Lombardy
Lombardy
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ISO 3166 code IT-25 | | |
HDI (2021) | 0.915[3] very high · 4th of 21 | |
NUTS Region | ITC | |
Website | www |
Lombardy[b] (Italian: Lombardia;[c] Lombard: Lombardia)[a][d] is an administrative region of Italy that covers 23,844 km2 (9,206 sq mi); it is located in northern Italy and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population. Lombardy is located between the Alps mountain range and tributaries of the river Po, and includes Milan, its capital, the largest metropolitan area in the country, and among the largest in the EU.[9]
Its territory is divided into 1,502
It is the second most populous region of the European Union (EU),[12] and the second region of the European Union by nominal GDP.[2] Lombardy is the first[13] region of Italy in terms of economic importance,[14] contributing to approximately a fifth of the national gross domestic product (GDP).[15][16] Lombardy is a member of the Four Motors for Europe, an international economical organization whose other members are Baden-Württemberg in Germany, Catalonia in Spain, and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in France. Milan is the economic capital of Italy[17] and is a global financial centre.
Of the fifty-eight
Etymology
The
The name of the region derives from the name of the people of the
Geography
Lombardy has a surface area of 23,861 km2 (9,213 sq mi), and is the fourth-largest
Lombardy's northern border is between the Valtellina and the valleys of the Rhine and the Inn. To the east, Lake Garda and the Mincio separate Lombardy from the other Italian regions, as does the Po river in the south with the exception of the province of Mantua and Oltrepò Pavese. The western boundary is formed by the Lake Maggiore and the Ticino river, except Lomellina. Lombardy has three natural zones; mountains, hills and plains—the last being divided into Alta (high plains) and Bassa (low plains).
Soils
The surface area of Lombardy is divided almost equally between the plains (which represent approximately 47% of the territory) and the mountainous areas (which represent 41%). The remaining 12% of the region is hilly.[21]
The
The most important mountainous area is the
The plains of Lombardy, which are formed by alluvial deposits, can be divided into the Alta—an upper, permeable ground zone in the north—and the Bassa, a lower zone dotted by the line of fontanili, spring waters rising from impermeable ground. Inconsistent with the three distinctions above is the small sub-region of
Hydrography
The Po marks the southern border of the region for about 210 km (130 mi); its major tributaries are the Ticino, which rises in the Val Bedretto in Switzerland and joins the Po near Pavia,[26] the Olona, the Lambro, the Adda, the Oglio and the Mincio.
The numerous lakes of Lombardy are all of glacial origin and are located in the northern highlands. From west to east, these are:
The navigli are a system of interconnected canals in and around Milan dating back as far as the Middle Ages.[28] The system consists of five canals: Naviglio Grande, Naviglio Pavese, Naviglio Martesana, Naviglio di Paderno, Naviglio di Bereguardo. The first three were connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over at the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring, thus sounding the death knell for the north-eastern canals.
Alpine passes
The Lombard Alpine valleys are wider than those found, again in the Alps, in Piedmont and Aosta Valley. Most of them are crossed by streams that descend towards the Po Valley, forming rivers which then flow into the Po on the hydrographic left. Thanks to the width of their valleys, the Lombard Alpine passes, although they are at a high altitude, are easily accessible.
The most important international passes found in the Lombard Alps and which connect the region with
Flora and fauna
The plains have been intensively cultivated for centuries, and little of the original environment remains. The most common trees are
.The highlands are characterised by the typical vegetation of the
Lombardy includes many protected areas. The most important is Stelvio National Park, established in 1935[31]—the fourth largest Italian natural park, with typically alpine wildlife such as red deer, roe deer, ibex, chamois, foxes, ermine and golden eagles; and the Ticino Valley Natural Park, which was instituted in 1974 on the Lombard side of the river Ticino to protect one of the last major examples of fluvial forest in northern Italy. There have also been efforts to protect the endangered Italian agile frog. Ticino Valley Natural Park is the first Italian regional park to be established[32] as well as the first European river park.[33]
Other parks in the region are the
Climate
Lombardy has a wide array of climates due to variance in elevation, proximity to inland water basins, and large metropolitan areas. The climate is mainly humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa), especially in the plains, though with significant variations to the Köppen model, especially in the normally long, damp, and cold winters. There is high seasonal temperature variation; in Milan, the average temperature is 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) in January and 24 °C (75 °F) in July. The plains are often subject to fog during the coldest months.[37]
In the Alpine foothills with
Precipitation is more intense in the
Geology
The geological structure of Lombardy derives from the
The Po Valley, on the other hand, is of more recent origin; formed by the deposit of detrital material on the continental shelf, coming from the erosion caused by surface waters, which accompanied the lifting of the Alpine chain, which rose to the west and north of the plain, and of the Apennine chain to the south, which filled the marine gulf existing in the Pliocene created by the uplift of the two mountain chains.[42]
Pollution
Lombardy is one of the most-air-polluted areas of Europe.[43] Because of high levels of industrialisation and the lack of wind due to the region being enclosed between mountain ranges, air pollution remains a severe problem in Lombardy and northern Italy.
In March 2019, the
According to
According to research published in
The data show many cities in Lombardy and the Po Valley suffer the most serious impact of poor air quality in Europe, primarily the metropolitan area of Milan, which is 13th in terms of fine particulate impact, with an annual premature death rate of 3,967 – approximately 9% of the total.
History
Prehistory and antiquity
From archaeological findings of ceramics, arrows, axes, and carved stones, the area of current-day Lombardy has been settled at least since the second millennium BC. Well-preserved
The many artefacts found in a
".The Roman culture and language overwhelmed the former civilisation in the following years, and Lombardy became one of the most-developed and richest areas of Italy with the construction of roads and the development of agriculture and trade. Important figures were born here, such as Pliny the Elder (in
Kingdom of the Lombards
During and after the fall of the Western Empire, Lombardy heavily suffered from destruction brought about by a series of invasions by tribal peoples. After 540,
After the initial struggles, relationships between the Lombard people and the
Communes and the Empire
In the 10th century, Lombardy, although formally under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, was included in the
This process peaked in the 12th and 13th centuries, when
.Renaissance duchies of Milan and Mantua
In the 15th century, the Duchy of Milan was one of the wealthiest states during the Renaissance.[59] Milan and Mantua became centres of the Renaissance, whose culture with people such as Leonardo da Vinci and Andrea Mantegna, and works of art such as da Vinci's The Last Supper were highly regarded. The enterprising class of the communes extended its trade and banking activities well into northern Europe; the metonym "Lombard" designated a merchant or banker from northern Italy, for example Lombard Street, London.
The name "Lombardy" came to denote the whole of northern Italy until the 15th century and sometimes later.[60] From the 14th century onward, the instability created by the internal and external struggles ended in the creation of noble seigniories, the most significant of whom were the Viscontis (later Sforzas) in Milan and of the Gonzagas in Mantua. This wealth, however, attracted the now-more-organised armies of national powers such as France and Austria, which waged a lengthy battle for Lombardy in the late 15th to early 16th centuries.
Late-Middle Ages, Renaissance and Enlightenment
After the
Pestilences like that of 1628–1630,[61] which Alessandro Manzoni described in his I Promessi Sposi, and the general decline of Italy's economy in the 17th and 18th centuries halted further development of Lombardy. In 1706 the Austrian Empire came to power, and introduced some economic and social measures that allowed a degree of recovery to occur.
Austrian rule was interrupted in the late-18th century by the French; under Napoleon, Lombardy became the centre of the Cisalpine Republic and of the Kingdom of Italy, both of which were puppet states of France's First Empire, with Milan as capital and Napoleon as head of state. During this period, Lombardy regained Valtellina from Switzerland.
Modern era
The restoration of Austrian rule in 1815 as the
In 1861, with the
Contemporary era
The Alpine front of World War I crossed the eastern Lombardy Alpine side, and in the post-war period Milan was the centre of the Italian Fasces of Combat. Milan then became the Gold Medal of Military Valor for the Italian resistance movement[63] during the Italian Civil War after its liberation from fascism during the World War II, while the partisan resistance spread across the valleys and provinces.
Following the historical borders, in 1948 the administrative region of Lombardy was prefigured as part of the newly formed
In the 1980s, Milan became a symbol of the country's economic growth, and a symbol of the economic-financial rampantism of the so-called "Milano da bere", literally "Milan to be drunk",[64] while the Milanese socialist group of Bettino Craxi was in the national government. The city of Milan, in the early 1990s, was the origin of the series of scandals known as Tangentopoli which emerged from the judicial investigations of the Milanese prosecutor's office known as Mani pulite, which then spread to the rest of the country.
In early 2020, Lombardy was severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in which Italy was one of the worst-affected countries in Europe. Several towns were quarantined from 22 February after community transmission was documented in Lombardy and Veneto the previous day. The entirety of Lombardy was placed under lockdown on 8 March,[65] followed by all of Italy the following day,[66] making Italy the first country to implement a nationwide lockdown in response to the epidemic, which the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic on 11 March. The lockdown was extended twice, and the region toughened restrictions on 22 March, banning outdoor exercise and the use of vending machines,[67] but from the beginning of May, following a reported decrease in the number of active cases, restrictions were gradually relaxed.[68]
Economy
Lombardy is the first
Lombardy's
Lombardy has cultural and economic relationships with many foreign countries including
2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDP[93] (Euro) |
247.052 | 259.431 | 270.653 | 279.450 | 289.471 | 297.600 | 307.718 | 320.844 | 323.973 | 310.952 | 346.797 | 354.342 | 348.665 | 349.008 | 350.025 | 357.200 | 375.270 | 385.133 | 390.461 |
GDP per capita[93] (Euro) |
27.488 | 28.766 | 29.837 | 30.449 | 31.060 | 31.545 | 32.356 | 33.443 | 33.425 | 31.743 | 35.713 | 36.220 | 35.367 | 35.127 | 35.044 | 35.700 | 37.474 | 38.407 | 38.858 |
Lombardy is a member of the Four Motors for Europe, an international economical organization whose other members are Baden-Württemberg in Germany, Catalonia in Spain, and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in France.[94] The Lombardy region is also part of the EUSALP, which promotes innovation, sustainability, and economy in the Alpine regions of Austria, France, Liechtenstein, Northern Italy, Southern Germany, Switzerland, and Slovenia,[95][96][97] and ARGE ALP, an economic forum of alpine regions of Austria, Northern Italy, Southern Germany, and Switzerland.[98] Economical and cultural relationship are also strong with neighbouring Italian regions Friuli-Venezia Giulia, South Tyrol, Trentino, and Veneto.[99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109]
Furthermore, Lombardy is part of the economic heart of Europe and of the so-called Blue Banana. Milan is, together with London, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Munich and Paris, one of the six European economic capitals.[110] The European Union has developed the Central Europe program in 2014–2020 to foster cooperation between Lombardy and other northern Italian regions and several countries in central Europe.[111][112]
The region can be broadly divided into three economic areas: Milan, where the services sector comprises 65.3% of employment; the provinces of Varese, Como, Lecco, Monza and Brianza, Bergamo and Brescia, the latter having the highest value added in industry in Europe,[114] where there is a highly industrialised economy and a rich agricultural sector; and the provinces of Sondrio, Pavia, Cremona, Mantova and Lodi, where there is consistent agricultural activity and an above-average development of the services sector.
In the tertiary sector, the weight of trade and finance is significant. The
Agriculture
The productivity of agriculture is enhanced by the use of fertilisers and the traditional abundance of water, which has been boosted since the Middle Ages by the construction of irrigation systems that were partly designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Lower plains are used for fodder crops, cereals (rice, wheat and maize) and sugar beet. Lombardy is one of the main European regions for rice production and together with Piedmont, produces 93% of Italian rice. Cultivation is concentrated in the provinces of Pavia (84,000 ha (210,000 acres), Milan (14,000 ha (35,000 acres)), Lodi 2,000 ha (4,900 acres) and Mantua (1,200 ha (3,000 acres)).
Lombardy is a centre of animal breeding, which includes dairy cows (36%) and pigs (50%). The region's dairy industry produces 30% of Italian milk,[118] which is used to produce different types of cheese, totalling about 4,715,130 tonnes, 36% of Italian cheese production.[118]
A variety of cured sausages is produced in Lombardy, like Salame Milano, Salame bergamasco, Salame mantovano, Salame di Varzi, Bastardei, Salam casalin, Salame Brianza, Salame pancettato.
-
Grana Padano (granular cheese)
-
Mascarpone (cream cheese)
-
Taleggio (semi-soft cheese)
-
Gorgonzola (blue-veined cheese)
-
Bitto (hard cheese)
-
Provolone Valpadana (pasta filata cheese)
-
A rice field near Pavia.
-
Salame di Varzi
-
Salamemantovano
Vineyards cover 26,951 ha (66,600 acres). The most important product is the sparkling wines
-
Franciacorta Rose
-
Bottle of Franciacorta
-
Franciacorta Ferghettina
Brescia is also the main production centre of Italian caviar. The world's largest sturgeon farm is located in Calvisano, about 30 km (19 mi) south of the city centre,[122] producing 25 tonnes of caviar annually, which is exported worldwide.[123] The main activity in Canneto sull'Oglio is the nursery production of broad-leaved plants, for which much land is dedicated.
Aerospace and defence
Italy is a major exporter of heavy helicopters (over 2,000 kg (4,400 lb)) with a market share of about 30%.[124] The headquarters of Leonardo Helicopters Division (ex-AgustaWestland) is in Lombardy, and is responsible for about a third of the company's orders.[125] The region also has a plant of Leonardo Aircraft Division (ex-Aermacchi).[126] The main helicopter design, production and training facilities are located in Cascina Costa di Samarate, Vergiate and Sesto Calende. The company's aircraft division manufactures military training aircraft in Venegono Superiore.[126]
-
Aermacchi M-346
The world's oldest firearms manufacturer, Beretta, is located in Gardone Val Trompia. Other firearms manufacturers in the region are Tanfoglio and Pedersoli. Ammunition is produced by Fiocchi. The former OTO Melara, now part of Leonardo Electronics Division in Brescia, produces small-calibre naval and airborne weapons.[126]
-
Tanfoglio Combat
-
OTO Melara RSS Valour 76mm
Automotive
There is no longer any car production in Lombardy; the factories of mass-market manufacturers
.The best-known automotive-parts suppliers are
-
Iveco Daily VII.Generation
-
Iveco EuroCargo IV.Generation
-
BCS Valiant
-
BCS Vivid
Motorcycles from Lombardy:
-
Moto Guzzi V85 TT (Piaggio)
-
Moto Guzzi V7 Classic (Piaggio)
-
MV Agusta Brutale 1090
Electronics
The largest European semiconductor company STMicroelectronics employs 5,600 people at its plant in a suburb of Milan. Manufacturers of general-purpose integrated circuits (ICs) Agrate Brianza, which employs 4,500, and Cornaredo, which employs 1,100, have R&D and production facilities.[135]
SAES Getters in Lainate produce getters, alkaline metal dispensers, cathodes and materials for thermal management. Their products are used in various devices such as X-ray tubes, microwave tubes, solid-state lasers, electron sources, photomultipliers, radio-frequency amplification systems, night-vision devices, pressure sensors, gyroscopes for navigation systems and MEMS devices.[136]
Energy
In Lombardy, in 2015, electricity consumption per inhabitant amounted to 6,374 Wh. In the same year, gross energy production reached 41 GWh per 10,000 inhabitants and 26% of electricity consumption was covered by energy from renewable sources.[138] There are 488 hydroelectric plants, 1,056 thermoelectric plants, 7 wind plants and 94,202 photovoltaic plants.[139] The length of power lines in the region in 2014 is 3,867.8 km (2,403.34 mi), of which 2,190.8 km (1,361.30 mi) are 220 kV and 1,677 km (1,042.04 mi) are 380 kV.[139]
Fashion
Milan is a fashion capital of the world. Lombardy has always been an important centre for silk and textile production, notably the cities of Pavia, Vigevano and Cremona. Milan is one of the fashion capitals of the world; the city has approximately 12,000 companies, 800 showrooms and 6,000 sales outlets; the city hosts the headquarters of global fashion houses. The best-known high-class shopping district is Quadrilatero della moda.
In 2009, Milan was regarded as the world fashion capital, surpassing New York, Paris and London.
Furniture
Furniture is manufactured in the industrial district around Brianza, which has an annual turnover of about €2 billion from 1,700 companies.[142] The furniture factories, which have about 40,000 employees, are mainly concentrated in Lissone, Meda, Cantù and Mariano Comense. This district has close relations with Milan's design industry. A number of large furniture exhibitions take place in Milan, including "Salone del Mobile Milano".[143]
Tourism
In the most dynamic and busiest of Italian regions it is not possible, on the basis of the figures, to distinguish tourists in the strict sense from those who travel for business.[144] In 2019, 40,482,939 arrivals were recorded.[145] Non-residents contributed to 51.8% of arrivals and 57.4% of presences.[146]
Lombardy has a rich, diverse cultural heritage ranging from prehistory to the present day. Artefacts from the Roman period and the Renaissance can be found in museums and churches. Major tourist destinations in the region include (in order of arrivals as of 2013[update]):[147]
Among the natural beauties, the pre-Alpine lakes on whose shores patrician villas, vegetable gardens, gardens, terraces and ancient villages alternate with dense clusters of second homes[144] must be ranked first. The coastal locations are connected by scheduled shipping routes. Villa d'Este in Cernobbio and other villas in the Como area host world-famous people: financial magnates, film stars, writers, heads of state, singers and stylists.[149]
Other important tourist flows concern the Alpine valleys (in particular Valtellina)[150] and the numerous historical-artistic cities, rich in monuments and testimonies of the Middle Ages and the Italian Renaissance.[151]
Among the most visited places are the Pinacoteca di Brera (336,981 visitors), Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper (330,071), the Archaeological Museum of Sirmione with the Grottoes of Catullus (216,612), the Scaligero Castle (202,066), Certosa di Pavia (approximately 200,000) and Villa Carlotta (170,260).[152][153][154]
Unemployment
The unemployment rate of Lombardy stood at 4.3% in 2023.[155] In that year, regional unemployment was one of the lowest in Italy.[156]
Year | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unemployment rate (in %) |
3.7% | 3.4% | 3.7% | 5.3% | 5.5% | 5.7% | 7.4% | 8.0% | 8.2% | 7.9% | 7.4% | 6.4% | 6.0% | 5.6% | 5.0% | 5.9% | 4.9% | 4.3% |
Demographics
Population
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1861 | 3,160,000 | — |
1871 | 3,529,000 | +11.7% |
1881 | 3,730,000 | +5.7% |
1901 | 4,314,000 | +15.7% |
1911 | 4,889,000 | +13.3% |
1921 | 5,186,000 | +6.1% |
1931 | 5,596,000 | +7.9% |
1936 | 5,836,000 | +4.3% |
1951 | 6,566,154 | +12.5% |
1961 | 7,406,152 | +12.8% |
1971 | 8,543,387 | +15.4% |
1981 | 8,891,652 | +4.1% |
1991 | 8,856,074 | −0.4% |
2001 | 9,032,554 | +2.0% |
2011 | 9,704,151 | +7.4% |
2021 | 9,943,004 | +2.5% |
Source: ISTAT |
One-sixth of the Italian population, about 10 million people, live in Lombardy (16.2% of the national population; 2% of the European Union population). Lombardy is the second most populous region in the European Union (EU).[12]
The population is highly concentrated in the Milan metropolitan area (2,029 inh./km2) and the Alpine foothills that compose the southern section of the provinces
The growth of the regional population was particularly sustained during the 1950s–1960s, due to a prolonged economic boom, high birth rates and strong migration inflows—especially from southern Italy. Since the 1980s, Lombardy has become the destination of a large number of international migrants. As of 2021[update], the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) estimated that 1,190,889 foreign-born people live in Lombardy, equal to 11.9% of the total population.[157]
Religion
Nationality | Population |
---|---|
Romania | 172,063 |
Morocco | 91,530 |
Albania | 87,859 |
Egypt | 87,262 |
China | 67,332 |
Philippines | 55,558 |
Ukraine | 52,579 |
India | 46,321 |
Peru | 41,127 |
Pakistan | 40,221 |
Ecuador | 34,150 |
Senegal | 32,905 |
Sri Lanka | 32,548 |
Bangladesh | 22,930 |
Moldova | 19,828 |
Tunisia | 16,595 |
Nigeria | 15,498 |
Brazil | 14,392 |
El Salvador | 12,908 |
Ghana | 10,307 |
The primary religion is Roman Catholicism. Over the centuries, the Catholic dioceses of Lombardy have given birth to ten popes: Pope John XIV, Pope Alexander II, Pope Urban III, Pope Celestine IV, Pope Pius IV, Pope Gregory XIV, Pope Innocent XI, Pope Pius XI, Pope John XXIII and Pope Paul VI.
The structure of the Lombard Catholic dioceses is historical. Of the ten dioceses, eight date back to the Roman Empire, only Crema and Vigevano were created in the 16th century to reflect political needs,[e] and it does not appear that any diocesan seat was ever suppressed. The diocese of Lugano was created in the 19th century to separate the Swiss parishes which since ancient times had been dependent on the dioceses of Como and Milan.
In Lombardy there are two main Catholic liturgical rites: the Ambrosian Rite (used in the Milanese archdiocese, but also used in the parishes of Val Taleggio in the province of Bergamo) and the Roman Rite.[159] The Milanese diocese, comprising approximately half of the faithful of the region, is the metropolitan see, while the others are its suffragans.
Significant religious minorities in Lombardy include
Government and politics
Government
Lombardy has a system of
Like the other regions of Italy with ordinary statutes, the region has been provided for since 1948 by articles 114 and 115 of the Constitution of Italy, but only with law no. 281 of 16 May 1970 having as its object "Financial measures for the implementation of the Regions with ordinary statute", with which the process of administrative decentralization envisaged by article 5 and article 118 of the Constitution was started, implemented its functions.
The Council is elected for a five-year term, but, if the President suffers a vote of no confidence, resigns or dies, under the simul stabunt, simul cadent clause introduced in 1999 (literally they will stand together or they will fall together), also the Council is dissolved and a snap election is called.[161][162] The Regional Cabinet (Giunta Regionale) is presided by the President of the Region (Presidente della Regione), who is elected for a five-year term, and is currently composed by 17 members: the President and 16 regional Assessors, including a Vice President (Vice Presidente), while 4 under-secretaries (Sottosegretari) help the President but have no voting rights in the cabinet meetings.[163]
Politics
From 1945 to the early 1990s, the moderate
This, together with general disaffection for the central government, led to the sudden growth of the secessionist Northern League. Since 2002, Lombardy has remained strongly conservative in six general elections. The regional capital Milan elected progressive Giuliano Pisapia at the 2011 municipal elections and the 2013 regional elections saw a narrow victory for the centre-right coalition.[165]
On 22 October 2017, a non-binding
Administrative divisions
Lombardy is divided into 1,502
Province/Metropolitan city | Area | Population | Density (inh./km2) |
---|---|---|---|
Province of Bergamo | 2,723 km2 (1,051 sq mi) | 1,108,853 | 407.2 |
Province of Brescia | 4,784 km2 (1,847 sq mi) | 1,265,077 | 264.4 |
Province of Como | 1,288 km2 (497 sq mi) | 599,905 | 465.7 |
Province of Cremona | 1,772 km2 (684 sq mi) | 361,610 | 204.4 |
Province of Lecco | 816 km2 (315 sq mi) | 340,251 | 416.9 |
Province of Lodi | 782 km2 (302 sq mi) | 229,576 | 293.5 |
Province of Mantua
|
2,339 km2 (903 sq mi) | 414,919 | 177.3 |
Metropolitan City of Milan | 1,575 km2 (608 sq mi) | 3,259,835 | 2,029.7 |
Province of Monza and Brianza | 405 km2 (156 sq mi) | 864,557 | 2,134.7 |
Province of Pavia | 2,965 km2 (1,145 sq mi) | 548,722 | 185.1 |
Province of Sondrio | 3,212 km2 (1,240 sq mi) | 182,086 | 56.6 |
Province of Varese | 1,211 km2 (468 sq mi) | 890,234 | 735.1 |
Rank | Province | Pop. | Rank | Province | Pop. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milan Brescia |
1 | Milan | Milan | 1,396,059 | 11 | Cremona | Cremona | 72,672 | Monza Bergamo |
2 | Brescia | Brescia | 199,597 | 12 | Vigevano | Pavia | 63,623 | ||
3 | Monza | Monza |
124,051 | 13 | Legnano | Milan | 60,336 | ||
4 | Bergamo | Bergamo | 121,178 | 14 | Gallarate | Varese | 53,934 | ||
5 | Como | Como | 85,915 | 15 | Rho |
Milan | 51,323 | ||
6 | Busto Arsizio | Varese | 83,909 | 16 | Mantua | Mantua | 49,440 | ||
7 | Sesto San Giovanni | Milan | 81,841 | 17 | Lecco | Lecco | 48,173 | ||
8 | Varese | Varese | 80,645 | 18 | Cologno Monzese | Milan | 48,030 | ||
9 | Cinisello Balsamo | Milan | 76,264 | 19 | Paderno Dugnano | Milan | 47,467 | ||
10 | Pavia | Pavia | 73,334 | 20 | Lissone | Monza |
46,445 |
Symbols
The symbols of Lombardy are, pursuant to the region's statute of autonomy, the flag, the coat of arms, the banner and the celebration of 29 May.[167]
The official coat of arms of Lombardy consists of a
The Camunian rose on the region's coat of arms is made of argent, symbolizing light. In the background, the green colour represents the Po Valley. Officially adopted together with the banner with regional law n. 85 of 12 June 1975,[169] the coat of arms was introduced on the proposal of the then councilor for culture Alessandro Fontana[170] and was designed in the same year by Pino Tovaglia, Bob Noorda, Roberto Sambonet and Bruno Munari.[171][172]
The banner consists of a reproduction of the Carroccio, a large four-wheeled chariot bearing the city insignia around which the militias of the Medieval communes of northern Italy gathered and fought, whose autonomy it represented, and of the coat of arms of the region. The dimensions of the Lombardy banner are 3 m × 2 m (9.8 ft × 6.6 ft) and the ribbons and tie are in the national colours of Italy.[172]
Since 29 January 2019[173][174] the Lombardy region has adopted the coat of arms with the Camunian rose as its official flag, thus attesting to the established practice in public offices and events.
The regional festival of Lombardy, which was established with regional law n. 15 of 26 November 2013,[169] is celebrated on 29 May in memory of the victory of the Lombard League over the imperial troops of Frederick Barbarossa in the battle of Legnano, an armed clash which took place on 29 May 1176 in the surroundings of the city of the same name which ended to the hegemonic plan of the German emperor over the medieval municipalities of northern Italy.[175] After the decisive defeat of Legnano, the emperor accepted a six-year armistice (the so-called "Venice truce"), until the Peace of Constance, following which the medieval municipalities of northern Italy agreed to remain faithful to the Empire in exchange for full local jurisdiction over their territories.[176]
Society
Cuisine
Lombard cuisine is the style of cooking in the Northern Italian region of Lombardy. The historical events of its provinces and the diversity of its territories resulted in a varied culinary tradition. First courses in Lombard cuisine range from risottos to soups and stuffed pasta (in broth or not), and a large choice of second-course meat or fish dishes, due to the many lakes and rivers of Lombardy.[177]
The cuisine of the various Lombardy provinces can be united by the following traits: prevalence of rice and stuffed pasta over dry pasta, both butter and olive oil for cooking, dishes cooked for a long time, as well as the widespread use of pork, milk and dairy products, and egg-based preparations; to which is added the consumption of polenta, common to the whole Northern Italy.[178]
Rice is popular in Lombardy; the region is the largest in Europe for rice production and in particular the province of Pavia, where over 84,000 ha (210,000 acres) are cultivated.[117] Rice is often used in soups and risotti, such as "risotto alla milanese", with saffron. In Monza, a popular recipe adds pieces of sausages to the risotto, while in Pavia they eat Carthusian risotto, according to the legend created by the monks of the Certosa, which is based on crayfish, carrots and onions. They also eat risotto with eye beans, a version with sausage and bonarda, and risotto with common hops (ürtis in Pavese dialect). Polenta is common throughout the region.
Regional cheeses include
Typical dishes and products
- Amaretti di Saronno
- Bitto cheese
- Bresaola
- Bruscitti
- Casoncelli
- Cassoeula
- Colomba di Pasqua
- Cotoletta (cutlet) alla milanese
- Gorgonzola cheese
- Grana Padano cheese
- Lo Spiedo Bresciano – spit roast of different cuts of meat with butter and sage
- Mascarpone
- Mostarda
- Ossobuco
- Panettone
- Pavese agnolotti
- Pizzoccheri (tagliatelle of buckwheat and wheat, laced with butter, green vegetables, potatoes, sage and garlic, topped with Casera cheese)
- Polenta (eaten also in its taragna variant in the Northern part of the region)
- Risotto alla milanese
- Rosa Camuna cheese
- Salame d'oca di Mortara (goose salami)
- Salamella (Italian Sausagewithout fennel or anise, always served grilled)
- Sbrisolona cake
- Stracchino cheese
- Taleggio cheese
- Torrone
- Tortelli di zucca (pumpkin-filled pasta)
- Zuppa pavese
-
Gorgonzola cheese takes its name from the homonymous townnear Milan.
-
Tortelli di zucca (pumpkin-filled pasta) with butter and sage
-
Panettone cut over a Christmas plate
-
Bresaola della Valtellina served with bread, olives and onions
-
A dish of drystuffed pasta, with a Pavese stew-based sauce
-
Polenta uncia
Wines
Lombardy wine is the Italian wine produced in Lombardy. The region is known particularly for its sparkling wines made in the Franciacorta and Oltrepò Pavese areas. Lombardy also produces still red, white and rosé wines made from a variety of local and international grapes, including Nebbiolo wines in the Valtellina region and Trebbiano di Lugana white wines produced with the Chiaretto style rosé along the shores of Lake Garda. The wine region currently has 22 denominazione di origine controllata (DOC), 5 denominazione di origine controllata e garantita (DOCG) and at least 13 indicazione geografica tipica (IGT) designations.
- Franciacorta
- Nebbiolo red
- Bellavista
- Santi
- Nino Negri
- Bonarda Lombardy
- Trebbiano di Lugana
- Inferno (Valtellina)
- Grumello (Valtellina)
- Sassella (Valtellina)
Languages
The Celtic
The main varieties of the Lombard language are
The Lombard language should not be confused with that of the Lombards – Lombardic language, a Germanic language extinct since the Middle Ages. Lombard is considered a minority language that is structurally separate from Italian by both Ethnologue and the UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages. However, Italy and Switzerland do not recognize Lombard speakers as a linguistic minority. Traditionally, the Lombard dialects have been classified into the Eastern, Western, Alpine and Southern Lombard dialects.[187]
Culture
Art and architecture
From prehistory to the classical era
The first artistic evidence in Lombardy dates back to the
Furthermore, further finds have been found of the presence of prehistoric populations in the Lombardy territory, also included in the world heritage of humanity with the serial site of the "Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps", with several locations located in Lombardy.[190]
The
From late antiquity to the modern era
In the late ancient period, the Lombardy territory acquired importance, with Milan being the capital of the Western Roman Empire, and consequently, the artistic production also increased, of which evidence remains especially in sacred architecture with the construction of Early Christian churches, particularly in Milan.
The subsequent early medieval period, coeval with and following the Migration Period, will be of capital importance for the development of regional art: the stylistic features of barbarian art introduced by the new populations in fact brought a decisive contribution, merging with late ancient models (which are maintained with continuity) as well as thanks to Byzantine influences,[192] for the creation of a truly Lombard art. In fact, upon leaving the early medieval period, we began to talk about artistic styles specific to Lombardy such as the Lombard Romanesque.
Noteworthy examples of the Lombard Romanesque style are the work of the Comacine masters, in particular in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio and Basilica of San Michele Maggiore and in the Basilica of Sant'Abbondio, in the Como area. The most important contribution between the 6th and 8th centuries came from the Lombards who, occupying a large part of Italy, established their capital in Pavia and made Lombardy the fulcrum of their kingdom bringing their art with them, of which there remain both significant testimonies (in particular in Brescia, Monza, Pavia and Castelseprio) and a substantial influence on subsequent artistic developments.
In the Lombard area, the Carolingian period saw substantial artistic continuity with the previous Lombard period. The lower production of monumental buildings typical of these centuries is counterbalanced by numerous minor artefacts of great value, such as the Cross of Agilulf , the Cross of Desiderius and the Gospel Book of Theodelinda . Also in Lombardy are some of the greatest expressions of Lombard sculpture, such as the slab with peacock in the Museum of Santa Giulia in Brescia[193] or the Plutei of Theodota in the Pavia Civic Museums. The following centuries, as already mentioned, were characterized by artistic styles typical of Lombardy such as the Lombard Romanesque, the Lombard Gothic, the Lombard Renaissance and the Lombard Seicento. Finally, we must not forget, especially during the Renaissance, the contributions and stimuli left in local art by some great Renaissance masters who worked in Milan at the Sforza court, such as Filarete, Donato Bramante and Leonardo da Vinci and in Mantua at the Gonzaga court, like Andrea Mantegna and Giulio Romano.
Contemporary age
In February 1910 the painters Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini and Luigi Russolo signed the Manifesto dei pittori futuristi in Milan and in April of the same year the Manifesto tecnico della pittura futurista,,[194] which they contributed, together with others posters signed in other Italian cities, to found the artistic movement of Futurism. Upon the death of Umberto Boccioni in 1916, Carrà and Severini found themselves in a phase of evolution towards cubist painting, consequently, the Milanese group disbanded, moving the headquarters of the movement from Milan to Rome, with the consequent birth of the "second Futurism".
Lombardy was the birthplace of another important artistic movement of the 20th century, the
Historical and artistic villages
Lombardy has many small and picturesque villages, 26 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful villages of Italy),[197] a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,[198] that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.[199] The Lombard villages that are members of the association I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages in Italy") are:[197]
- Bellano
- Bienno
- Borgo Santa Caterina
- Cassinetta di Lugagnano
- Castellaro Lagusello
- Castelponzone
- Clusone
- Cornello dei Tasso
- Fortunago
- Gardone Riviera
- Golferenzo
- Gradella
- Grazie
- Gromo
- Lovere
- Maccagno Imperiale
- Monte Isola
- Morimondo
- Pomponesco
- Sabbioneta
- San Benedetto Po
- Soncino
- Tremezzo
- Tremosine sul Garda
- Varzi
- Zavattarello
Literature
The first texts written in the vernacular
From the 15th century, the prestige of literary Tuscan began to supplant the use of northern vernaculars which had been used, although influenced by the Florentine vernacular, also in chancellor and administrative contexts.[201] Despite this, starting from this century, there began to be the first signs of a true Lombard literature, with literary compositions in the Lombard language both in the western part of the region and in the eastern one.[202][203]
The 17th century also saw the emergence of the figure of the playwright Carlo Maria Maggi, who created, among other things, the Milanese mask of Meneghino.[204] Also in the 17th century, the first bosinade were born, occasional popular poems written on loose sheets of paper and posted in squares or read (or even sung) in public; they had great success and widespread diffusion until the first decades of the 20th century.[205] Milanese literature had a strong development in the 18th century: some important names emerged, including the famous poet Giuseppe Parini, who wrote some compositions in the Lombard language.[206][207]
The beginning of the 19th century was dominated by the figure of Carlo Porta, recognized by many as the most important author of Lombard literature, and also included among the greatest poets of Italian national literature. With him, some of the highest peaks of literary expressiveness in the Lombard language were reached, which clearly emerged in works such as La Ninetta del Verzee, Desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee, La guerra di pret e Lament del Marchionn de gamb avert.[208] Milanese poetic production took on such important dimensions that in 1815 the scholar Francesco Cherubini published a four-volume anthology of Lombard literature, which included texts written from the 17th century to his day.[209]
Main sights
- Accademia Carrara, Bergamo
- Archaeological park of Castelseprio, Castelseprio
- Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan
- Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio, Milan
- Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio, Milan
- Bellagio
- Brera Gallery, Milan
- Castello Sforzesco, Milan
- Castelseprio archaeological site
- Cathedral of Milan
- Cathedral of Pavia
- Certosa di Pavia
- Como Cathedral and Basilica of Sant'Abbondio, Como
- Duomo Nuovo, Brescia
- The fortified Venetian walls, Bergamo
- Lake Como
- Lake Garda
- Lake Iseo
- Roman and Longobard monuments in Brescia
- Royal Villa of Monza
- San Michele Maggiore, Pavia
- San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, Pavia
- Santa Maria del Carmine, Pavia
- Santa Maria Maggiore and Cappella Colleoni, Bergamo
- Teatro alla Scala, Milan
- Tempio Civico della Beata Vergine Incoronata, Lodi
- Villa Toeplitz, Varese
- Visconti Castle, Pavia
Museums and art galleries
Lombardy has more than 300 museums in subjects such as ethnographic, historical, technical-scientific, artistic and naturalistic fields. Among the region's most famous museums are:
- Accademia Carrara (Bergamo)
- Accademia Nazionale Virgiliana (Mantua)
- Antique Furniture & Wooden Sculpture Museum (Milan)
- Applied Arts Collection (Milan)
- Archaeological Museum (Milan)
- Civic Museum of Crema (Crema)
- Egyptian Museum (Milan)
- Gallerie di Piazza Scala (Milan)
- Mille Miglia (Brescia)
- Modern Art Gallery (Milan)
- Museum Sacred Art of the Nativity (Gandino)
- Museo Bagatti Valsecchi(Milan)
- Museo Diocesano (Milan)
- Museo Diocesano Adriano Bernareggi(Bergamo)
- Museum of Musical Instruments (Milan)
- Museo del Motociclo Moto Guzzi (Mandello al Lario)
- Museo del Novecento (Milan)
- Museo del Risorgimento (Milan)
- National Museum of Science and Technology "Leonardo da Vinci"(Milan)
- Museo di Palazzo d'Arco(Mantua)
- Museo di Palazzo Te(Mantua)
- Museo Etnografico Tiranese (Tirano)
- Museo Giuseppe Gianetti (Saronno)
- Museo Poldi Pezzoli (Milan)
- Museo storico Alfa Romeo (Arese)
- Museo Teatrale alla Scala (Milan)
- Natural History Museum of Milan (Milan)
- Natural History Museum of Pavia (Pavia)
- Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea (Milan)
- Pavia Civic Museums (Pavia)
- Pinacoteca Ambrosiana(Milan)
- Pinacoteca di Brera (Milan)
- Royal Villa of Monza (Monza)
- Santa Giulia Museum(Brescia)
- Sforza Castle Pinacoteca(Milan)
- Volta Temple (Como)
- The Museum of Ancient Art(Milan)
- Triennale(Milan)
- University History Museum, University of Pavia
- Villa Olmo (Como)
Music
Each of Lombardy's 12 provinces has its own musical traditions. Bergamo is famous for being the birthplace of Gaetano Donizetti and home of the Teatro Donizetti; Brescia hosts the 1709 Teatro Grande; Cremona is regarded as the origin of the violin and is home to several of the most prestigious luthiers;[212] and Mantua was one of the founding and most important cities in 16th- and 17th-century opera and classical music.
Other cities such as Lecco, Lodi, Varese and Pavia (
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
There are ten UNESCO World Heritage sites wholly or partially located in Lombardy.[213] Some of these comprise several individual objects in different locations. One of the entries has been listed as natural heritage and the others are cultural heritage sites.
At Monte San Giorgio on the border with Swiss canton Ticino just south of Lake Lugano, a wide range of marine Triassic fossils have been found. During the Triassic period, 245-230 million years ago, the area was a shallow tropical lagoon. Fossils include reptiles, fish, crustaceans and insects.[214]
The
Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps are a series of prehistoric pile dwelling (or stilt house) settlements in and around the Alps built from about 5000 to 500 BC on the edges of lakes, rivers or wetlands. In 2011, 111 sites located variously in Switzerland (56), Italy (19), Germany (18), France (11), Austria (5) and Slovenia (2) were added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site list.[216] In Slovenia, these were the first World Heritage Sites to be listed for their cultural value.[217] Excavations conducted at some of the sites have yielded evidence regarding prehistoric life and the way communities interacted with their environment during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages in Alpine Europe. These settlements are a unique group of exceptionally well-preserved and culturally rich archaeological sites, which constitute one of the most important sources for the study of early agrarian societies in the region.[216]
Another multi-centred site,
The Church and
The Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy are a group of nine sites in northwest Italy, two of which are in Lombardy. The concept of holy mountains can be found elsewhere in Europe. These sites were created as centres of pilgrimage by placing chapels in the natural landscape and were loosely modelled on the topography of Jerusalem. In Lombardy, Sacro Monte del Rosario di Varese and Sacro Monte della Beata Vergine del Soccorso, which were built in the early-to mid-17th century, mark the architectural transition from the late Renaissance to the Baroque style.[222]
Mantua and Sabbioneta represent two approaches of Renaissance period town planning. Mantua (pictured), originating in Roman times and preserving structures from the 11th century, was renovated in the 15th and 16th centuries. On the other hand, Sabbioneta was founded in the second half of the 16th century by Vespasiano I Gonzaga and built with a grid plan, according to the period's vision of an ideal city.[224]
The
The
Sport
The most popular sport in Lombardy is
Milan, along with Manchester, is one of only two cities in Europe that is home to two European Cup/Champions League winning teams: Serie A football clubs AC Milan and Inter. They are two of the most successful clubs in the world of football in terms of international trophies. Both teams have also won the FIFA Club World Cup (formerly the Intercontinental Cup). With a combined ten Champions League titles, Milan is only second to Madrid as the city with the most European Cups. Both teams play at the UEFA 5-star-rated Giuseppe Meazza Stadium, more commonly known as the San Siro, that is one of the biggest stadiums in Europe, with a seating capacity of over 80,000.[231] The Meazza Stadium has hosted four European Cup/Champions League finals, most recently in 2016, when Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 5–3 in a penalty shoot-out.
Milan is also home to Italy's oldest
Milan will host the 2026 Winter Olympics alongside Cortina d'Ampezzo.[233][234] The Giro d'Italia, a famous annual bicycle race, usually ends in Milan.[235] Amatori Rugby Milano, the most decorated rugby team in Italy, was founded in Milan in 1927. Alpine skiing is also important for the region; the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup holds an annual race in Bormio.[236] The Monza Circuit, located near Milan, hosts the Formula One Italian Grand Prix.[237] The circuit is located inside the Royal Villa of Monza park. It is one of the world's oldest car racing circuits. The capacity for the Formula One races is currently over 113,000. It has hosted a Formula One race nearly every year since the first year of competition, with the exception of 1980. Milan will host the Winter Olympic and Paralympic games for the first time in 2026, together with Cortina d'Ampezzo.[238][239][240]
Traditions and folklore
There are numerous traditional festivals and meetings in Lombardy: cities and towns offer calendars full of events, some of which have ancient origins.
The Oh bej! Oh bej! is held in Milan on 7 and 8 December each year and commemorates the appointment of Saint Ambrose as bishop of the city.
The Ambrosian Carnival (Italian: Carnevale Ambrosiano) is celebrated in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan and in the territories of some of the neighbouring dioceses. It lasts until the first Saturday of Lent.[241]
The Bagolino Carnival (Italian: Carnevale di Bagolino), of very ancient tradition, is celebrated in Bagolino, an ancient village that retains its medieval architectural characteristics and located in the Caffaro Valley, in the province of Brescia.[242]
The
The historical re-enactment of the oath of Pontida is held in Pontida, in the province of Bergamo, on 7 March and commemorates the legendary oath of the Lombard League which should have been the prelude to the victorious war of the Lombard municipalities against Barbarossa.[241]
Transport
Airports
The airport service in Lombardy is made up of 4 main airports and represents the most important airport system in Italy.[246] In the surroundings of Milan there are three airports dedicated to normal civilian traffic (Milan Malpensa Airport and Milan Linate Airport, managed by SEA, and Milan Bergamo Airport by SACBO).
Overall, the Milan airport system handles traffic of over 51.4 million passengers and around 700,000 tons of goods every year and is the first in Italy in terms of passenger volume and cargo volume (the second Italian airport system is Rome with 44.4 million passengers in 2023).[247] The Milan Malpensa Airport, with over 700 thousand tons, confirms the national leadership, processing 70% of the country's air cargo.[248]
- The intercontinental Canton of Ticino. The airport is 49 kilometres (30 mi) northwest of Milan,[249] in the province of Varese next to the Ticino river dividing Lombardy and Piedmont. Malpensa airport is 9th in the world and 6th in Europe for the number of countries served with direct scheduled flights [243] It is connected to Milan by the Malpensa Express railway service and by various bus lines.[250]
- Milan Linate Airport (LIN) is Milan's city airport, less than 8 km (5.0 mi) from central Milan, and is mainly used for domestic and short-haul international flights.[251] Linate Airport is hub of ITA Airways together with Rome Fiumicino Airport and is connected to the centre of Milan via the M4 blue metro line. It served 8.6 million passengers in 2023 ranking as the 8th airport in Italy for passenger traffic.[244]
- Milan Bergamo Airport (BGY) is mainly used for low-cost, charter and cargo flights.[252] The airport is located in Orio al Serio, 3.7 km (2.3 mi) southeast of Bergamo and 45 km (28 mi) northeast of Milan. It is one of Ryanair's three main operating bases, along with Dublin Airport and London Stansted Airport.[245] A bus service operated by ATB connects to the airport, about 10 minutes from the Bergamo railway station.[253] It served 14.7 million passengers in 2023.[254]
- The air mail: DHL and Poste Air Cargo postal and cargo flights depart and arrive every night.[257][258] The airport also benefits from an intensification of freight traffic, thanks to a partnership agreement signed between the Poste Italiane and Amazon.[259] Since November 2018, the airport has also become one of the main bases for cargo flights of the international courier DHL.[260]
Lastly, Bresso Airfield is a general aviation airport, operated by Aero Club Milano.[261] Since 1960 the airport mostly serves as a general aviation airfield for flying club activity, touristic flights and air taxi.[262] It also hosts a base of the state helicopter emergency service Elisoccorso.[263]
Rail
The Lombardy railway network has 428 stations and extends for approximately 2,000 km (1,200 mi).[268] The network is mainly managed by RFI; 320 km (200 mi) of railway lines are under concession to Ferrovienord,[269] while the Parma-Suzzara and Suzzara-Ferrara lines, although partially falling within Lombardy (55 km (34 mi) and 11 stations), are under concession to Ferrovie Emilia Romagna.[270]
The national and international railway service is mainly ensured by Trenitalia and to a lesser extent by Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, TGV and Deutsche Bahn. The regional territory has three high-speed lines: Turin–Milan high-speed railway, Milan–Bologna high-speed railway and Milan–Verona high-speed railway.[271]
Milan is the core of Lombardy's regional train network. The regional service is the responsibility of
As of May 2023[update], the
Roads
The motorway network in Lombardy extends for 700 km (430 mi) to which approximately 1,000 km (620 mi) of state highways are added.[277] The A4 motorway crosses the entire regional territory for 155 km (96 mi) from east to west, connecting the cities of Brescia, Bergamo, Monza and Milan. It is characterized by particularly intense traffic throughout the year and is flanked by the BreBeMi, which connects Brescia to the Milan external east ring road of Milan passing through Treviglio, rather than Bergamo.[278][279]
The Milan
Underground
The cities of Milan and Brescia have underground systems. Milan has the most extensive metro network in Italy, with 5 lines in operation (M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5). Milan Metro has a daily ridership of 1.15 million,[282] the largest in Italy as well as one of the largest in Europe. It is operated by Azienda Trasporti Milanesi.
The architectural project of the Milan Metro, created by Franco Albini and Franca Helg, and the signs, designed by Bob Noorda, received the Compasso d'Oro award in 1964.[283] Within the European Union it is the seventh largest network in terms of kilometres.[284]
Metro | Lines | Stations | Length | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Milan Metro | 5 | 113 | 101 km (63 mi) | [285] |
Brescia Metro | 1 | 17 | 13.7 km (8.5 mi) | [286][287] |
Even though it is not surrounded by the sea, the region has a naval system that develops on the lakes, along the rivers and
Navigation on the lakes has a predominantly tourist function and takes place regularly on scheduled routes. The scheduled shipping routes cover 460 km (290 mi) and are frequented by over 10 million travellers annually.[291] The connections are managed by the Gestione Governativa Navigazione Laghi.
Twinning and covenants
See also
- 2017 Lombard autonomy referendum
- COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
- List of European regions by GDP
Notes
- ^
- ^ /ˈlɒmbərdi, ˈlʌm-/ LOM-bər-dee, LUM-;[4][5]
- ^ [lombarˈdiːa]
- ^ Western Lombard: [lũbarˈdiːa], Eastern Lombard: [lombarˈdi.a, -ˈde.a]; Romansh: Lumbardia.
- ^ Crema belonged to the part of the territory of Cremona conquered for more than a century by the Republic of Venice, whereas Vigevano reunified an area formerly from Novara which over the centuries had been fragmented due to the powerful influence of nearby Pavia.
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- ^ "Airport stalled. Oxygen from the sky thanks to DHL cargoes". 16 November 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "The airport: technical information". Aero Club Milano. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ^ "Aero Club Milano" (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Base di elisoccorso Milano | HEMS Association" (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Armi nucleari in Italia: Dove, come, perché" (in Italian). 24 April 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Un arsenale atomico alle porte della Svizzera" (in Italian). 14 February 2005. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ Data from grandistazioni.it (July 2007)
- ^ a b "La Stazione Centrale di Milano: la più grande in Europa". 8 February 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ "INFRASTRUTTURE LINEARI - STRADE E FERROVIE" (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2024..
- ^ Regione Lombardia (20 September 2016). "Programma Regionale della Mobilità e dei Trasporti" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 50. Retrieved 13 March 2021..
- ^ "Suzzara Ferrara | FER – Ferrovie Emilia-Romagna". Fer.it.
- ^ Regione Lombardia (20 September 2016). "Programma Regionale della Mobilità e dei Trasporti" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 53. Retrieved 13 March 2021..
- ^ Regione Lombardia (20 September 2016). "Programma Regionale della Mobilità e dei Trasporti" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 54. Retrieved 13 March 2021..
- ^ a b "List of major railway stations in Italy with passenger figures". Ferrovie dello Stato. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ "The Lines▶Regional & Suburban Railway". Trenord. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
- ^ a b Lenarduzzi, Thea (30 January 2016). "The motorway that built Italy: Piero Puricelli's masterpiece". The Independent. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ a b c "The "Milano-Laghi" by Piero Puricelli, the first motorway in the world". Retrieved 10 May 2022.
- ^ Regione Lombardia (20 September 2016). "Programma Regionale della Mobilità e dei Trasporti" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 73. Retrieved 13 March 2021..
- ^ "Autostrada A4 Torino - Trieste (tratta lombarda)" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 March 2021.
- ^ "Autostrada A35 Brescia-Milano BreBeMi" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 March 2021.
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- ^ "Compasso d'oro 1964 alla Metropolitana di Milano - Motivazione e foto storiche della premiazione" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ "Metropolitana Milano - Scopri la metropolitana di Milano" (in Italian). Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- ^ "Metropolitana di Milano" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
- ^ "Lunghezza della Metropolitana di Brescia" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ "Stazioni della Metropolitana di Brescia" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ "Navigare sul Po" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2012.
- ^ "Porto di Cremona" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
- ^ "Porto di Mantova" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
- ^ "Assonautica, dati sulla navigazione interna in Lombardia" (in Italian). Retrieved 2 June 2013.
Further reading
- Cochrane, Eric. Historians and historiography in the Italian Renaissance (U of Chicago Press, 1981).
- Conca Messina, Silvia A., and Catia Brilli. "Agriculture and nobility in Lombardy. Land, management and innovation (1815–1861)". Business History (2019): 1-25.
- de Klerck, Bram. The Brothers Campi: Images and Devotion. Religious Painting in Sixteenth-Century Lombardy (Amsterdam UP. 1999).
- Di Tullio, Matteo. "Cooperating in time of crisis: war, commons, and inequality in Renaissance Lombardy." Economic History Review 71.1 (2018): 82–105.
- Di Tullio, Matteo. The wealth of communities: war, resources and cooperation in Renaissance Lombardy (Ashgate, 2014).
- Gamberini, Andrea. The Clash of Legitimacies: The State-Building Process in Late Medieval Lombardy (2018)
- Greenfield, Kent Roberts. Economics and liberalism in the Risorgimento: a study of nationalism in Lombardy, 1814–1848 (1934).
- Klang, Daniel M. "Cesare Beccaria and the clash between jurisprudence and political economy in eighteenth-century Lombardy." Canadian journal of history 23.3 (1988): 305–336.
- Klang, Daniel M. "The problem of lease farming in eighteenth-century Piedmont and Lombardy." Agricultural history 76.3 (2002): 578–603. JSTOR 3744731.
- Klang, Daniel M. Tax reform in eighteenth century Lombardy (1977) online
- Messina, Silvia A. Conca. Cotton Enterprises: Networks and Strategies: Lombardy in the Industrial Revolution, 1815–1860 (2018).
- Pyle, Cynthia Munro. Milan and Lombardy in the Renaissance: Essays in cultural history (1997).
- Sella, Domenico. Crisis and continuity: the economy of Spanish Lombardy in the seventeenth century (1979)
- Soresina, Marco. "Images of Lombardy in historiography." Modern Italy 16.1 (2011): 67–85.
- Storrs, Christopher.
- "The Army of Lombardy and the Resilience of Spanish Power in Italy in the Reign of Carlos II (1665–1700) (Part I)". War in History Vol. 4, No. 4 (November 1997): 371–397. JSTOR 26004503
- "The Army of Lombardy and the Resilience of Spanish Power in Italy in the Reign of Carlos II (1665–1700) (Part II)". War in History Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 1998): 1–22. JSTOR 26004536.
- "The Army of Lombardy and the Resilience of Spanish Power in Italy in the Reign of Carlos II (1665–1700) (Part I)". War in History Vol. 4, No. 4 (November 1997): 371–397.
- Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1993). "Il cisalpino e il retoromanzo" [Cisalpine and Rhaeto-Romance]. Italia settentrionale: Crocevia di idiomi romanzi. Atti del convegno internazionale di studi di Trento, 21-23 ottobre 1993 (in Italian). Emanuele Banfi, Giovanni Bonfadini, Patrizia Cordin, Maria Iliescu. De Gruyter.
Guide books
- Daverio, Philippe. Lombardy: 127 Destinations For Discovering Art, History, and Beauty (2016) guide book.
- Macadam, Alta, and Annabel Barber. Blue Guide Lombardy, Milan & the Italian Lakes (2020).
- Williams, Egerton R. Jr. (1914). Lombard Towns in Italy; Or, The Cities of Ancient Lombardy.