Ljubljana

Ljubljana
Capital city
View of the city from Nebotičnik Town Hall Opera House Dragon Bridge University of Ljubljana Congress Square
UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal codes	1000–1211, 1231, 1260, 1261[5]
Area code	01 (+386 1 if calling from abroad)
Vehicle Registration	LJ
Website	www.ljubljana.si

Ljubljana^[a] (also known by other historical names) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia,^[15][16] located along a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region,^[17] north of the country's largest marsh, inhabited since prehistoric times. It is the country's cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative center and the seat of Urban Municipality of Ljubljana.

During antiquity, a Roman city called Emona stood in the area.^[18] The city was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century. It was the historical capital of Carniola,^[19] one of the Slovene-inhabited parts of the Habsburg monarchy.^[15] It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The city retained this status until Slovenia became independent in 1991 and Ljubljana became the capital of the newly formed state.^[20]

The exact origin of the name Ljubljana is unclear. In medieval times, both the river and the town were also called Laibach (German: [ˈlaɪ̯bax] ^ⓘ) in German. This name was used within the region until 1918 and continues to be used in German. In Italian, the city is referred to as Lubiana, and in Latin, it is known as Labacum.^[21]

The German name was first documented in 1144, and the Slovenian form appeared in records as early as 1146. The 10th-century work "Life of Gregentios" provides the Greek variant Λυπλιανές (Lyplianes) and situates it among the Avars in the 6th century. This account is influenced by an earlier northern Italian source written shortly after the conquest of 774.^[22]

The connection between the Slovene and German names has posed a puzzle for scholars. In 2007, linguist

It is historically more believable that the dragon was adopted from Saint George, the patron of the Ljubljana Castle chapel built in the 15th century. In the legend of Saint George, the dragon represents the old ancestral paganism overcome by Christianity. According to another explanation, related to the second, the dragon was at first only a decoration above the city coat of arms. In the Baroque, it became part of the coat of arms and, in the 19th and especially the 20th century, it outstripped the tower and other elements in importance.

Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marsh was settled by people living in

Later, the area remained a transit point, for groups including the Illyrians, followed by a mixed nation of the Celts and the Illyrians called the Iapodes, and then in the 3rd century BC a Celtic tribe, the Taurisci.^[33]

Around 50 BC, the

In the 15th century, Ljubljana became recognised for its art, particularly painting and sculpture. The Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana was established in 1461 and the Church of St. Nicholas became the diocesan cathedral.^[40] After the 1511 Idrija earthquake,^{[50][51][52][53]} the city was rebuilt in the Renaissance style and a new wall was built around it.^[54] Wooden buildings were forbidden after a large fire at New Square in 1524.^[55][56]

In the 16th century, the population of Ljubljana numbered 5,000, 70% of whom spoke

In 1895, Ljubljana, then a city of 31,000, suffered a severe earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum EMS intensity of VIII–IX ("heavily damaging – destructive").^[69] 21 people died due to the earthquake and some 10% of the city's 1,400 buildings were destroyed.^[70][71] During the subsequent reconstruction, some districts were rebuilt in the Vienna Secession style.^[65] Public electric lighting arrived in 1898. The rebuilding period between 1896 and 1910 is referred to as the "revival of Ljubljana" because of architectural changes that defined the city and for reform of urban administration, health, education and tourism. The rebuilding and quick modernisation of the city were led by the mayor Ivan Hribar.^[65]

In 1918, following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the region joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.^[39][72][73] In 1929, Ljubljana became the capital of the Drava Banovina, a Yugoslav province.^[74]

In 1941, during World War II, Fascist Italy occupied the city, and then on 3 May 1941 made Lubiana the capital of Italy's Province of Ljubljana^[75] with former Yugoslav general Leon Rupnik as mayor. After the Italian capitulation, Nazi Germany with SS-general Erwin Rösener and Friedrich Rainer took control in 1943,^[72] but formally the city remained the capital of an Italian province until 9 May 1945. In Ljubljana, the Axis forces established strongholds and command centres of Quisling organisations, the Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia under Italy and the Home Guard under German control. Starting in February 1942, the city was surrounded by barbed wire, later fortified by bunkers, to prevent co-operation between the resistance movements that operated inside and outside the fence.^[76][77] Since 1985, the commemorative trail has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood.^[78] Postwar reprisals filled mass graves.^{[79][80][81][82]}

After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It retained this status until Slovene independence in 1991.^[20]

Ljubljana is the capital of independent Slovenia, which joined the European Union in 2004.^[72]

Map with the city, including the motorway ring

The city covers 163.8 km² (63.2 sq mi).

The city stretches out on an alluvial plain dating to the Quaternary era. The mountainous regions nearby are older, dating from the Mesozoic (Triassic) or Paleozoic.^[85] Earthquakes have repeatedly devastated Ljubljana, notably in 1511 and 1895.^[86]

Ljubljana has an elevation of 295 m (968 ft).

Grmada, reaches 676 m (2,218 ft), 3 m (9.8 ft) more than the nearby Mount Saint Mary (Šmarna gora) peak, a popular hiking destination.^[89][90] These are located in the northern part of the city.^[89]

View to the south from Ljubljana Castle with the Ljubljana Marsh in the back. The building density there is substantially lower due to unsuitable ground for construction.

View to the north from Ljubljana Castle with the Karawanks (left), Mount Saint Mary (center), and Kamnik–Savinja Alps

(right) in the background

The main watercourses in Ljubljana are the Ljubljanica, the Sava, the Gradaščica, the Mali Graben, the Iška and the Iščica rivers. From the Trnovo District to the Moste District, around Castle Hill, the Ljubljanica partly flows through the Gruber Canal, built according to plans by Gabriel Gruber from 1772 until 1780. Next to the eastern border, the rivers Ljubljanica, Sava, and Kamnik Bistrica flow together.^[91][92] The confluence is the lowest point of Ljubljana, with an elevation of 261 m (856 ft).^[88]

Through its history, Ljubljana has been struck by floods. The latest was in August 2023, when the Sava and Gradaščica rivers flooded in their upper reaches.^[93] Southern and western parts of the city are more flood-endangered than northern parts.^[94] The Gruber Canal has partly diminished the danger of floods in the Ljubljana Marsh, the largest marsh in Slovenia, south of the city.

The two major ponds in Ljubljana are Koseze Pond in the Šiška District and Tivoli Pond in the southern part of Tivoli City Park.^[95] Koseze Pond has rare plant and animal species and is a place of meeting and recreation.^[96] Tivoli Pond is a shallow pond with a small volume that was originally used for boating and ice skating, but is now used for fishing.^[97]

Ljubljana's climate is oceanic (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa), with continental characteristics such as warm summers and moderately cold winters.^[98][99] July and August are the warmest months with daily high temperatures generally between 25 and 30 °C (77 and 86 °F), and January is the coldest month with temperatures mostly around 0 °C (32 °F). The city experiences up to 90 days of frost per year, and 11 days with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) (often even more). Precipitation is relatively evenly distributed throughout the seasons, although winter and spring tend to be somewhat drier than summer and autumn. Yearly precipitation is about 1,400 mm (55 in), making Ljubljana one of the wettest European capitals. Thunderstorms are common from May to September and can occasionally be heavy. Snow is common from December to February; on average, snow cover is recorded for 48 days a year. The city is known for its fog, appearing on average on 64 days per year, mostly in autumn and winter, and can be particularly persistent in conditions of temperature inversion.^[100]

1511 earthquake, it was rebuilt in the Baroque style

following Italian, particularly Venetian, models.

After the earthquake in 1895, it was again rebuilt, this time in the Vienna Secession style, which is juxtaposed against the earlier Baroque style buildings that remain. Large sectors built in the inter-war period often include a personal touch by the architects Jože Plečnik^[110] and Ivan Vurnik.^[111] In the second half of the 20th century, parts of Ljubljana were redesigned by Edvard Ravnikar.^[112]

Central

The central square in Ljubljana is

impressionist painter Matej Sternen

.

Ljubljana Castle (Ljubljanski grad) is a medieval castle with Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance architectural elements, located on the summit of Castle Hill, which dominates the city centre.^[113] The area surrounding the castle has been continuously inhabited since 1200 BC.^[114] The castle was built in the 12th century and was a residence of the Margraves, later the Dukes of Carniola.^[115] Its Viewing Tower dates to 1848; it was manned by a guard whose duty it was to fire cannons announcing fire or important visitors or events, a function the castle still holds.^[114] Cultural events and weddings also take place there.^[116] In 2006, a funicular linked the city centre to the castle.^[117]

city government. The original, Gothic building was completed in 1484.^[118] Between 1717 and 1719,^[110] the building underwent a Baroque renovation with a Venetian inspiration by architect Gregor Maček Sr.^[119] Near Town Hall, at Town Square, stands a replica of the Baroque Robba Fountain. The original was moved into the National Gallery in 2006. The fountain is decorated with an obelisk; at the foot are three figures in white marble symbolising the three chief rivers of Carniola. It is work of Francesco Robba, who designed other Baroque statues there.^[120]

Saints Cyril and Methodius).^[121] The Diocese was set up in 1461.^[121] Between 1701 and 1706, Jesuit architect Andrea Pozzo designed the Baroque church with two side chapels shaped in the form of a Latin cross.^[121] The dome was built in the centre in 1841.^[121] The interior is decorated with Baroque frescos painted by Giulio Quaglio between 1703–1706 and 1721–1723.^[121]

Art-Deco architecture. Predominantly a place of business, Nebotičnik is home to shops on the ground floor and first story, and offices are located on floors two to five. The sixth to ninth floors are private residences. The top three floors host a café, bar and observation deck.^[122] It was designed by Slovenian architect Vladimir Šubic. The building opened on 21 February 1933.^[123] It was once the tallest residential building in Europe.^[123]

• 
  Prešeren Square in downtown Ljubljana
• 
  Ljubljanica River, downtown Ljubljana
• 
  Town Hall
• 
  Robba Fountain at
  Town Square
• 
  Urbanc House at
  Prešeren Square
• 
  Slovenian Philharmonic Building
• 
  Nebotičnik
• 
  Kazina Palace
• 
  Visitation of Mary Church

Public green spaces

National Museum of Contemporary History and the Tivoli Sports Hall.^[124]

Tivoli–Rožnik Hill–Šiška Hill Landscape Park is located in the western part of the city.^[126]

The

Franc Hladnik in 1810. Of over 4,500 plant species and subspecies, roughly a third is endemic to Slovenia, whereas the rest originate from other European places and other continents. The institution is a member of the international network Botanic Gardens Conservation International and cooperates with more than 270 botanical gardens all across the world.^[127]

In 2014, Ljubljana won the European Green Capital Award for 2016 for their environmental achievements.^[128]

Bridges, streets and squares

Ljubljana's best-known bridges, listed from northern to southern ones, include the

Ljubljanica River

.

The Dragon Bridge

The 1901 Dragon Bridge, decorated with dragon statues^[129] on pedestals at four corners of the bridge^[130][131] has become a symbol of the city^[132] and is regarded as one of the most beautiful examples of a bridge made in Vienna Secession style.^{[27][133][132][134]} It has a span of 33.34 m (109 ft 5 in)^[27] and its arch was at the time the third largest in Europe.^[130] It is protected as a technical monument.^[135]

The Butchers' Bridge

Decorated with mythological bronze sculptures, created by

love padlocks

-decorated bridge in Ljubljana.

The Triple Bridge

The

bottleneck by adding two side pedestrian

bridges to the middle one.

The Fish Footbridge

The Fish Footbridge offers a view of the neighbouring Triple Bridge to the north and the Cobbler's Bridge to the South. It is a transparent glass-made bridge, illuminated at night by in-built LEDs.[138] From 1991 to 2014 the bridge was a wooden one and decorated with flowers, while since its reconstruction in 2014, it is made of glass. It was planned already in 1895 by Max Fabiani to build a bridge on the location, in 1913 Alfred Keller planned a staircase, later Jože Plečnik incorporated both into his own plans which, however, were not realised.^[139]

The Cobbler's Bridge

The 1930 'Cobblers' Bridge' (Šuštarski, from German Schuster – Shoemaker) is another

Corinthian pillars which delineate the shape of the bridge itself and the Ionic pillars as lamp-bearers.^[140]

The Trnovo Bridge

The Trnovo Bridge is the most prominent object of Plečnik's renovation of the banks of the Gradaščica. It is located in the front of the

Art-Deco male sculptures. There is also a statue of Saint John the Baptist on the bridge, the patron of the Trnovo Church. It was designed by Nikolaj Pirnat

.

The Hradecky Bridge

The Hradecky Bridge is one of the first hinged bridges in the world,^[142] the first^[143] and the only preserved cast iron bridge in Slovenia,^[144] and one of its most highly valued technical achievements.^[145][146] It has been situated on an extension of Hren Street (Hrenova ulica), between the Krakovo Embankment (Krakovski nasip) and the Gruden Embankment (Grudnovo nabrežje), connecting the Trnovo District and the Prule neighbourhood in the Center District.^[147] The Hradecky Bridge was manufactured according to the plans of the senior engineer Johann Hermann from Vienna in the Auersperg iron foundry in Dvor near Žužemberk,^[146] and installed in Ljubljana in 1867, at the location of today's Cobblers' Bridge.^[148]

Streets and squares

Having already existed in the 18th century, Ljubljana's central square,

muse stands in the middle of the square. The Prešeren Monument was created by Ivan Zajec in 1905, whereas the pedestal was designed by Max Fabiani. The square and surroundings have been closed to traffic since 1 September 2007.^[151] Only a tourist train leaves Prešeren Square every day, transporting tourists to Ljubljana Castle.^[151]

Cankar Hall, the largest Slovenian cultural and congress centre, at the southern side.^[152] At its eastern side stands the two-storey building of Maximarket, also the work of Ravnikar. It houses one of the oldest department stores in Ljubljana and a cafe, which is a popular meeting place and a place for political talks and negotiations.^[153]

Philharmonic Hall, Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity, and the Slovene Society Building. Star Park (Park Zvezda) is located in the centre of the square. In 2010 and 2011, the square was renovated and is now mostly closed to road traffic on ground area, however, there are five floors for commercial purposes and a parking lot located underground.^[154]

promenade

.

Culture

Accent

The Ljubljana accent and/or dialect (

Andrej Rozman - Roza.^[157]

The central position of Ljubljana and its dialect had crucial impact

Slovene lands, but also because it always had an essentially Slovene character. Most of its inhabitants spoke Slovene as their mother tongue, unlike other cites in today's Slovenia. It is estimated that in Trubar's time around 70% of Ljubljana's 4000 inhabitants attended mass in Slovene.^[155] Trubar considered Ljubljana's speech most suitable, since it sounded much more noble, than his own simple dialect of his hometown Rašica.^[159]

Trubar's choice was later adopted also by other Protestant writers in the 16th century, and ultimately led to a formation of a more standard language.

In literary fiction

Ljubljana appears in the 2005

Elisabeth Kostova, and is called by its Roman name (Emona).^[160]

Ljubljana is also the setting of Paulo Coelho's 1998 novel Veronika Decides to Die.

During 2010, Ljubljana was designated as the World Book Capital by UNESCO.^[161]

Festivals

Each year, over 10,000 cultural events take place in the city, including ten international theatre, music, and art festivals.

Rožnik Hill

.

Museums and art galleries

Ljubljana has numerous

brewery museum, the Slovenian Museum of Natural History and the Slovene Ethnographic Museum.^[162] The National Gallery (Narodna galerija), founded in 1918,^[72] and the Museum of Modern Art (Moderna galerija) exhibit the most influential Slovenian artists. In 2006, the museums received 264,470 visitors, the galleries 403,890 and the theatres 396,440.^[163] The Metelkova Museum of Contemporary Art (Muzej sodobne umetnosti Metelkova), opened in 2011,^[164] hosts simultaneous exhibitions, a research library, archives, and a bookshop. The Škuc Gallery

is a contemporary art gallery that opened in 1978.

Entertainment and performing arts

Opera and Ballet Theatre

Cankar Hall

is the largest Slovenian cultural and congress center with multiple halls and a large foyer in which art film festivals, artistic performances, book fairs, and other cultural events are held.

Cinema

The cinema in Ljubljana appeared for the first time at the turn of the 20th century, and quickly gained popularity among the residents. After World War II, the

LGBT-themed films. Founded in 1984, it is the oldest film festival of its sort in Europe (with oldest ex SFRY LGBT+ march in Ljubljana Pride).^[165]

Classical music, opera and ballet

The

Slovene National Opera and Ballet Theatre also resides in Ljubljana, presenting a wide variety of domestic and foreign, modern and classic, opera, ballet and concert works. It serves as the national opera and ballet house. Music festivals are held in Ljubljana, chiefly in European classical music and jazz, for instance the Ljubljana Summer Festival (Ljubljanski poletni festival), and Trnfest

.

Theatre

In addition to the main houses, with the

SNT Drama Ljubljana as the most important among them, a number of small producers are active in Ljubljana, involved primarily in physical theatre (e.g. Betontanc), street theatre (e.g. Ana Monró Theatre), theatresports championship Impro League, and improvisational theatre (e.g. IGLU Theatre). A popular form is puppetry, mainly performed in the Ljubljana Puppet Theatre

. Theatre has a rich tradition in Ljubljana, starting with the 1867 first ever Slovene-language drama performance.

Modern dance

The modern dance was presented in Ljubljana for the first time at the end of the 19th century and developed rapidly since the end of the 1920s. Since the 1930s when in Ljubljana was founded a Mary Wigman dance school, the first one for modern dance in Slovenia, the field has been intimately linked to the development in Europe and the United States. Ljubljana Dance Theatre is today the only venue in Ljubljana dedicated to contemporary dance. Despite this, there's a vivid happening in the field.

Folk dance

Several folk dance groups are active in Ljubljana.

Jazz

In July 2015, the 56th Ljubljana Jazz Festival was held. A participant event in the European Jazz Network, the festival took place over four days and included 19 concerts with artists from 19 countries, including a celebration of the 75th birthday of

James "Blood" Ulmer.^[166]

Popular urban culture and alternative scene

In the 1980s with the emergence of subcultures in Ljubljana, an alternative culture began to develop in Ljubljana organised around two student organisations.^[167] This caused an influx of young people to the city centre, caused political and social changes, and led to the establishment of alternative art centres.^[168]

Metelkova and Rog

A Ljubljana equivalent of Copenhagen's Freetown Christiania, a self-proclaimed autonomous Metelkova neighbourhood, was set up in a former Austro-Hungarian barracks that was built in 1882.^[169][170]

In 1993, the seven buildings and 12,500 square metres (135,000 sq ft) of space were turned into art galleries, artist studios, and seven nightclubs, including two LGBTQ+ venues, playing host to music from hardcore to jazz to dub to techno. Celica Hostel is adjacent to Metelkova^[171] with rooms artistically decorated by Metelkova artists. A new part of the Museum of Modern Art is the nearby Museum of Contemporary Art.^[172] Another alternative culture centre is located in the former Rog factory. Both Metelkova and the Rog factory complex are near the city centre.

In 2023, the Rog factory underwent a complete renovation and rebranding, and it is now known as Center Rog. Center Rog has nineteen project studios and five residential apartments in addition to a new branch of the Ljubljana City Library (Rog Library), a large exhibition and event hall, a café, bistro, and restaurant, and several shops with local products.^[173]

Šiška Cultural Quarter

Šiška Cultural Quarter hosts art groups and cultural organisations dedicated to contemporary and avant-garde arts. Kino Šiška Centre for Urban Culture is there, a venue offering concerts of indie, punk, and rock bands as well as exhibitions take place. The Museum of Transitory Art (MoTA) is a museum without a permanent collection or a fixed space. Its programs are realised in temporary physical and virtual spaces dedicated to advancing the research, production and presentation of transitory, experimental, and live art forms. Yearly MoTA organises the Sonica Festival. Ljudmila (since 1994), which strives to connect research practices, technologies, science, and art.

Sports

Clubs

Tension between German and Slovene residents dominated the development of sport in Ljubljana in the 19th century. The first sports club in Ljubljana was the

Croatian Sokol club in Zagreb. Members were also active in culture and politics, striving for greater integration of the Slovenes from different Crown lands of Austria-Hungary

and for their cultural, political, and economic independence.

In 1885, German residents established the first sports club in the territory of nowadays Slovenia,

Ilirija, started operating in the city. Winter sports already started to develop in the area of the nowadays Ljubljana before World War II.^[174] In 1929, the first ice hockey club in Slovenia (then Yugoslavia), SK Ilirija

, was established.

Nowadays, the

AMTK Ljubljana is the most successful speedway club in Slovenia. The Ljubljana Sports Club has been succeeded by the Livada Canoe and Kayak Club.^[176]

Mass sport activities

Each year since 1957, on 8–10 May, the recreational Walk Along the Wire has taken place to mark the liberation of Ljubljana on 9 May 1945.^[177] At the same occasion, a triples competition is run on the trail, and a few days later, a student-run from Prešeren Square to Ljubljana Castle is held. The last Sunday in October, the Ljubljana Marathon and a few minor competition runs take place on the city streets. The event attracts several thousand runners each year.^[178]

Sport venues

The

NK Olimpija Ljubljana, dissolved in 2004. Joc Pečečnik, a Slovenian multimillionaire, plans to renovate it.^[179]

athletics. Another sports park in Spodnja Šiška is Ilirija Sports Park, known primarily for its stadium with a speedway track. At the northern end of Tivoli Park stands the Ilirija Swimming Pool Complex

, which was built as part of a swimming and athletics venue following plans by Bloudek in the 1930s and has been nearly abandoned since then, but there are plans to renovate it.

A number of sport venues are located in Tivoli Park. An outdoor swimming pool in Tivoli, constructed by Bloudek in 1929, was the first Olympic-size swimming pool in Yugoslavia. The Tivoli Recreational Centre in Tivoli is Ljubljana's largest recreational centre and has three swimming pools, saunas, a Boules court, a health club, and other facilities.^[180] There are two skating rinks, a basketball court, a winter ice rink, and ten tennis courts in its outdoor area.^[181] The Tivoli Hall consists of two halls. The smaller one accepts 4,050 spectators and is used for basketball matches. The larger one can accommodate 6,000 spectators and is primarily used for hockey, but also for basketball matches. The halls are also used for concerts and other cultural events. The Slovenian Olympic Committee has its office in the building.^[182]

The Tacen Whitewater Course, located on a course on the Sava, 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the city centre, hosts a major international canoe/kayak slalom competition almost every year, examples being the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in 1955, 1991, and 2010.^[183]

Since the 1940s,

Trnovo, named Kern, were used for ice skating.^[190]

Economy

Industry is the most important employer, notably in the pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and food processing.^[67] Other fields include banking, finance, transport, construction, skilled trades and services and tourism. The public sector provides jobs in education, culture, health care and local administration.^[67]

The

Petrol d.d. and the telecommunications concern Telekom Slovenije.^[192] Over 15,000 enterprises operate in the city, most of them in the tertiary sector.^[193]

Numerous companies and over 450 shops are located in the BTC City, the largest business, shopping, recreational, entertainment and cultural centre in Slovenia. It is visited each year by 21 million people.^[194][195] It occupies an area of 475,000 m² (5,110,000 sq ft) in the Moste District in the eastern part of Ljubljana.^{[196][197][198]}

About 74% of Ljubljana households use district heating from the Ljubljana Power Station.^[199]

Government

The city of Ljubljana is governed by the

City Municipality of Ljubljana (Slovene: Mestna občina Ljubljana; MOL), which is led by the city council. The president of the city council is called the mayor. Members of the city council and the mayor are elected in the local election, held every four years. Among other roles, the city council drafts the municipal budget, and is assisted by various boards active in the fields of health, sports, finances, education, environmental protection and tourism.^[200] The municipality is subdivided into 17 districts represented by district councils. They work with the municipality council to make known residents' suggestions and prepare activities in their territories.^[201][202]

Between 2002 and 2006,

early parliamentary election, the deputy mayor Aleš Čerin was decided by him to lead the municipality. Čerin did not hold the post of mayor.^[205] After Janković had failed to be elected as the Prime Minister in the National Assembly, he participated at the mayoral by-election on 25 March 2012 and was elected for the third time with 61% of the vote. He retook the leadership of the city council on 11 April 2012.^[206]

Public order in Ljubljana is enforced by the Ljubljana Police Directorate (Policijska uprava Ljubljana).^[207] There are five areal police stations and four sectoral police stations in Ljubljana.^[208] Public order and municipal traffic regulations are also supervised by the city traffic wardens (Mestno redarstvo).^[209] Ljubljana has a quiet and secure reputation.^[208][210]

Demographics

Ljubljana has about 300,000 inhabitants as of 2024.^{[211][212][213][214][215]}

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1600	6,000	—
1700	7,500	+25.0%
1754	9,400	+25.3%
1800	10,000	+6.4%
1846	18,000	+80.0%
1869	22,593	+25.5%
1880	26,284	+16.3%
1890	30,505	+16.1%
1900	36,547	+19.8%
1910	41,727	+14.2%
1921	53,294	+27.7%
1931	59,768	+12.1%
1948	98,599	+65.0%
1953	113,340	+15.0%
1961	135,366	+19.4%
1971	173,853	+28.4%
1981	224,817	+29.3%
1991	272,650	+21.3%
2002	258,873	−5.1%
2011	272,220	+5.2%
2021	285,604	+4.9%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

In 1869, Ljubljana had about 22,600 inhabitants,^[211] a figure that grew to almost 60,000 by 1931.^[72]

As of the 2022 census, Ljubljana had a population of 293,218 in the city proper.^[216][217]

At the 2002 census, 39% of Ljubljana inhabitants were

Eastern Orthodox; 5% Muslim; and the remaining 0.7% Protestant or another religion.^[218]

Approximately 91% of the population speaks Slovene as their primary native language. The second most-spoken language is Bosnian, with Serbo-Croatian being the third most-spoken language.^[219]

Education

Primary education

In Ljubljana today there are over 50 public elementary schools with over 20,000 pupils.^[163][220] This also includes an international elementary school for foreign pupils. There are two private elementary schools: a Waldorf elementary school and a Catholic elementary school. In addition, there are several elementary music schools.

Historically the first school in Ljubljana belonged to

Teutonic Knights and was established in the 13th century. It originally accepted only boys; girls were accepted from the beginning of the 16th century. Parochial schools are attested in the 13th century, at St. Peter's Church and at Saint Nicholas's Church, the later Ljubljana Cathedral. Since 1291, there were also trade-oriented private schools in Ljubljana. At the beginning of the 17th century, there were six schools in Ljubljana and later three. A girls' school was established by Poor Clares, followed in 1703 by the Ursulines. Their school was for about 170 years the only public girls' school in Carniola. These schools were mainly private or established by the city.^[221]

In 1775, the Austrian Empress

elementary education obligatory and Ljubljana got its normal school, intended as a learning place for teachers. In 1805, the first state music school was established in Ljubljana. In the time of Illyrian Provinces

, "école primaire", a unified four-year elementary school program with a greater emphasis on Slovene, was introduced. The first public schools, unrelated to religious education, appeared in 1868.

Secondary education

In Ljubljana, there are ten public and three private

classical gymnasiums, the latter offering Latin and Greek as foreign languages. Some general schools offer internationally oriented European departments, and some offer sports departments, allowing students to more easily adjust their sport and school obligations. All state schools are free, but the number of students they can accept is limited. The private secondary schools include a Catholic grammar school and a Waldorf grammar school. There are also professional grammar schools in Ljubljana, offering economical, technical, or artistic subjects (visual arts, music). All grammar schools last four years and conclude with the matura

exam.

Historically, upon a proposal by

Realschules

(technical secondary schools).

Tertiary education

In 2011, the University had 23 faculties and three academies, located around Ljubljana. They offer Slovene-language courses in medicine, applied sciences, arts, law, administration, natural sciences, and other subjects.^[222] The university has more than 63,000 students and some 4,000 teaching faculty.^[220] Students make up one-seventh of Ljubljana's population, giving the city a youthful character.^[220][223]

Historically, higher schools offering the study of general medicine, surgery, architecture, law and theology, started to operate in Ljubljana under the French annexation of Slovene territory, in 1810–1811. The Austro-Hungarian Empire never allowed Slovenes to establish their own university in Ljubljana, and the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia's most important university, was founded in 1919 after Slovenes joined the first Yugoslavia.^[72][220] When it was founded, the university comprised five faculties: law, philosophy, technology, theology and medicine. From the beginning, the seat of the university has been at Congress Square in a building that served as the State Mansion of Carniola from 1902 to 1918.

Libraries

National and University Library of Slovenia

The

university library. In 2011, it held about 1,307,000 books, 8,700 manuscripts, and numerous other textual, visual and multimedia resources, altogether 2,657,000 volumes.^[224]

Central Technological Library

The second largest university library in Ljubljana is the Central Technological Library, the national library and information hub for natural sciences and technology.

Municipal Library and other libraries

The Municipal City Library of Ljubljana, established in 2008, is the central regional library and the largest Slovenian general public library. In 2011, it held 1,657,000 volumes, among these 1,432,000 books and a multitude of other resources in 36 branches.^[225] Altogether, there are 5 general public libraries and over 140 specialised libraries in Ljubljana.^[163]

Besides the two largest university libraries there are libraries at individual faculties, departments and institutes of the

medical sciences, and the Libraries of the Biotechnical Faculty in the field of biology and biotechnology.^[226]

History

The first libraries in Ljubljana were located in monasteries. The first public library was the Carniolan Estates' Library, established in 1569 by Primož Trubar. In the 17th century, the Jesuit Library collected numerous works, particularly about mathematics. In 1707, the Seminary Library was established; it is the first and oldest public scientific library in Slovenia. Around 1774, after the dissolution of the Jesuits, the Lyceum Library was formed from the remains of the Jesuit Library as well as several monastery libraries.

Science

The first society of the leading scientists and public workers in Carniola was the Dismas Fraternity (Latin: Societas Unitorum), formed in Ljubljana in 1688.^[227] In 1693, the Academia Operosorum Labacensium was founded and lasted with an interruption until the end of the 18th century. The next academy in Ljubljana, the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, was not established until 1938.

Transport

Ljubljana Railway Station

in the background

Air transport

Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport (ICAO code LJLJ; IATA code LJU), located 26 km (16 mi) northwest of the city, has flights to numerous European destinations. Among the companies that fly from there are Air France, Air Serbia, Brussels Airlines, easyJet, Finnair, Lufthansa, Swiss, Wizz Air, Transavia and Turkish Airlines. The destinations are mainly European.^[228] This airport has superseded the original Ljubljana airport, in operation from 1933 until 1963.^[229][230] It was located in the Municipality of Polje (nowadays the Moste District), on a plain between Ljubljanica and Sava next to the railroad in Moste.^[230] There was a military airport in Šiška from 1918 until 1929.^[231]

Rail transport

In the

stations and nine stops.^[236] For passengers, the Slovenian Railways company offers the possibility to buy a daily or monthly city pass that can be used to travel between them.^[237] The Ljubljana railway station is the central station of the hub. The Ljubljana Moste Railway Station is the largest Slovenian railway dispatch. The Ljubljana Zalog Railway Station is the central Slovenian rail yard.^[235] There are a number of industrial rails in Ljubljana.^[238] At the end of 2006,^[239] the Ljubljana Castle funicular started to operate. The rail goes from Krek Square (Krekov trg) near the Ljubljana Central Market to Ljubljana Castle

. It is especially popular among tourists. The full trip lasts 60 seconds.

Roads

Ljubljana is located where Slovenia's two main freeways intersect,

Klagenfurt and Salzburg, making it an important entry point for northern European tourists.^[242] A toll sticker system has been in use on the Ljubljana Ring Road since 1 July 2008.^[243][244] The centre of the city is more difficult to access especially in the peak hours due to long arteries with traffic lights and a large number of daily commuters.^[245] The core city centre has been closed for motor traffic since September 2007 (except for residents with permissions), creating a pedestrian zone around Prešeren Square.^[246]

Public transport

The historical

Ljubljana tram system was completed in 1901 and was replaced by buses in 1928,^[247] which were in turn abolished and replaced by trams in 1931^[247] with its final length of 18.5 km (11.5 mi) in 1940.^[248] In 1959, it was abolished in favor of automobiles;^[249] the tracks were dismantled and tram cars were transferred to Osijek and Subotica.^[250] Reintroduction of an actual tram system to Ljubljana has been proposed repeatedly in the 2000s.^[251][252]

There are numerous taxi companies in the city.

The Ljubljana Bus Station, the Ljubljana central bus hub, is located next to the Ljubljana railway station. The city bus network, run by the Ljubljana Passenger Transport (LPP) company, is Ljubljana's most widely used means of public transport. The fleet is relatively modern. The number of dedicated bus lanes is limited, which can cause problems in peak hours when traffic becomes congested.^[253] Bus rides may be paid with the Urbana payment card (also used for the funicular) or with a mobile phone. Sometimes the buses are called trole (referring to trolley poles), harking back to the 1951–1971 days when Ljubljana had trolleybus (trolejbus) service.^[254] There were five trolleybus lines in Ljubljana, until 1958 alongside the tram.^[249]

Another means of public road transport in the city centre is the Cavalier (Kavalir), an electric

car-free zone in the Ljubljana downtown. The first line links Čop Street, Wolf Street and the Hribar Embankment, whereas the second links Town Square, Upper Square, and Old Square.^[256] There is also a trackless train (tractor with wagons decorated to look like a train) for tourists in Ljubljana, linking Cyril and Methodius Square in the city centre with Ljubljana Castle.^[257]

Bicycles

There is a considerable amount of

bicycle rental system offers the residents and visitors of Ljubljana 600 bicycles and more than 600 parking spots at 60 stations in the wider city centre area. The daily number of rentals is around 2,500.^[258][259] There was an option to rent a bike even before the establishment of BicikeLJ.^[260]

There are still some conditions for cyclists in Ljubljana that have been criticised, including cycle lanes in poor condition and constructed in a way that motorised traffic is privileged. There are also many one-way streets which therefore cannot be used as alternate routes so it is difficult to legally travel by bicycle through the city centre.

cycle lanes on the pavement.^[263][264] Nevertheless, the situation has been steadily improving; in 2015, Ljubljana placed 13th in a ranking of the world's most bicycle-friendly cities.^[265] In 2016, Ljubljana was 8th on the Copenhagenize list.^[266]

Water transport

The river transport on the Ljubljanica and the Sava was the main means of cargo transport to and from the city until the mid-19th century, when railroads were built. Today, the Ljubljanica is used by a number of tourist boats, with wharves under the Butchers' Bridge, at Fish Square, at Court Square, at Breg, at the Poljane Embankment, and elsewhere.

Healthcare

Ljubljana has a rich history of discoveries in medicine and innovations in medical technology. The majority of

health centre in Slovenia. It has seven units at 11 locations. Since 1986, Ljubljana is part of the WHO European Healthy Cities Network.^[267]

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovenia

Twin towns and sister cities

Ljubljana is

twinned with:^[268]

Ankara, Turkey (since 2015) Athens, Greece (since 2000) Baku, Azerbaijan (since 2013) Belgrade, Serbia (since 2010) Bratislava, Slovakia (since 1967) Brussels, Belgium (since 2004) Chemnitz, Germany (since 1966) Chengdu, China (since 1981)

Cleveland, United States (since 1975) Leverkusen, Germany (since 1979) Fujairah, United Arab Emirates (since 2014) Graz, Austria (since 2001) Nottingham, United Kingdom (since 1963) Parma, Italy (since 1964) Pesaro, Italy (since 1964)

Ploče, Croatia (since 1982) Rijeka, Croatia (since 1979) Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 2002) Skopje, North Macedonia (since 2007) Sousse, Tunisia (since 1969) Tbilisi, Georgia (since 1977) Wiesbaden, Germany (since 1977) Zagreb, Croatia (since 2001)

See also

• List of people from Ljubljana

Notes

1. ^ Pronunciation: UK: /ˌljuːbˈljɑːnə, ˌlʊbliˈɑːnə/ lewb-LYAH-nə, LUUB-lee-AH-nə,^[8][9][10] US: /ˌljuːbliˈɑːnə, liˌuː-/ LEW-blee-AH-nə, lee-OO-;^{[9][10][11][12][13]} Slovene: [ljuˈbljàːna] ^ⓘ,^[14] locally also [luˈblàːna].

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} "Naselje Ljubljana". Krajevna imena. Statistični urad Republike Slovenije. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
2. ^ "Osebna izkaznica – RRA LUR". rralur.si. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
3. ^ "Nadmorska višina naselij, kjer so sedeži občin" [Height above sea level of seats of municipalities] (in Slovenian and English). Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 2002. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013.
4. ^ "Naselje Ljubljana". Krajevna imena. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 6 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
5. ^ Zip Codes in Slovenia from 1000 to 1434 (in Slovene) Archived 14 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Acquired on 28 April 2015.
6. ^ Known as: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1929)
7. ^ Known as: Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1963); Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1992)
8. ^ "Ljubljana". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022.
9. ^ ^{a b} "Ljubljana". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
10. ^ ^{a b} "Ljubljana". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Longman. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
11. ^ "Ljubljana". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
12. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0
    .
13. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6
    .
14. ^ "Slovenski pravopis 2001 - Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU in Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti - izid poizvedbe". bos.zrc-sazu.si. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
15. ^
    ISSN 1854-5734. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
16. ISSN 0351-0271. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
17. ^ Mehle Mihovec, Barbka (19 March 2008). "Kje so naše meje?" [Where are our borders?]. Gorenjski glas (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
18. ^ "Emona, Legacy of a Roman City – Culture of Slovenia". www.culture.si. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
19. ^ Mehle Mihovec, Barbka (19 March 2008). "Kje so naše meje?" [Where are our borders?]. Gorenjski glas (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
20. ^
    ISSN 1318-5403. Archived
    from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
21. ^ Libri Antichi Libri Rari. "Città di stampa dei LIBRI ANTICHI dei LIBRI VECCHI dei LIBRI RARI". Osservatoriolibri.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
22. ^ Albrecht Berger, ed. (2006), Life and Works of Saint Gregentios, Archbishop of Taphar: Introduction, Critical Edition and Translation, De Gruyter, pp. 14–17 and 190.
23. ^ "Dr T.C. (Tijmen) Pronk". Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, University of Leiden. 2009. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
24. ISSN 1330-0695
    .
25. ^ "Dr. Silvo Torkar" (in Slovenian). Fran Ramovš Institute of the Slovenian Language. 6 May 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
26. ISSN 1330-0695. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 23 August 2011.
27. ^
    ISBN 978-2-85978-347-1
    .
28. ^ Exhibition catalogue Emona: myth and reality Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine; Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana 2010
29. ^ "The dragon – city emblem". Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
30. ^ novisplet.com. "Najstarejše kolo z osjo na svetu – 5150 let". ljubljanskobarje.si. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
31. ^ "Prehistoric Pile Dwellings Listed as UNESCO World Heritage". Slovenia News. Government Communication Office. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
32. ^ Maša Štiftar de Arzu, ed. (14 October 2011). "Pile-dwellings in the Ljubljansko Barje on UNESCO List" (PDF). Embassy Newsletter. Embassy of Slovenia in Washington. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
33. ^ "First settlers". Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
34. ^ Bernarda Županek (2010) "Emona, Legacy of a Roman City" Archived 17 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana, Ljubljana.
35. ^ ^{a b c} "The Times of Roman Emona". Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
36. ^ "Roman Emona". Culture.si. Ministry of culture of the republic of Slovenia. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
37. ^ "Emona, Legacy of a Roman City". Culture.si. Ministry of culture of the republic of Slovenia. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
38. ISBN 3-11-011893-9. Google Books, p.343 Archived 3 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
39. ^ ^{a b c d e} Daniel Mallinus, La Yougoslavie, Éd. Artis-Historia, Brussels, 1988, D/1988/0832/27, p. 37-39.
40. ^ ^{a b c d} "Ljubljana in the Middle Ages". Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
41. ^
    COBISS 252833024
42. ^ ^{a b c d} Darinka Kladnik (October 2006). "Ljubljana Town Hall" (PDF). Ljubljana Tourist Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2011.
43. ^ ^{a b} "Srednjeveška Ljubljana – Luwigana" [Ljubljana of the Middle Ages – Luwigana]. Arhitekturni vodnik [Architectural Guide]. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
44. ISBN 978-961-254-130-9. Archived
    from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
45. ^ Kušar, Domen (2003). "Vpliv požarov na razvoj in podobo srednjeveških mest" [The Influence of Fires on the Development and Image of Towns in the Middle Ages]. Urbani izziv [Urban Challenge] (in Slovenian). 14 (2). Archived from the original on 21 September 2018.
46. ^ Mlinarič, Jože. "Frančiškanski samostan od ustanovitve okoli leta 1240 do preselitve 1784" [The Franciscan Monastery from Its Establishment around 1240 until Its Relocation in 1784]. Župnija Marijino oznanenje: Ljubljana – Frančiškani [The Parish of the Annunciation – Franciscans] (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
47. ^ "History of Ljubljana". Municipality of Ljubljana. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015. (includes timeline)
48. ^ Marija Verbič (1967). "700 let Novega trga v mestu Ljunbljani". Kronika: časopis Za Slovensko Krajevno Zgodovino. 15 (2). Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
49. ^ Phillips 1911.
50. ^ Bavec, Milos; Car, Marjeta; Stopar, Robert; Jamsek, Petra; Gosar, Andrej (2012). "Geophysical evidence of recent activity of the Idrija fault, Kanomlja, NW Slovenia". Materials and Geoenvironment. 59.
51. ^ Lipold, Marc Vincenc (1857). "Bericht über die geologischen Aufnamen in Ober-Krein im Jahre 1856". Jahrbuch der K. K. Geol. Reichsanstalt.
52. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.05.003
    .
53. ^ Cunningham, Dickson; Gosar, Andrej; Kastelic, Vanja; Grebby, Stephen; Tansey, Kevin (2007). "Multi-disciplinary investigations of active faults in the Julian Alps, Slovenia" (PDF). Acta Geodyn. Geomater. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
54. ^ ^{a b} "Renaissance and Baroque". Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
55. COBISS 240853760. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
56. COBISS 260981. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
57. COBISS 18846464. Archived
    from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
58. ^ Rajhman, Jože, & Emilijan Cevc. 1990. Tomaž Hren. Enciklopedija Slovenije, vol. 4, pp. 50–51. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.
59. ^ Lutar Ivanc, Aleksandra. 2006. Album slovenskih književnikov. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p 14.
60. ^ "1980: Ljubljana – Cerkev sv. Trojice" [1980: Ljubljana – Holy Trinity Church]. Register nepremične kulturne dediščine [Registry of Immovable Cultural Heritage] (in Slovenian). Ministry of Culture, Republic of Slovenia. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
61. ^ "Ljubljana.info – Ursuline Church Ljubljana". ljubljana.info. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
62. ISBN 978-961-6057-05-9
    .
63. ISSN 0351-2835. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
64. ^ Tršan, Lojz. "Arhivalija meseca (april 2012): Ljubljana 1909" [Archivalia of the Month (April 2012): Ljubljana 1909] (in Slovenian). Arhiv republike Slovenije [Archives of the Republic of Slovena]. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
65. ^ ^{a b c d} "Ljubljana in the 18th and 19th Centuries". Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
66. ISBN 978-86-11-15664-4
    .
67. ^ ^{a b c d} "Introducing Ljubljana". Archived from the original on 19 October 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
68. ISBN 978-1-78076-116-9
    .
69. ^ "Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji: Močni potresi v preteklosti" [Seismic Activity in Slovenia: Strong Earthquakes in the Past] (PDF). Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji [Seismic Activity in Slovenia] (in Slovenian). Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
70. ^ Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji: Močni potresi v preteklosti [Seismic Activity in Slovenia: Strong Earthquakes in the Past] (PDF) (in Slovenian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
71. ^ "Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji: Močni potresi v preteklosti" [Seismic Activity in Slovenia: Strong Earthquakes in the Past] (PDF). Potresna aktivnost v Sloveniji [Seismic Activity in Slovenia] (in Slovenian). Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
72. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "The Turbulent 20th Century". Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
73. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Yugoslavia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 32 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 1116.
74. ^ "Dans la Yougoslavie des Karageorgévitch" (in French). Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
75. ISBN 978-0-521-84515-1
    .
76. ^ Vurnik, Blaž (22 April 2016). "Kabinet čudes: Ljubljana v žičnem obroču" [Cabinet of Curiosities: Ljubljana in the Barbed Wire Ring]. Delo.si (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
77. ^ Hudolin, Gašper; Kerševan, Ana Nuša (2016). "Ljubljanske zgodbe: 60. obletnica Pohodov ob žici" [Ljubljana Stories: The 60th Anniversary of the Marches Along the Wire] (in Slovenian). Ljubljana Municipal Library. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
78. ^ (in Slovene and English) "The Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
79. ^ Booker, Christopher. 1997. A Looking-Glass Tragedy. The Controversy over the Repatriations From Austria In 1945. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd., p. 214.
80. ^ Vuletić, Dominik. 2007. "Kaznenopravni i povijesni aspekti bleiburškog zločina." Pravnik 41(85): 125–150.
81. ^ "Grahek Ravančić, Martina. 2009. "Izručenja i sudbine zarobljenika smještenih u savezničkim logorima u svibnju 1945. Journal of Contemporary History 41(2): 391–416". Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
82. ^ Ferenc, Tone. 1999. "Šentvid." Enciklopedija Slovenije, vol. 13 (Š–T). Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 28.
83. ^ Approximate road distances calculated through Google Earth.
84. ^ "Največja naselja po številu prebivalcev: Ljubljana" [Largest settlements by the number of residents: Ljubljana] (in Slovenian). Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
85. ^ "Geological Map of Slovenia". Archived from the original on 11 August 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
86. ISSN 0373-4498. Archived
    from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
87. ^ "Nadmorska višina naselij, kjer so sedeži občin" [Height above sea level of seats of municipalities] (in Slovenian and English). Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 2002. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013.
88. ^ ^{a b} "Ljubljana, glavno mesto" [Ljubljana, the Capital] (PDF). Statistics and Analysis Service, Information Center, City Administration, City Municipality of Ljubljana. June 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
89. ^ ^{a b} "Settlements: Ljubljana". Geopedia.si. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
90. ^ Burger, Boštjan. "Šmarna gora". Slovenia-Landmarks. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
91. ^ "Settlements: Ljubljana". Geopedia.si. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
92. ^ "Površinske vode" [Surface Waters] (in Slovenian). Municipality of Ljubljana. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
93. ^ "Slovenia is trying to flood-proof the country - here's how". euronews. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
94. ^ Dobravc, Mina (2007). "Ocena ogroženosti mestne občine Ljubljana zaradi poplav" [Flood hazard assessment of the City Municipality of Ljubljana] (PDF) (in Slovenian). p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
95. ^ "Tivolski ribnik" [Tivoli Pond]. Kamnaizlet.si (in Slovenian). PVA, d. o. o. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
96. ISSN 1854-6544. Archived
    from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
97. ^ Krelj, Živa (2007). Ekološki status ribnika Tivoli [The Ecological Status of Tivoli Pond] (PDF) (in Slovenian and English). Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
98. ^ "Ljubljana, Slovenia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
99. ^ "MODERN CLIMATE CHANGE IN SLOVENIA". ResearchGate. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
100. ^ "ARSO". Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
101. ^ "Ljubljana Bežigrad Podnebne statistike 1950-2020" (in Slovenian). Slovenian Environmental Agency. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
102. ^ "Ljubljana Bežigrad Climate Normals 1981-2010" (PDF). Slovenian Environmental Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
103. ^ "Extreme values of measured yearly, monthly and daily values of chosen meteorological parameters in 1948–2019". ARSO. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
104. ^ "Ljubljana Bežigrad Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
105. ^ "14015: Ljubljana / Bezigrad (Slovenia)". OGIMET. 27 February 2021. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
106. ^ "14015: Ljubljana / Bezigrad (Slovenia)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 23 July 2022. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
107. ^ "METEO.SI". meteo.si. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
108. ^ "METEO.SI" (PDF). meteo.si. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
109. ISSN 0023-4923. Archived
     from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
110. ^ ^{a b} "Kamniti dokumenti ljubljanske zgodovine" [Stone Documents of the History of Ljubljana]. MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). RTV Slovenija. 31 May 2006. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
111. COBISS 31777280. Archived
     from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
112. ^ Balantič, Polona (23 June 2008). "Eden zadnjih univerzalnih arhitektov pri nas" [One of the Last Universal Architects at Our Place]. MMC RTV Slovenija (in Slovenian). RTV Slovenija. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
113. ISBN 978-86-341-1771-4. Archived
     from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
114. ^ ^{a b} "Ljubljanski grad / Ljubljana Castle". Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
115. ^ "ljubljana-calling.com". ljubljana-calling.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
116. ^ "Festival Ljubljana". Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
117. ^ "5 Years of the Funicular Railway to the Castle". City Municipality of Ljubljana. 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012.
118. ISSN 0023-4923. Archived
     from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
119. ISSN 0023-4923. Archived
     from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
120. ^ "Baroque Ljubljana". Archived from the original on 27 June 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
121. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Stolnica (Cerkev sv. Nikolaja) / The Cathedral (Church of St. Nicholas)". Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
122. ^ Ljubljana.si – Skyscraper. Retrieved 3 December 2007. Archived 6 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
123. ^ ^{a b} Government Communication Office – Ljubljana's Neboticnik Is 70 Years Old. Retrieved 3 December 2007. Archived 5 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
124. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Slovenia.Info (2011). "Ljubljana, Park Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hill – Cultural and Historical Heritage – Slovenia – Official Travel Guide –". slovenia.info. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
125. ^ ^{a b c} LjubljanaLife.com (2011). "Tivoli Park Ljubljana | Slovenia – Ljubljana Life". ljubljana-life.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
126. ^ Lešnik, Aleksandra (23 September 2003). Poročilo: Inventarizacija dvoživk (Amphibia) v Krajinskem parku Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib [A Report: The Inventarisation of Amphibians (Amphibia) in Tivoli–Rožnik–Šiška Hill Landscape Park] (PDF) (in Slovenian). Center for Cartography of Fauna and Flora. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
127. S2CID 260524382. Archived from the original
     (PDF) on 19 October 2013.
128. ^ "Environment: Ljubljana European Green Capital 2016" (PDF). European Commission. 24 June 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
129. ^ "Med mostovi slovenske prestolnice" [Among the Bridges of the Slovenian Capital]. MMC RTV Slovenia (in Slovenian). RTV Slovenia. 28 March 2008. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
130. ^ ^{a b} Dragon Bridge Archived 3 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Eccenet.org
131. ISBN 978-1-84162-119-7
     .
132. ^ ^{a b} "Ljubljana - Dragon bridge - Zmajski most / Dragon Bridge". www.ljubljana.si. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008.
133. ISBN 978-1-74104-161-3
     .
134. ^ Ljubljana – A lively city, safe under the wings of a dragon Archived 10 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine International Associations of Business Communicators (IABC)
135. ISBN 2-85978-347-4. Archived
     from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
136. ^ Tekst: Irena Brejc (15 September 2012). "Iz gline naredi dober kruh in ga razdeli med ljudi | Dnevnik". Dnevnik.si. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
137. ^ "Triple Bridge". visitljubljana.com. Ljubljana Tourism. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
138. ^ Ribja brv Girder Bridge Archived 27 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, www.fleetwoodurban.com.au,
139. ^ Ribja brv v novi 'preobleki' Archived 16 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, MMC RTV Slovenia, 27 September 2014
140. ^ "Cobblers' Bridge (Čevljarski most)". 30 May 2017. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
141. ^ "The Suburbs of Krakovo and Trnovo". Ljubljana Tourist Guide. Ljubljana Tourism. February 2012. p. 30. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
142. ISBN 2-85978-347-4. Archived
     from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
143. ISSN 1581-6974. Archived from the original
     (PDF) on 30 July 2013.
144. ^ "Točke Poljanskega predmestja" [The Points of the Poljane Suburb]. Geopedia.si (in Slovenian). Synergise, d. o. o. Hradeckega most [Hradecky Bridge]. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
145. ^ "Hradecki Bridge". Ljubljana.si. Municipality of Ljubljana. 12 May 2011. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013.
146. ^
     COBISS 256579584. Archived
     from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
147. ^ "365: Ljubljana – Hradeckega most" [365: Ljubljana – The Hradecky Bridge]. Registry of the Immovable Cultural Heritage (in Slovenian). Ministry of Culture, Slovenia. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
148. ISBN 978-86-341-2007-3. Archived
     from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
149. ^ "Ljubljana, Tromostovje". slovenia.info. Slovenian Tourist Board. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
150. ^ Mihelič, Breda (1999). "Prešernov trg v Ljubljani" [Prešeren Square in Ljubljana]. Zbornik za umetnostno zgodovino [Collection of Art History Papers] (in Slovenian and English). 35: 94–131. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
151. ^ ^{a b} Nina Caf (2008). Turizem kot del revitalizacije mestnega jedra Ljubljana (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2011.^{[permanent dead link]}
152. ^ ^{a b c d} Bartulovič, Alenka. "Trg republike" [Republic Square]. In Šmid Hribar, Mateja; Golež, Gregor; Podjed, Dan; Kladnik, Drago; Erhartič, Bojan; Pavlin, Primož; Ines, Jerele (eds.). Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
153. ^ Bartulovič, Alenka. "Veleblagovnica Maximarket" [Maximarket Department Store]. In Šmid Hribar, Mateja; Golež, Gregor; Podjed, Dan; Kladnik, Drago; Erhartič, Bojan; Pavlin, Primož; Ines, Jerele (eds.). Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
154. ^ "Zgodbe, ki so se dogajale na Kongresnem trgu" [News from Congress Square] (in Slovenian). Radiotelevizija Slovenija. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
155. ^ ^{a b c d} Rigler, Jakob (1965). "Osnove Trubarjevega jezika". Jezik in slovstvo. 10 (6–7).
156. ^ "Velemir Gjurin: Beseda avtorju. In: Nekdo drug". Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
157. ^ "Ljubljanščina in druga stilna sredstva v besedilih Andreja Rozmana Roze na primeru Pike Nogavičke. In: Slovenska narečja med sistemom in rabo". Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
158. ^ Rigler, Jakob (1965). "Nekdanja ljubljanščina kot osnova Trubarjevega jezika". Začetki Slovenskega Knjižnega Jezika: 100–110.
159. ^ Rigler, Jakob (1968). "Začetki slovenskega knjižnega jezika. The Origins of the Slovene Literary Language, Ljubljana: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti". Razred Za Filoloske in Literarne Vede. 22.
160. ^ The Historian, excerpt Archived 1 June 2024 at the Wayback Machine from the novel, p.3-4
161. ^ "Ljubljana chosen by UN cultural agency as 2010 World Book Capital". UN News. 18 June 2008. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
162. ^ ^{a b} "Museums". Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
163. ^ ^{a b c d} "Ljubljana in Figures". City Municipality of Ljubljana. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
164. New York Times
165. ^ "About". 36. lgbt film festival. Društvo ŠKUC. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
166. ^ "Ljubljana Jazz Festival – July 2015 – Europe Jazz Network". europejazz.net. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
167. ISBN 978-1-56750-466-8. Archived
     from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
168. ISBN 978-3-03735-912-9. Archived
     from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
169. ^ "Metelkova". ljubljana-life.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
170. ^ "Metelkova mesto". culture.si. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
171. ^ "Celica Hostel". Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
172. The Calgary Herald. 21 July 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.^{[dead link}
     ]
173. ^ "Center Rog". www.ljubljana.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 8 April 2024.
174. ^ ^{a b c d} "Zgodovina" [History]. Sports Club Dolomiti. 13 October 2011. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
175. ^ "S Tisljem ponoviti leto 2001 in 2003" (in Slovenian). Siol. 28 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
176. ISBN 978-86-341-2007-3. Archived
     from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
177. ^ "Thousands Join Ljubljana Hike". Slovenian Press Agency [STA]. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
178. ^ "13th Ljubljana marathon – record participation!". Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
179. ^ "Plečnika prerašča plevel, z velodromom se grejejo Romi" [Plečnik Overgrown by Weed, Velodrome Used by Romas to Warm Themselves]. Slovenske novice (in Slovenian). 6 May 2012. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
180. ^ "Tivoli Sports Park". visitljubljana.com. Ljubljana Tourism. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
181. ^ "Park Tivoli: O Parku Tivoli" [Tivoli Park: About Tivoli Park]. sport-ljubljana.si. 2011. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
182. ^ "Hala Tivoli – športna dvorana" [Tivoli Hall – Sports Hall] (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
183. ^ "Tacen White Water Slalom Course". Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
184. ^ ^{a b} "Osnovni podatki smučišča" [Basic Data About the Ski Slope]. Alpski poligon Gunclje (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
185. ^ "Smučišče" [Ski Slope]. Alpski poligon Gunclje (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
186. ^ "Primož Peterka – prvi Slovenec, ki je preskočil magično mejo" [Primož Peterka – the First Slovene Who Jumper Over the Magic Limit]. Ventilator besed – revija za kulturo in izobraževanje (in Slovenian). 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
187. ^ "Revija smučarskih skokov v Mostecu" [A Ski Jumping Show in Mostec] (in Slovenian). Sports Society of Ljubljana. 9 June 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
188. ^ "Vabilo na prireditve ob dnevu Četrtne skupnosti Šiška in evropske dnevu sosedov" [The Invitation to the Events on the Day of the District Community of Šiška and the European Day of Neighbours] (PDF) (in Slovenian). District Community of Šiška. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
189. ^ "Neverjetno: Orli nad Šiško" [Incredible: Eagles Above Šiška] (in Slovenian). Dnevnik.si. 25 February 2012. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
190. OCLC 300063354. Archived
     from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
191. ^ "Austrians Buy Ljubljana Stock Exchange". Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
192. ^ "Ljubljanska borza d.d." Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
193. ^ "Ljubljana: economic center of Slovenia". Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
194. ^ "BTC City, Ljubljana". Ljubljana.info. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
195. ^ "Ljubljana Life: BTC City". Lifeboat Limited. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
196. ^ "20 let od otvoritve prve trgovine na območju BTC CITY Ljubljana" [20 Years Since the Opening of the First Shop in the BTC CITY Ljubljana Area]. Kapital (in Slovenian). Kapital Publishing Company. 4 October 2010. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
197. ^ Martinek, Tomaž (2007). Zgodovina nakupovalnih centrov [A History of Shopping Centers] (in Slovenian). Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana.
198. ^ Šulin, Anja (2007). Preobrazba industrijskih območij v Mestni občini Ljubljana [The Transformation of Industrial Areas in the City Municipality of Ljubljana] (PDF) (in Slovenian). Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
199. ^ "District heating systems". 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
200. ^ "Boards of the City Council". Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
201. ^ "District authorities". Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
202. ^ "Spremembe in dopolnitve statuta Mestne občine Ljubljana" [Amendments and Completions of the Statute of the City Municipality of Ljubljana]. Official Gazette (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
203. ^ "Danica Simšič 2002". City Municipality of Ljubljana. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
204. ^ ^{a b} "The Mayor of the City of Ljubljana". Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
205. ^ "Čerin ljubljansko občino trenutno vodi v neskladju s statutom" [Čerin is Currently Leading the Ljubljana Municipality in Discrepancy with its Statute]. Dnevnik.si (in Slovenian). 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
206. ^ "Janković Sworn in as Ljubljana Mayor Again". English Service: News. Slovenian Press Agency. 11 April 2012. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
207. ^ "Police directorate Ljubljana". Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
208. ^ ^{a b} "Varnostne razmere na območju Mestne občine Ljubljana v obdobju 2005 – 2010" [Safety Situation in the Area of the City Municipality of Ljubljana in the 2005–2010 Period] (PDF) (in Slovenian). Police Directorate of Ljubljana, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of Slovenia. March 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2013.
209. ^ "City traffic wardens". City Municipality of Ljubljana. Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
210. ^ "Precautions to take" (in French). Archived from the original on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
211. ^ ^{a b} Pipp, Lojze (1935). "Razvoj števila prebivalstva Ljubljane in bivše vojvodine Kranjske" [The Development of the Number of Population of Ljubljana and the Former Duchy of Carniola]. Kronika Slovenskih Mest (in Slovenian). 2 (1). Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
212. ^ Bohnec Kogoj, Maja (2011). Raba tal in spreminjanje meje Mestne občine Ljubljana [The Use of Soil and Changes of the Borders of the City Municipality of Ljubljana] (PDF) (in Slovenian). Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2013.
213. ISBN 978-961-6386-12-8. Archived from the original
     on 16 March 2022.
214. ^ Mestna naselja v Republiki Sloveniji [Urban Settlement in the Republic of Slovenia, 2003] (PDF) (in Slovenian and English). Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 2004. p. 53. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
215. ^ "Population by age and gender, municipalities, Slovenia, half-yearly". Statistical Office of Slovenia. 15 June 2020. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
216. ^ "Population by settlements, detailed data, 1 January 2022". Statistični Urad. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
217. ^ "Population, municipalities, settlements, Slovenia, 1 January 2022". Statistični Urad. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
218. ^ "Population by religion, municipalities, Slovenia, Census 2002". Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2008.
219. ^ "Population by language usually spoken in the household (family), municipalities, Slovenia, 2002 Census – Statistični urad RS". Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
220. ^ ^{a b c d} University of Ljubljana (2011). "University of Ljubljana". uni-lj.si. Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
221. ^ Rudolf, Dostal (1939). "Ljubljansko ljudsko šolstvo v terezijanski in jožefinski dobi" [Ljubljana People's Schools in the Era of Theresian and Josef's Era]. Kronika slovenskih mest [The Chronicle of Slovenian Cities] (in Slovenian). Vol. 6. City Municipality of Ljubljana. pp. 21–28, 33–41. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
222. ^ "Statutes of UL". Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
223. ^ "UL history". Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
224. ^ Poslovno poročilo 2011 [Business Report 2011] (in Slovenian). National and University Library of Slovenia. 28 February 2012. p. 23. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012.
225. ^ "Statistics". City Municipality of Ljubljana. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
226. ^ "The Organisation and Activities of the UL Libraries". Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
227. ^ "Lavric AHAS 6 | Umetnostnozgodovinski inštitut Franceta Steleta". Umzg.zrc-sazu.si. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
228. ^ "Aerodrom Ljubljana, d.d." Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
229. ^ "7622: Ljubljana – Staro letališče" [Ljubljana: The Old Airport]. Register of the Cultural Heritage of Slovenia (in Slovenian). Ministry of Culture, Slovenia. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
230. ^ ^{a b} "Staro Ljubljansko letališče: Zgodovina" [The Old Ljubljana Airport: History] (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
231. ^ Zajec, Anja (May 2010). Sprejem in odprava potnikov na Letališču Jožeta Pučnika Ljubljana (PDF). B&B education and training. pp. 8–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
232. ^ "Slovenia, a Country at the Crossroads of Transport Links". Government Communication Office, Republic of Slovenia. November 2000. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012.
233. ^ Siarov, Veselin; Ahmed, Moustafa (February 1999). "Corridor X – Case Study" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
234. ^ Pšenica, Peter; Pangerc, Jože (December 2007). "Extent of PRI". Network Statement of the Republic of Slovenia 2009. p. 25. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012.
235. ^ ^{a b} LUZ, d. d. (March 2010). Državni prostorski načrt za Ljubljansko železniško vozlišče [The National Space Plan for the Ljubljana Rail Hub: Draft] (PDF) (in Slovenian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2012.
236. ^ Brkić, Tanja (7 August 2008). "SŽ: Železniška postajališča niso zadovoljivo opremljena" [SŽ: The Railway Stops are Not Adequately Fitted]. Dnevnik.si (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
237. ^ "City pass". Slovenian Railways. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012.
238. ^ "0800.03: Imenik železniških postaj, daljinar in kažipot za prevoz blaga po progah SŽ" [0800.03: The Directory of Railway Stations, Fare Scales and a Signpost for the Transport of Goods on the Rails of the Slovenian Railways] (PDF) (in Slovenian). Holding Slovenske železnice. 16 April 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2012.
239. ^ Urban Rail (30 January 2007). "Ljubljana's funicular tram". Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
240. ISSN 0354-0596. Archived from the original
     (PDF) on 25 March 2007.
241. ^ Oplotnik, Žan; Križanič, France (November 2004). "National motorway construction program (NMCP) in Slovenia (financing, impact on national economy and realisation)" (PDF). Highways: cost and regulation in Europe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2012.
242. ^
     ISBN 978-2-06-712627-5
243. ^ "Travel Report: Slovenia". Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
244. ^ "Slovenian Vignettes (Toll Stickers)". Tourist Association Portorož. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
245. ISBN 978-961-254-235-1
     .
246. ^ d'Antonio, Simone (29 January 2016). "How Ljubljana turned itself into Europe's 'green capital' – Citiscope". citiscope.org. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
247. ^ ^{a b} "110 let mestnega potniškega prometa" [110 Years of the City Passenger Traffic] (in Slovenian). Municipality of Ljubljana. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
248. ^ "Kronika: časopis za slovensko krajevno zgodovino" [The Chronicle: The Newspaper for the Slovene Place History] (in Slovenian). Vol. 8–9. Zgodovinsko društvo za Slovenijo (Historical Association of Slovenia). 1959. p. 64. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
249. ^ ^{a b} Nebec, Damjan (March 2010). Analiza plačilnega sistema v LPP [An Analysis of the Payment System in the LPP] (PDF) (in Slovenian and German). B&B education and training. pp. 10–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2012.
250. ^ "Potencijalni gradonačelnici obećali tramvaj, stadion i džamiju". Business.hr. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012.
251. ^ "Tramvaj ponovno v Ljubljani? Zares želi, da odločitev o tirnem prometu pade že zdaj". STA. dnevnik.si. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
252. ^ "Vozilo, ki bi zanimanje vzbujalo še danes". MMC. rtvslo.si. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
253. ^ "Situation per mode of transport" (PDF). Study on Strategic Evaluation on Transport Investment Priorities under Structural and Cohesion funds for the Programming Period 2007–2013. ECORYS Nederland BV. August 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
254. ^ Pataky, Nenad (17 November 2010). "Izgubljena Ljubljana" [Lost Ljubljana]. Dnevnik (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
255. ^ "'The Cavalier' on the Streets of Ljubljana". Ljubljana.si. City Municipality of Ljubljana. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
256. ^ "Naj vas zapelje Kavalir" [Let the Cavalier Drive You]. Ljubljana.si (in Slovenian). City Municipality of Ljubljana. 13 May 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
257. ^ "Turistični vlakec na Ljubljanski grad" [A Tourist Train to Ljubljana Castle]. Slovenia.info (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
258. ^ "Ljubljana Rent-a-Bike Network Gaining in Popularity". STA. 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
259. ^ "Ljubljana Launches Public Bike Project". STA. 14 May 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
260. ^ "Ljubljana Bike". Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
261. ^ Mateja Gruden (25 March 2012). "Delo (17. julij 2000): Razvajati kolesarje, ne avtomobiliste". delo.si. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
262. ^ Ljubljanska kolesarska mreža (12 June 2012). "Peticija za Fabianijev most". kolesarji.org. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
263. ^ "Mladina (17. julij 2000): Kolesarski zmaji". 9 January 2008. Archived from the original on 4 May 2001. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
264. ^ "Ljubljanska kolesarska mreža (okt. 2010): Pobude za izboljšave v Ljubljanski kolesarski infrastrukturi, str. 2" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
265. ^ "Survey Ranks Ljubljana World's 13th Most Bicycle-Friendly City". Slovenia Times. 30 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
266. ^ "copenhagenizeindex". copenhagenizeindex.eu. 21 June 2018. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
267. ^ "Organizacijske enote v sestavi: Odsek za zdravje" [Organisational Units of the Department of Health and Social Protection] (in Slovenian). City Municipality of Ljubljana. 2009. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
268. ^ "Ljubljana's twin cities". Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City). Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2013.

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Ljubljana

• Jarrett, Mark (2013). The Congress of Vienna and its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy after Napoleon. London: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited.
  ISBN 978-1-78076-116-9
  .
• Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). "Laibach" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 82–83.
• Jörg Stabenow (2009). "Ljubljana". In Emily Gunzburger Makas; Tanja Damljanovic Conley (eds.). Capital Cities in the Aftermath of Empires: Planning in Central and Southeastern Europe. Routledge. pp. 223–240.
  ISBN 978-1-135-16725-7
  .
• Velušček, Anton (ed.) (2009). Stare Gmajne Pile-Dwelling Settlement and its Era (bilingual English and Slovenian edition). Založba ZRC.
  ISBN 978-961-254-155-2
  .

External links

• Ljubljana on Geopedia
• City of Ljubljana official site
• Official Ljubljana tourism site
• Ljubljana: locations with surround photography at Burger.si (in Slovene)
• Ljubljana on Google Maps

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljubljana&oldid=1250137139"