London and Paris Conferences
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The London and Paris Conferences were two related conferences held in
Prelude
Since the end of
London
At the London Conference, often called the Nine-Power Conference (not to be confused with the
Belgium was represented by
Paris
The powers met again in Paris on October 20–23, in an intergovernmental conference followed by a NATO Council meeting, to put the decisions reached in London into formal declarations and protocols to existing treaties.[1] "Protocol No. I Modifying and Completing the Brussels Treaty" formally added West Germany and Italy to the Brussels Treaty, creating the Western European Union (WEU), which, while not as broad or powerful as the previously proposed EDC, nevertheless was sufficient for the Deutschlandvertrag to come into force and therefore to end the occupation of West Germany and admit it as an ally in the Cold War.
Altogether there were as many as twelve international agreements signed in Paris.
The
An agreement expanded the
Another accord accepted West Germany into the
Saar status
The negotiations on
See also
Since the end of World War II, sovereign European countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or pooled sovereignty) in an increasing number of areas, in the European integration project or the construction of Europe (French: la construction européenne). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the European Union (EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the European Communities (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the Schuman Declaration.
Legend: S: signing F: entry into force T: termination E: expiry de facto supersession Rel. w/ EC/EU framework: de facto inside outside |
European Union (EU) | [Cont.] | |||||||||||||||
European Communities (EC) | (Pillar I) | ||||||||||||||||
European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) | [Cont.] | ||||||||||||||||
/ / / European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) | |||||||||||||||||
European Economic Community (EEC) | |||||||||||||||||
Schengen Rules | European Community (EC) | ||||||||||||||||
'TREVI'
|
|||||||||||||||||
/ North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) | [Cont.] | Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC, pillar II )
| |||||||||||||||
Anglo-French alliance |
[Defence arm handed to NATO] | European Political Co-operation (EPC) | Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP, pillar III) | ||||||||||||||
Western Union (WU) | / Western European Union (WEU) | [Tasks defined following the WEU's 1984 reactivation handed to the EU] | |||||||||||||||
[Social, cultural tasks handed to CoE] | [Cont.] | ||||||||||||||||
Council of Europe (CoE) | |||||||||||||||||
- ^ a b c d e Although not EU treaties per se, these treaties affected the development of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the Dunkirk Treaty was de facto superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955 Modified Brussels Treaty (MBT). The Brussels Treaty was terminated in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as the mutual defence clause that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thus de facto superseded the WEU.
- European Political Community (EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify the Treaty establishing the European Defence Community(EDC). The EPC would have combined the ECSC and the EDC.
- ^ The European Communities obtained common institutions and a shared legal personality (i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties in their own right).
- ^ The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU's legal basis, and are also referred to as the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), respectively. They are amended by secondary treaties.
- ^ Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted of three pillars, the first of which were the European Communities. The other two pillars consisted of additional areas of cooperation that had been added to the EU's remit.
- distribution of competencies between EU institutions and member states. This distribution, as well as treaty provisions for policy areas in which unanimity is required and qualified majority voting is possible, reflects the depth of EU integration as well as the EU's partly supranational and partly intergovernmentalnature.
References
- ^ However, if the four occupying powers could agree on, for example, changing a law of one of the Germanies or West Berlin, such could have been done via the Allied Control Council as both Germanies and West Berlin were still a condominium, with ultimate sovereignty resting in France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, with their power being expressed through said council until 1990 and the Allied Occupation Zones before the formation of East Germany, West Germany, and West Berlin. The same was true in regards to Allied-occupied Austria until it was reunified in 1955.
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg states "In the October 23, 1954, Paris Agreements, Adenauer pushed through the following laconic wording: 'The Federal Republic shall accordingly [after termination of the occupation regime] have the full authority of a sovereign state over its internal and external affairs.' If this was intended as a statement of fact, it must be conceded that it was partly fiction and, if interpreted as wishful thinking, it was a promise that went unfulfilled until 1990. The Allies maintained their rights and responsibilities regarding Berlin and Germany as a whole, particularly the responsibility for future reunification and a future peace treaty".[5]
- ^ ISBN 9780857452900.
- ^ ISBN 9780742538764.
- ISBN 9781591141365.
- ^ Protocol No. II on Forces of Western European Union, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 49, No. 3, Supplement: Official Documents (Jul., 1955), pp. 131-134.
- ISBN 0-511-19218-5. See Section "THE PRESENCE OF THE PAST" paragraph 9.
External links
- Final Act of the London Conference Full text.
- Declaration Inviting Italy and the Federal Republic of Germany to Accede to the Brussels Treaty, October 23, 1954 Full text.
- Protocol No. I (and Annex) Modifying and Completing the Brussels Treaty, October 23, 1954 Full text.
- Protocol No. II on Forces of Western European Union, October 23, 1954 Full text.
- Protocol No. III (and Annexes) on the Control of Armaments, October 23, 1954 Full text.
- Protocol No. IV on the Agency of Western European Union for the Control of Armaments, October 23, 1954 Full text.
- NATO on the Paris Agreements
- "Appendix B—Four powers conference", Journals of the Senate of Canada - Second session of the twenty-second Parliament (1955), Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1955, p. 62a–62f
- 1. Protocol 1. on the Termination of the Occupation Regime in the Federal Republic of Germany
- 2. Resume of the Five Schedules Attached to the Protocol on the Termination of the Occupation Regime
- Declaration of the Federal Republic on Aid to Berlin
- Convention on the presence of Foreign Forces in the Federal Republic of Germany
- 5. Three-Power Declaration on Berlin
- "Appendix C—Nine powers conference", Journals of the Senate of Canada - Second session of the twenty-second Parliament (1955), Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1955, p. 62f–62t
- 1. Declaration inviting Italy and the Federal Republic of Germany to accede to the Brussels Treaty
- 2. Protocol modifying and completing the Brussels Treaty
- 3. Letters with reference to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice from, respectively, the Governments of the Federal Republic and of Italy to the other Governments signatory of the Protocol Modifying and Completing the Brussels Treaty
- 4. Resolution on Production and Standardization of Armaments (Adopted by the Nine-Power Conference on 21sl October, 1954)
- "Appendix D—NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL", Journals of the Senate of Canada - Second session of the twenty-second Parliament (1955), Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1955, p. 62t–62II
- 1 Resolution to Implement Section IV of the Final Act of the London Conference
- 2. Resolution of Association
- Declaration by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany
- Declaration by the Governments of United States of America, United Kingdom and France
- 3. Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of the Federal Republic of Germany
- 4 Resolution on Hesulis of the Four and Nine Power Meetings (Adopted by the North Atlantic Council on 22nd October 1954)
- Final Act of the London Conference (October 3rd)
- Federal Chancellor's List — Declaration by the Powers
- British Statement
- Canadian Affirmation
- German Membership of NATO — Powers' Recommendation
- Principles of UN Charter — German Acceptance
- Declaration by the German Federal Republic
- Declaration by the Governments of U.S.A., U.K. and France
- European Unity — Close Association of Britain
- Annex 1. Draft Declaration and Draft Protocol Inviting Italy and the German Federal Republic to Accede to the Brussels Treaty