Livingston, West Lothian
Livingston (
The town was built around a collection of small villages,
History
Before 1962
Livingston is first mentioned in an early 12th-century charter as Villa Levingi (Leving's town).[6] In 1128, David I granted the newly founded Abbey of Holyrood control of the church at Livingston and its income in a charter that was witnessed by Turstani filii Levingi (Thurstan son of Leving).[7] He built a fortified tower (Livingston Peel) which no longer survives. The settlement that grew up around it became known as Levingstoun, Layingston, and eventually fixed at Livingston. The Leving family controlled the area until dying out in 1512. From 1512 until 1671 the tower house was occupied by the Murrays of Elibank. In 1670, the Edinburgh botanic garden was founded by Dr. Robert Sibbald and Dr. Andrew Balfour using the plant collection from the Elibank private gardens of Sir Patrick Murray, 2nd Lord Elibank, following his death in September 1671.[8] In the late 17th century, the Peel was demolished and replaced by a house called Livingston Place. The estate eventually passed from the Murray family to the Cunningham family and it was eventually acquired by the Earl of Rosebery in 1828 and demolished in 1840.[6] The area of the former gardens and house is now a local garden and park, named Peel park.[9] The formal layout and planting in the park reflect the historic gardens, and a new peel mound and moat was recreated to reflect the earlier history.[10]
The area around Livingston was historically an important
By 1898, the main Livingston village was recorded as having several houses, a mill, a
New Town
Under the
In order to build, manage, and promote Livingston, a quango organisation was formed, the Livingston Development Corporation (LDC).[25] Sir David Lowe, a local large scale farmer and businessman, was appointed chairman.[26][27] Following designation of the new town, the first large building begun was the Corporation's own offices in 1963.[21] Residential construction began in 1962 with the first homes to be built as part of the new town being constructed in Deans (to house corporation employees and construction workers).[27] The first major development of the new town took place in Craigshill, with the first people moving into the newly built housing areas in April 1966 at Broom Walk.[5][6][27] The construction of the areas of Howden, Ladywell, and Knightsridge began in the late 1960s and this was followed in the 1970s by the creation of Dedrige and further development of Deans.[27] Some of the first prominent buildings in the new town built in these decades included Riverside Primary School (the first primary school built in the new town in April 1966), Livingston Fire Station (1967 by the architects Bamber & Hall), the new town's first public house (the Tower in Craigshill built in 1968), Craigshill school (the first secondary school built in the new town in 1969), and the 'Centre' (Livingstons shopping centre) built in 1977.[27][28] Craigshill was said to exemplify the spartan, geometric approach to new town planning, with buildings composed of the Danish style Jesperson blocks and high-density, low-rise concrete homes with Scandinavian style mono-pitch roofs.[28]
By 1971, the town's population had risen to 14,000.[24] On 9 November 1979 the Livingston UFO Incident took place, when Robert Taylor, employed by the Livingston Development Corporation, is said to have encountered a UFO on Dechmont Law and the incident was subsequently investigated by Lothian and Borders Police.[29] It is the only UFO incident that was part of a criminal investigation in the United Kingdom.[30]
In 1984, a new railway station was built for the town on the
While in 1980, the LDC owned 90% of the town's housing, by 1996 this had reduced to some 40% through sales and increasing private home ownership.
In September 2021, the town submitted a bid for city status in the United Kingdom as part of the Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours Competition.[34][35] Although the town was not successful in being raised to city status, 2022 marked its 60th anniversary as a town.[36]
Geography
Livingston is the eighth-largest
The Livingston new town was planned so that the River Almond, the namesake of the Almondvale district, runs through the town centre.[6]
Outer Livingston districts include Wester Dechmont, Deans (including the Deans Industrial Estate), Kirkton, and Houston to the north, Craigshill to the east, Bellsquarry (including the Brucefield Industrial Estate) and Murieston to the south, and Adambrae and Kirkton Campus to the east of the town.[6] Craigshill takes its name from the Scottish Gaelic word for the slopes of a hill.[6]
Inner central districts in the town include
The geology of Livingston is similar to that of West Lothian in general, characterised by former glacial history and composed of till.[37][38] This includes areas of clay, sand, silt, and gravel, primarily along the Almond river valley environment.[37] Parts of Livingston also have isolated areas of carboniferous sedimentary rocks (primarily in and around the Deans area of the town) which were worked and extracted for shale oil in the 19th and 20th centuries.[38] The oldest rocks are classified as part of the Inverclyde Group (primarily located in the south-east of Livingston between Linhouse Water and Kirknewton).[38] There are also several areas of underlying sandstone in Livingston which were used as local quarries, now since defunct, including Dedridge quarry, refilled and landscaped as a local park (Quarry Froggy Park).[38][39] Bellsquarry originates from a former Burdiehouse limestone quarry and the surname of its owner, Mr Bell.[40] The quarry was in operation by 1782 and continued until the early 20th century, when it was used as a rubbish dump before being tidied and covered.[40]
Until the development of the new town, except for localised industry in areas such as Deans, the area was primarily
Economy
The area where Livingston now sits was historically dominated by
From the 1970s, Kirkton Campus on the western edge of the town was developed as Scotland's first technology science park.
Other large employers include
The Brucefield Industrial Estate is located west of Bellsquarry and includes companies such as Diet Chef (a food manufacturer),[60] ScoMac (a catering equipment manufacturer),[61] and Snag Tights (a textile manufacturer based in Livingston that exports to 90 countries).[62]
Alba Business Park is located in Livingston to the west of Adambrae and includes a technology innovation centre.
Town centre
Livingston
The Livingston Civic Centre was completed in June 2009 and officially opened by then-First Minister Alex Salmond on 25 November 2009. The Civic Centre is located just north of The Centre on the bank of the River Almond. It was home to the divisional headquarters of Lothian and Borders Police until the creation of Police Scotland in 2013, as well as the sheriff and justice of the peace, West Lothian Council, the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, the Scottish Children's Reporter Administration, Lothian and Borders Fire and Rescue Service, and the West Lothian Community Health and Care Partnership.
Shopping
Livingston has three major shopping centres, three medium large retail parks, and clusters of small local stores located throughout the different areas. The largest shopping centres are
The first phase of the Livingston's shopping centres was completed in 1977 to facilitate the needs of the local residents and workers at The Centre, known as the "Livingston Centre" at that point.
Until 2016, there was also a large B&Q in the south-west of the town centre, as well as a large Morrisons supermarket which remains open. The Homebase store closed in July 2010 and Argos moved to premises across the road. The former Homebase and Argos stores were converted into a large Sainsbury's supermarket that opened in December 2010. Also in the town centre are discount supermarkets such as Aldi and Lidl, the latter of which is located beside the Almondvale Stadium.
Under the original Livingston plans, neighbourhood shopping centres were to be located at strategic points around the town and the first of these to be built was The Mall at Craigshill, which claimed to be one of the first covered shopping centres in Scotland.[27] This was followed by the Carmondean Centre in Deans and groupings of shops in Ladywell and Murieston.[24]
Transport
Walking / cycling
Livingston has an excellent 'core path network' which is shared use, and available to pedestrians and cyclists. It connects all of the main areas of the town with shopping and work areas. It is for the most part segregated from roads and uses an extensive network of under/over pass systems to keep pedestrians and cyclists away from motorised traffic.[5]
Road
Livingston has excellent connections to the central Scotland road network: the M8 bounds Livingston in the north and the A71 in the south; The A899 dual carriageway spine road passes north south along Livingston's eastern edge and connects the two; The A89 runs east west on the north side of the M8.
Buses
Livingston has a central bus terminal with seven stances located on Almondvale Avenue between the two shopping centres in the town centre. This provides regular services to surrounding towns and villages.
, and most West Lothian towns and villages.Rail
Livingston has three railway stations; Livingston North, Livingston South and Uphall (on the eastern edge of Livingston).
Livingston North is located adjacent to the Carmondean Shopping Centre between Eliburn and Deans and is on the
Livingston South is located at the Murieston Shops and is on the Shotts Line and has trains running between Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley via Shotts. It was opened by British Rail on 6 October 1984.[17]
Airports
Livingston is 7 miles (11 kilometres) west of Edinburgh Airport and 35+1⁄2 miles (57 kilometres) east of Glasgow Airport,[74] both of which have regular flights to British and international destinations.
Media
The local newspaper covering Livingston is the West Lothian Courier (published under the Daily Record).[75] There was previously a Livingston Post newspaper which was stopped in the early 1990s.[76] There was also a newspaper called West Lothian Herald & Post that served Livingston but that ceased to print in July 2011. Dedridge Grapevine is a voluntary community magazine, delivering several thousand copies to houses in and around Dedridge, founded and edited by Kathleen Ross-Hale since 1976.[77] Konect is a free local magazine that serves the West Lothian area, including Livingston, with approximately 10,000 copies a month delivered in the Livingston area.[78]
Livingston previously had its own Radio Station called
Livingston is covered by the BBC Scotland and STV Central regions.
Governance
Local
Livingston is the administrative centre of West Lothian Council.[81] Within West Lothian, Livingston is covered by four multi-member wards each electing four councillors. They are Livingston North, Livingston South, East Livingston, and East Calder wards.[82]
Many of the responsibilities of West Lothian Council were previously the responsibility of the Livingston Development Corporation (LDC) until 1997 when the LDC was disbanded.[32]
Scottish Parliament
Livingston is in the Almond Valley constituency for the Scottish Parliament, and the Member of the Scottish Parliament is Angela Constance[83] of the Scottish National Party.[84] Livingston is also covered by the Lothian electoral region which gives the area seven additional MSPs.[85]
House of Commons
Livingston has its own constituency in the House of Commons; Livingston,[86] and is represented by the Scottish National Party Member of Parliament (MP) Hannah Bardell.
Livingston for the majority of its existence has returned Labour MPs since the town was founded in 1962. However, in the election of 2015, the constituency voted in Hannah Bardell of the SNP as their member for Parliament.
It was for the
European Parliament
Before Brexit, Livingston was part of the Scotland European Parliament constituency. It was represented by six MEPs; the nearest ones to Livingston were Alyn Smith (SNP)[92] and Struan Stevenson (Conservative)[93] who were both based in Edinburgh and David Martin (Labour)[94] who was based in Roslin. Livingston used to be part of the Lothians European Parliament constituency.
Education and libraries
Livingston has 18
West Lothian College offers higher and further education and its central campus is based in Livingston.[96] The college has sports facilities, a library, a training restaurant for hospitality students (which was awarded Scottish Restaurant of the Year in 2015 and 2017), and a salon/spa.[96] The college provides educational services to over 8,000 students a year and has 350 staff.[97]
Livingston has three public
The Scotland Japanese School (スコットランド日本語補習授業校 Sukottorando Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a
Health
Livingston is part of the NHS Lothian region in NHS Scotland. Livingston previously had a psychiatric hospital with a general hospital in the Dechmont area of the town called Bangour Village Hospital. The hospital opened in 1904, and started closing in the 1990s.[101] It closed completely in 2004 after the remaining services were transferred to St John's Hospital.
Livingston has a large hospital called
Culture and recreation
Arts Centre
Howden Park Centre is the arts centre for the town which includes a 300-seat theatre providing arts performances, recitals, plays and other events.[105]
Museum
The
Parks
Livingston has several public parks, including Eliburn park, Almondvale park, Howden park, Peel park, Campbridge park (Murieston), Quarry park (Dedridge), and Bankton Mains park. Eliburn park (in the north-west of Livingston) is a 16.5-hectare (41-acre) site owned by West Lothian Council which features a reservoir (fed by the local Nell burn) with fishing access, sports facilities and a children's play area.[110] Almondvale park, located in the centre of town, is an outdoor recreation area, with an adventure playpark, health walk/run and wildflower meadows.[111] Bankton Mains park is a large park with a sports centre, bowling club, tennis and football pitches and play park.[112]
Youth activities
Livingston has its own Air Training Corps squadron, 2535 (Livingston) Squadron (located in Craigshill) and Army Cadet Force unit (based at Dedridge). The town also has Cubs, Scouts, Boys' Brigade, Brownies, and Guides units, and other organisations such as LGBT Youth Scotland and the Youth Action Project (WLYAP),[113] and Firefly Youth Theatre (formerly West Lothian Youth Theatre) also operate at Howden Park Centre.[105] The youth action project involves a music session and many gigs and is widely attended by teenagers from the surrounding area.
Livingston Skate Park
The Livingston Skatepark opened in 1981, at a time when most commercial skateparks were closing, and was one of the most important facilities in Britain during a critical period in the development of skateboarding.[114] It is an example of a free, unsupervised facility which achieved international status.[115] The park was designed by Scottish architect Iain Urquhart and was the subject of a 2020 BBC Radio 3 documentary 'Curves and Concrete' which explored the impact the design had on other UK skateparks.[116][117]
Sport
The town has a local
Livingston is also home to; two competitive swimming clubs, the Livingston & District Dolphins and the Aquanauts of Livingston; Livingston Handball Club, Livingston and West Lothian Hockey Club, which has several men's and women's teams and provides junior coaching; West Lothian Wolves Basketball Club, with men and women's teams at all age groups; and two track and field athletics clubs, Livingston & District AAC and Lothian RC.
Livingston also has a number of youth football teams with the most successful being Murieston United who have teams ranging from the ages of under 9s to under 21s. They have some notable former players: Scott Arfield, Chris Innes, Derek Fleming, and Gary Wales.[118]
Livingston FC
Livingston F.C., known to locals as "Livi" or "The Lions", are the most notable football team in the town. They were formed in 1995 on the relocation of Edinburgh-based side Meadowbank Thistle. The stadium opened in November 1995, but the Livingston name had already been adopted some months earlier when the club was still playing at its former home Meadowbank Stadium in Edinburgh.
Although they were playing in the
The Lions managed to gain promotion to the
Swimming
Public pools within Livingston are located in local schools including Deans Community High School and Inveralmond High School and the Bannatyne Health Club has a private pool for members. Xcite public swimming pools operated by West Lothian Leisure are located in the nearby towns of Whitburn, Bathgate and Linlithgow.[119]
Livingston Cricket Club
Livingston has a cricket club known as the Kingfishers which fields teams for juniors and seniors and has fielded professional paid players. The club plays in the East of Scotland Cricket Association and is based in the Murieston area of Livingston.[120] The club was founded in 1981 by Dr Salem Patel and Doug Druce, playing its first match in August of that year in Armadale. The club joined the East League for the 1982 season, winning Grade D and promotion.[121] The club played at several locations in Livingston, including Bankton Mains and at Bangour Hospital sports field.[121] The 1st XI remained in Division 4 until winning the league in 1992.[121] In 1994 sponsorship by the Livingston Development Corporation enabled the club to successfully negotiate the big step up to Division 2 where half of the clubs employed paid professional players.[121] West Indian Mark Harper became the club's first paid player and regularly set new batting records throughout the season.[121] The creation of the National leagues in 1996 and the subsequent re-organisation of feeder leagues saw Livingston become a Division 1 club due to reconstruction of the East League.[121] In 1999 the club finished third, their highest league position to date.[121] This coincided with a move back into Livingston to a large new ground in the Murieston area.[121] Being almost in the foothills of the Pentlands, rainfall is heavier and the growing season considerably shorter than most of the other grounds in the Central Belt, which causes major problems in getting the ground ready for play in April.[121] A new pavilion, the Gerry Toms Pavilion was officially opened on 22 August 2004.[121]
Golf
Golf clubs in and around Livingston include Deer Park Golf & Country Club, Pumpherston Golf Club and Harburn Golf Club.[122][123][124]
Religion
Christianity
Uniquely in Scotland, Livingston was from its formation designated an "
Apart from the Ecumenical Parish, Livingston Old Parish is a congregation solely within the Church of Scotland. There are also churches of other denominations. These include the
Also represented in the community are the Baptist Church (who have two congregations in Dedridge and Ladywell), Jehovah's Witnesses (who have two congregations: Livingston Deans and Livingston Dedridge), the Free Church, and The Church of Jesus Christ Latter Day Saints (who have a Ward in Deans).
Other religions
There is a mosque in the Craigshill area of the town called Livingston Mosque and Community Centre and also another within the Deans area.[127] In recent years Jehovah Witnesses have built a Kingdom Hall in Eliburn.
Notable residents
Notable residents of Livingston include
Actors, musicians and entertainers include Nina Nesbitt (singer songwriter) and David Cicero (singer/keyboardist and associate of the Pet Shop Boys who moved to Livingston as a child).
Livingston sports personalities include
captain).Town twinnings
Livingston is
- Hochsauerlandkreis, Germany.
- Grapevine, Texas, US.
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- ^ "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh". Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
- ^ a b c Historic Environment Scotland. "ST ANDREWS ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH INCLUDING ENTRANCE WALL, 126 VICTORIA STREET, CRAIGSHILL, LIVINGSTON (Category B Listed Building) (LB52188)". Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ "UK Mosque searcher Livingston". Mosques.muslimsinbritain.org. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
Primary sources
- Wills, E (1996) Livingston: the Making of a Scottish New Town
- Cowling, D (1997) An Essay for Today: the Scottish New Towns 1947–1997
- Hendrie, W (1989) The History of Livingston
External links
- Livingston (Scotland) travel guide from Wikivoyage
- West Lothian Business Portal
- Livingstoni Community site for Livingston
- West Lothian Archaeological Trust