Lochmaben Stone
The Lochmaben Stone | |
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Coordinates | 54°59′02″N 3°04′34″W / 54.983875°N 3.076073°W |
Official name | Lochmaben Stone,standing stone & stone |
Reference no. | SM3378 |
The Lochmaben Stone (
The principal stone or megalith, referred to as the Lochmabonstone by Logan Mack
In these treeless flatlands this stone, given its size, would have been a distinctive landmark on the flat Solway Plain for several millennia.
Etymology
The Lochmaben stone has had a wide range of names attached to it over the last few millennia or so. Lochmabonstone, Stormont, and Old Graitney stone are amongst the most recent. In 1398 the name is 'Clochmabenstane', in 1409 and 1472 the name 'Loumabanestane' is recorded, with 'Lowmabanstane' used in 1485 and then 'Loughmabanestane' in 1494.[1]
'Cloch' and 'clach' mean 'stone' in modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic respectively. In Welsh, 'llech' can be a flagstone, tablet or slate.
The element Mabon, as in the Celtic god, is common to all of the variants and this strongly confirms this association, as well as helping with the identification of this site with the Roman site of 'Locus Maponi', as listed in the Ravenna Cosmography. It is also suggested that Locus Maponi means the 'Loch' or 'Pool' of Mabon and this would suggest that the town of Lochmaben is the intended named site.[2]
Maporitum is another name recorded in the cosmography and given that the name relates to the Ford of Mabon and indeed the name 'Solway' is most likely derived from the word Sul standing for the pillar or Lochmaben stone and the word Wath that is of Viking origin and means to 'wade', indicating a ford.[3] The stone marked the northern terminus of the most useful ford on the Esk and another suggested meaning for the name 'Sulwath' is 'Muddy ford'.[4]
The
Archaeology
The first edition Ordnance Survey six-inch map (1843–1882) refers to it as "Druidical circle (Remains of)", which the Ordnance Survey Name Book states as being formerly composed of nine upright stones placed in an oval of about 0.5 acres (2,000 m2). Only two of these stones are visible above the surface of the ground, one being the Lochmaben Stone.[6] The other stone stands 1.0 m high by 1.2 m in diameter in a less conspicuous position in the nearby hedge to the north east of the larger stone. The 1845 'New Statistical Account' also relates that a ring of large stones once stood here, enclosing an area of around half an acre, most of which were removed shortly before that date to facilitate ploughing of the site.[7]
In 1982 the stone fell over, and excavations prior to its re-erection revealed that it had been set into a shallow pit. No artifacts were recovered. However, a sample of mixed Oak and Hazel
The cult of Maponus or Mabon
The name of the stone strongly suggests that this site was a centre of the cult of the Celtic god
Sometime during the seventh century, an unknown monk in the Monastery at
The border line and the Lochmaben Stone
The Lochmaben Stone was a well known, well recognised and easily located 'marker' on the Scottish Marches and as such it performed a number of functions prior to the Union of the Crowns,[1] such as arrangements for truces, exchange of prisoners, etc.[7]
Rendezvous
Raiding parties met here before launching expeditions into England and Scottish armies assembled here before major incursions or defence operations took place. It may well have been a tribal assembly point. An army was ordered to assemble here as late as 6 February 1557.[12]
Exchange of prisoners
In 1398 an exchange of prisoners took place when English and Scots representatives, the Dukes of Rothesay and Lancaster[7] met at the Lochmaben Stone.[1] The prisoners were released without ransoms and any that had already been paid were to be returned.[7]
The Commissioners and the Wardens of the Western Marches
Its use by the
at Kershope Bridge. The Commissioners not only met here, but "gave bail for their good behaviour to one another."In 1398 the agreement was reached that "The men of Galloway, Nithsdale, Annandale and Crawford Muir, shall meet with the Wardens of the West March for redress of claims at Clochmabanstane."[4]
In 1473, the Scottish and English Ambassadors met to agree that more frequent meetings of the marcher Wardens were to be held at the six recognised sites on the marches. These were Newbyggynfurde, Redaneburn, Gammyllispethe, Belle, Loumabanestane and Kershopebrig and the meetings were to be held at successive venues. On 26 March 1494 the commissioners of both countries met at the Lochmaben Stone to finally settle the long running dispute over the 'Fish Garth' across the River Esk.
In the 16th century a reference is recorded "Loughmaben Stone standyng in Scotland, wher we have beyn accustomyd to keipe days of marches."[4]
Recent history
In the 1800s the tenant of Old Graitney farm decided to clear his land of the three remaining stones which ruined his field's appearance and got in the way of his machinery. He set his farm hands to work digging deep pits for the burial of the stones. One had been completely buried and another partially sunken when the proprietor,
A local tradition suggests that the stone was moved by a farm worker with an excavator, the intention being to locate any 'treasure' beneath. The local primary school attended an official re-erection ceremony which was covered by the local paper, the
The Battle of Sark or Lochmaben Stone
The
Miscellaneous notes
The Old Graitney Boat Burial
At NY 31 66 a Viking boat-shaped barrow or mound existed. It was levelled around the year 1851, but no burials or Viking artefacts are recorded as having been found.[6]
Old Graitney – The 'Auld House'
This tower-house was built by the Johnstones in 1535 and burnt by the Maxwells in 1585. Locally a tower is said to have stood 180 m south of the Old Graitney Farmhouse although no traces are visible on the ground.[15]
Port Stormont
This site at NY 316 660 is recorded as having been used by smugglers.
Quern stone
The upper stone of a rotary quern was found about 1976 when ploughing some 350 m SSW of Old Graitney farmhouse, where it is still held by the finder, Mr S Smith. Slightly oval in shape it measures about 30 cm in maximum diameter and is made of granite or a similar rock; there are both central and side-holes.[6]
King Arthur
A local legend associates the Lochmaben Stone with the stone from which King Arthur pulled the sword Excalibur. However, this only agrees with some versions of the Arthurian legend. In other versions of the Arthurian legend, Excalibur was a sword that came from the water from the Lady of the Lake, and the sword in the stone does not have a name.[17]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Mack, James Logan (1926). The Border Line. Pub. Oliver & Boyd.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84158-958-9. p. 23.
- ISBN 978-1-84158-958-9. p. 24.
- ^ a b c RCAHMS. 7th Report with Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of Dunfries. 1920.. Edinburgh:HMSO. p. 93.
- ^ a b James, Alan. "A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence" (PDF). SPNS - The Brittonic Language in the Old North. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ a b c Historic Environment Scotland. "Lochmaben Stone (67441)". Canmore. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ a b c d Maxwell, Sir Herbert (1896). A History of Dumfries and Galloway. Edinburgh : William Blackwood & Sons. p. 132.
- ISBN 978-0-521-53130-6.
- ISBN 0-85030-939-5.
- ^ Richmond, I.A. (1958). Ancient geographical sources for Britain north of Cheviot. Roman and Native in North Britain. Pub. Edinburgh. p. 149.
- ISBN 1-85079-315-8. p. 45.
- ^ Maxwell, Sir Herbert (1896). A History of Dumfries and Galloway. Edinburgh : William Blackwood & Sons. p. 135.
- ^ Rae, T. I. (1966). Administration of the Scottish Frontier, 1513 – 1603. p. 50.
- ^ Auchinleck Chronicle. A Short Chronicle of the Reign of James the Second King of Scots.
- ^ MacFarlane, W. (1906–8). Geographical collections relating to Scotland.
- ^ Graham, A. & Truckell, A.E. (1977). Old Harbours in the Solway Firth. Trans. Dumf. Gall. Hist. Antiq. Soc. 3rd., V.52.
- ^ The King Arthur connection.