO Lieutenant-Colonel 1920-1921[111] Reconstitution of battalion
George Bentham Leathart Rae, DSO, TD Lieutenant-Colonel 1921[111]-1923[112]
Sir Arthur Alexander Gemmell, MC, TD Lieutenant-Colonel 1923-1927[113]
George Bentham Leathart Rae, DSO, TD Lieutenant-Colonel 1927[111]-1930[114]
Benjamin Arkle, MC Lieutenant-Colonel 1930[115]-1932
Archibald M. McGilchrist, TD Lieutenant-Colonel 1932[116]-1936[67] Author of battalion history
I.R.T. Irvine Lieutenant-Colonel 1936[117]-1938[67]
F.W. McGuinness Lieutenant-Colonel 1938[118]-1940[119]
H.J.D.L. McGregor Lieutenant-Colonel 1940[119]-1942[120] Cameron Highlanders
C.B. Mackenzie Lieutenant-Colonel 1942[120] Assume command of 5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion
R.P. Haig Lieutenant-Colonel 1942[120]-1943[120]
J.R. Paterson Lieutenant-Colonel 1943[120]- Commanded No. 4 Independent Company
2/10th Battalion (November 1914–April 1918)
William Nicholl Lieutenant-Colonel 1914–1915
Adam Fairrie, TD Lieutenant-Colonel 1915–1917[121] Reached age-limit
E.L. Roddy Lieutenant-Colonel 1917 Attached from Cheshire Regiment
Walter Lorrain Brodie, VC, MC Lieutenant-Colonel 1917–1918 Attached from the Highland Light Infantry; killed commanding 2nd HLI
3/10th Battalion (May 1915 – 1919)
Duncan Alexander Campbell Lieutenant-Colonel 1915
Edward Gordon Thin, DSO Lieutenant-Colonel 1915–1918 Later commanded
2/4th Loyals
Adam Fairrie, TD Lieutenant-Colonel 1918 Appointed commandant of a demobilisation camp

Notes

  1. ^ Riley, I. L. (2015). "Pipe Tunes". The Liverpool Scottish Museum Trust. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  2. ^ "Liverpool Remember 1300 Fallen Comrades". Liverpool Echo. 4 June 2002.
  3. ^ "Liverpool Scottish Platoon, A (Kings) Company, The Kings and Cheshire Regiment". British Army. 28 November 2005. Archived from the original on 8 November 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  4. ISBN 9780203438817
    . Retrieved 10 September 2009.
  5. ^ "The Victoria Cross". solarnavigator.net. 2008. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  6. ^ Giblin (2000), p.2
  7. ^ a b Giblin (2000), pp.2–3
  8. ^ Giblin (2000), p.3
  9. ^ McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), pp.3-4
  10. ^ "London Irish Rifles". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 10 January 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  11. ^ Riley, I. L. (2015). "Display of Uniforms". The Liverpool Scottish Museum Trust. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  12. ^ "No. 27244". The London Gazette. 6 November 1900. p. 6783.
  13. ^ a b "No. 27460". The London Gazette. 1 August 1902. p. 4972.
  14. ^ "Highland Full Dress Uniform". Archived from the original on 3 May 2006.
  15. ^ a b c McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), pp.6-7
  16. ^ Giblin (2000), p.4
  17. ^ a b c d e f Riley, I. L. (2015). "A Brief History of the Liverpool Scottish". The Liverpool Scottish Museum Trust. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  18. ^ Perry, Frederick William (1998), The Commonwealth Armies: Manpower and Organisation in Two World Wars, p.6
  19. ^ Baker, Chris. "The King's (Liverpool Regiment) - 1/10 (Scottish) Battalion". The Long, Long Trail:The British Army in the Great War of 1914-1918. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
  20. ^ Giblin (2000), p.7
  21. ^ a b c Wyrall (2002), p.99
  22. ^ Giblin, Hal (2000), p.8
  23. ^ Wyrall (2002), p.100
  24. ^ Giblin (2000), p.11
  25. ^ a b Giblin (2000), p.15
  26. ^ "Jonathan Roberts Davidson". Grace's Guide. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  27. ^ McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), p.24
  28. ^ a b McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), pp.19–21
  29. ^ The action is known to the Liverpool Scottish as the "Battle of Hooge" and officially as the "First Attack at Bellewaarde".
  30. ^ Wyrall (2000), p.156
  31. ^ Giblin (2000), p.20
  32. ^ Mileham (2000), p.96
  33. ^ a b c d e f Giblin (2000), pp.22–3
  34. ^ Wyrall (2002), p.158
  35. ^ a b McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), p.45
  36. ^ McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), p.47
  37. ^ Wyrall (2002), p.159
  38. ^ McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), p.48
  39. ^ Twentieth Century World: Core Book. The 20th Century World , p.13
  40. ^ McCartney (2005), Citizen Soldiers: the Liverpool Territorials in the First World War p.209
  41. ^ a b Coop, pp.23–24
  42. ^ Giblin (2000), p37
  43. ^ McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), p.75
  44. ^ a b Wyrall (2002), pp.304-7
  45. ^ a b c Giblin (2000), p.38
  46. ^ a b c d McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), pp.76-7
  47. ^ Wyral (2002), p.310
  48. ^ McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), p.80
  49. ^ "No. 29438". The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 January 1916. pp. 576–577.
  50. ^ "No. 29802". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 October 1916. p. 10394.
  51. ^ Wyrall (2002), p.323
  52. ^ McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), p.87
  53. ^ a b c Gibb (2000), p.50
  54. ^ "No. 30284". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 September 1917. p. 9531.
  55. ^ The other recipients were Arthur Martin-Leake, also of the RAMC who received his VC during the Second Boer War and the Bar during the First World War, and Charles Upham, the only combat soldier to receive the dual decoration; his actions taking place during the Second World War.
  56. ^ "Liverpool Scottish". Imperial War Museum. 30 November 1917. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  57. ^ a b Gilbert, Adrian (2004), The Encyclopedia of Warfare from Earliest Times to the Present, p.236
  58. ^ Giblin (2000), p.80
  59. ^ Wyrall (2002), p.640
  60. ^ Giblin (2000), p.88
  61. ^ ""Stand To" on Givenchy Road". First World War.com. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  62. ^ a b McGilchrist, Archibald M. (2005), pp.241–2
  63. ^ Wyrall (2002), p.689
  64. ^ McGilchrist 2005, pp. 251–252, 254–255.
  65. ^ Mills, T.F. "The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders". regiments.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  66. ^ Mileham (2000), p.139
  67. ^ a b c The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders (1952), Historical Records, p.82
  68. ^ a b c Joslen, pp. 90–1.
  69. ^ Joslen, p. 353.
  70. ^ Western Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.
  71. ^ Joslen, p. 363.
  72. ^ "Brief History of the Liverpool Scottish". Liverpool Scottish Museum Archive. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  73. ^ Mileham (2000), p.147
  74. ^ Messenger, Charles (1991), The Commandos: 1940-1946, p.20
  75. ^ Barclay, Cyril Nelson (1952), The London Scottish in the Second World War, 1939-1945, p.389
  76. ^ Kingston, Thomas (1952), The Campaign in Norway, p.179
  77. ^ Kingston, Thomas (1952), The Campaign in Norway, p.180-1
  78. ^ Kingston, Thomas (1952), The Campaign in Norway, p.189-90
  79. ^ Kingston, Thomas (1952), The Campaign in Norway, p.92
  80. ^ Adams, Jack (1989), The Doomed Expedition: The Norwegian Campaign of 1940, p.89
  81. ^ a b Military History Society (1977), The Bulletin, p.104
  82. ^ Moreman, Tim (2006), British Commandos 1940-46, pp.15-6
  83. ^ Ford, Ken (2001), St Nazaire 1942: The Great Commando Raid, p.10
  84. ^ Antill, P. (6 April 2001). "Raid on St. Nazaire (Operation Chariot), Part Two (28 March 1942)". historyofwar.org. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  85. ^ Moreman, Tim (2006), British Commandos 1940-46, p.67
  86. ^ Joslen, p. 381.
  87. ^ a b c Frederick, p. 148.
  88. ^ a b c Frederick, pp. 913, 916, 925.
  89. ^ a b c Litchfield, p. 132.
  90. ^ Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders 1952, pp. 193–194.
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References

External links
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