Longyan dialect

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Longyan Min
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Longyan
龙岩话 / 龍巖話
Lóngyánhuà / Liong11lã11guɛ334
Native to
Xinluo District (2021)[1]
Early forms
Language codes
ISO 639-3(lnx is proposed[5])
Glottologzhan1240  Zhangping-Longyan
Linguasphere79-AAA-jei /-jej
Distribution of Min Nan dialects. Longyan Min is in yellow.

The Longyan dialect (

Yongding District.[6]

Branner suggests that the Xinluo and Zhangping dialects should be grouped with the

Datian dialect as a coastal Min group separate from both Southern Min and Eastern Min.[7]
However, he argues that the dialect of Wan'an township, in the northern part of Xinluo district, is a coastal Min variety separate from all of these.[8]

Phonology

The Longyan dialect has 14 initials, 65 rimes, and 8 tones.

Initials

l, ts, tsʰ, s, k, , ŋ, h
.

Rimes

l, i, u
, iu, ui

a, ia, ua, iua, o, io, ei, ie

ue, ɛ, , , ai, uai, au, iau

m, im, am, iam, iep, ap, iap

in, un, an, ian, uan

it, at, iat, uat, uot, ŋ

, iaŋ, uaŋ, , ioŋ, ak, iak, uak, ok, iok

ĩ, ũ, ũi, ã, , , iuã, iãt, õ, , ɛ̃, iɛ̃, uɛ̃, ãi, ãu, iãu.

Tones

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tones dark level
陰平
light level
陽平
dark rising
陰上
light rising
陽上
dark departing
陰去
light departing
陽去
dark entering
陰入
light entering
陽入
Tone contour ˧˧˦ (334) ˩ (11) ˨˩ (21) ˥˨ (52) ˨˩˧ (213) ˥ (55) ˥ (5) ˧˨ (32)
Example Hanzi

Tone sandhi

The Longyan dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

dark level, 334 light level, 11 dark rising, 21 light rising, 52 dark departing, 213 light departing, 55 dark entering, 5 light entering, 32
dark level, 334 remain unchanged
light level, 11 remain unchanged
dark rising, 21
remain unchanged
dark departing, 213 remain unchanged
light rising, 52 light level, 11
dark departing, 213
dark rising, 21
remain unchanged dark rising, 21
light departing, 55
dark level, 334
remain unchanged dark level, 334
dark entering, 5
dark level, 334
remain unchanged dark level, 334
light entering, 32 dark rising, 21

Notes

  1. ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[2][3][4]

References

  1. ^ "Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-19.
  2. JSTOR 2718766
  3. from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  4. ^ "Change Request Documentation: 2021-045". 31 August 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  5. .
  6. ^ Branner, David Prager (1999). "The Classification of Longyan" (PDF). In Simmons, Richard VanNess (ed.). Issues in Chinese Dialect Description and Classification. Journal of Chinese Linguistics monograph series. Vol. 15. pp. 36–83. p. 78.
  7. .

Further reading