Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation

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In

epimerization of an aldose or ketose
. [1] [2]

The reactions are usually base catalyzed, but can also take place under acid or neutral conditions.[1] A typical rearrangement reaction is that between the aldose glyceraldehyde and the ketose dihydroxyacetone in a chemical equilibrium.

The Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation is relevant for the industrial production of certain ketoses and was discovered in 1885 by Cornelis Adriaan Lobry van Troostenburg de Bruyn and Willem Alberda van Ekenstein.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Aldose-ketose transformation

The following scheme describes the interconversion between an aldose and a ketose, where R is any organic residue.

The equilibrium or the reactant to product ratio depends on concentration, solvent, pH and temperature. At equilibrium the aldose and ketose form a mixture which in the case of the glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone is also called glycerose.

A related reaction is the

alpha-ketol rearrangement
.

Epimerization

The carbon atom at which the initial

stereochemical configuration is lost in the enol form. In the chemical reaction the enol can be protonated from two faces, resulting in the backformation of glucose or the formation of the epimer D-mannose
. The final product is a mix of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-mannose.

References

  1. ^ a b Momcilo Miljkovic Carbohydrates: Synthesis, Mechanisms, and Stereoelectronic Effects 2009 (Google books)
  2. ^ ANGYAL, S.J.: The Lobry de Bruyn–Alberda van Ekenstein transformation and related reactions, in: Glycoscience: epimerisation, isomerisation and rearrangement reactions of carbohydrates, Vol. 215, (Ed.: STÜTZ, A.E.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2001, 1–14
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