Longyearbyen

This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Coal mining on the Norwegian side of Svalbard announced in January 2021 that it was phasing out coal entirely. https://www.politico.eu/article/coal-phaseout-reaches-remote-arctic-archipelago-svalbard-norway/. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2023)

Longyearbyen
Town (de facto capital of Svalbard)
Panoramic, Aurora Borealis, Longyearbyen at night, Global Seed Vault, Church in Longyearbyen, Bjørndalen base station, Houses in Longyearbyen, The Culture House, View of the city.
Coat of arms
Location of Longyearbyen (red) in Svalbard
Longyearbyen Show map of Arctic Longyearbyen Show map of Earth
Coordinates: 78°13′N 15°38′E / 78.217°N 15.633°E / 78.217; 15.633
Sovereign state	Norway
Territory	Svalbard
Island	Spitsbergen
Founded	1907
Incorporated	1 January 2002
Government
• Mayor	Arild Olsen (since 2015) (Labour)
Area
• Total	10 km2 (4 sq mi)
Population  (2020)
• Total	1,753
• Density	180/km2 (450/sq mi)
Website	www.lokalstyre.no

Longyearbyen (Urban East Norwegian:

In 1896,

The American industrialist John Munro Longyear visited Spitsbergen as a tourist in 1901, and met with an expedition prospecting for coal. In 1903 he returned to Spitsbergen, where he met Henrik B. Næss in Adventfjorden, who gave him samples and information on coal fields. Along with his associate Frederick Ayer, Longyear bought the Norwegian claims on the west side of Adventfjorden, and expanded the claims significantly the following year. In 1906, the Boston-based Arctic Coal Company, with Ayer and Longyear as the main shareholders, started mining in Mine 1a, after building docks and housing.^[5] The company had American administration, but mostly Norwegian labourers, and named the town Longyear City.^[4]: 46 Coal was transported the 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi) from the mine to the port using an aerial tramway built by the aerial cableway company Adolf Bleichert & Co. of Leipzig, Germany.^[4]: 148 In 1913, the company started preliminary work to open Mine 2a.^[4]: 47

Following financial difficulties during the

The Church of Norway appointed Thorleif Østenstad as Svalbard's first vicar and teacher in 1920.^[4]: 126 A school was established jointly by the church and SNSK and had an inaugural eight pupils.^[4]: 114 The first church in Svalbard opened on 28 August 1921,^[4]: 126 and the church's reading room was from then on used as a school.^[4]: 114 Longyear City was renamed Longyearbyen in 1926.^[4]: 85

The

Svalbard remained unaffected by the

In September 1943, the Kriegsmarine dispatched two battleships, Tirpitz and Scharnhorst, and nine destroyers to bombard Longyearbyen, Barentsburg and Grumant.^[6]: 75 Only four buildings in Longyearbyen survived: the hospital, the power station, an office building, and a residential building. Longyearbyen remained unsettled until the end of the war, with the first ship from the mainland leaving on 27 June 1945.^[4]: 74

Post-Second World War

Plans were laid during the war to ensure a quick reconstruction and restarting of mining. By 1948, coal production had reached the pre-war level of 480,000 tonnes (470,000 long tons; 530,000 short tons) per year.

Mining in Mine 1b was terminated in 1958,

Store Norske underwent a gradual change during the 1980s. Since 1980, Spitsbergen money has been taken out of circulation and replaced with ordinary Norwegian currency.^[4]: 116 Mine 6 closed the following year.^[4]: 108 From 1982, SNSK permitted private individuals to own and operate cars. By 1990, there were 353 registered cars and 883 snowscooters.^[4]: 70 On 1 July 1983, SNSK moved its head office from Bergen to Longyearbyen.^[4]: 119 Svalbard Samfunnsdrift (SSD), a limited company that was responsible for public infrastructure and services, was established by SNSK on 1 January 1989. Responsibilities included healthcare, the fire brigade, the kindergarten, roads, rubbish disposal, power production, the water and sewer system, the cinema, cultural activities and the library. Ownership was taken over by the Ministry of Trade and Industry on 1 January 1993.^[10]

During the 1990s, the authorities started a process to "normalise" Longyearbyen by abolishing the company town scheme and introducing a full range of services, a varied economy and local democracy.^[6]: 86 Commercial enterprises included a shopping mall replacing SNSK's provision store in 1992.^[4]: 125 Similarly, Esso opened a commercial fuel station in 1994.^[4]: 70 The Svalbard Council changed its regulations from 1993 and allowed parties to run for election.^[4]: 136 In a step to increase tourism, Svalbard Polar Hotel opened in 1995,^[4]: 132 and a year later mining of Mine 3 terminated.^[4]: 47 Longyearbyen Community Council was established in 2002, replacing the Svalbard Council and assimilating SSD, and took on many of the responsibilities and the structure of a municipality.^[9]

This period also saw the rise of a number of scientific establishments. The

Longyearbyen is in the lower portion of the Longyear Valley, along the Longyear River. The lower parts of the town lie along the southwestern shore of the bay of Adventfjorden, a 7-by-4-kilometer (4+1⁄2 by 2+1⁄2 mi) branch of Isfjorden.^[13] Longyearbyen is on the Nordenskiöld Land peninsula of Spitsbergen, the largest island of the Svalbard archipelago.^[5] Across the bay lie the ghost towns of Advent City^[14] and Hiorthhamn.^[13] It is the world's second northernmost town, with all settlements further north (excluding Ny-Ålesund) being research or meteorological outposts.^[15] The northernmost permanent settlement in the world is Alert, Canada, in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, while the true northernmost settlement in the world is Camp Barneo in April.^[16]

Longyearbyen is divided into several neighbourhoods. On the west side of the river, along the bay, lies the port and affiliated utility and industrial services. The western part of this area is called Bykaia and the eastern part Sjøområdet. Above lies Skjæringa, the site of the Governor's offices. Slightly up the valley on the west side lies Gamle Longyearbyen ("Old Longyearbyen") and the church. Even further up lies the graveyard, then Huset and the cinema, and finally Sverdrupbyen. Most of the residential, commercial and cultural institutions are on the east side of the river. Along the bay the area is called Sjøskrenten. Further up lies the university centre and Gruvedalen, the largest residential area. Southwards from there is the main shopping area as well as the town hall. To the east is the residential area Lia and further up Haugen, which is also the location of the school. Furthest up in the valley is Mine 2b and Nybyen, which is mostly used as student housing. Westwards out of town towards Hotellneset is the airport and Mine 3. The remaining mines are in Adventdalen, to the east of town.^[17]

Longyearbyen in July

Climate

As of 2021[update], Longyearbyen is the fastest-warming town in the world. Since 1971, temperatures on Svalbard have risen five times faster than the global average, by roughly four degrees Celsius. Winters now are more than seven degrees C warmer than they were in the 1970s. In 2020, Svalbard recorded its hottest ever temperature, 21.7 °C (71.1 °F), following 111 months of above-average heat. According to the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, annual precipitation on Svalbard has increased by 30 to 45 per cent over the past 50 years, mostly in the form of winter rain. Since 2009, deep permafrost temperatures have increased at rates between 0.06 and 0.15-degree C per year.^[19]

Although Alert, Canada likely has a lower average UV index, Longyearbyen has the lowest recorded average UV index for any current or previously inhabited place on Earth. Between April and September, the UV index typically ranges from 1 to 2, with May, June, and July having the highest UV index of 2. All other months average at 0, giving Longyearbyen a mean UV index of 0.75 over 12 months.^[20]

Demographics

As of 2020^[update], Longyearbyen had a population of 1,753 people. The largest regional group of Norwegians are from Northern Norway, particularly Nordland and Troms, who make up more than 40% of the population.^[28] Roughly 300 people (16%) are non-Norwegian citizens, with the largest nationalities being from Thailand, Sweden, Russia and Ukraine.^[29] Because of the dominance of the mining industry, the gender distribution is skewed, with 60% of adults being males. Longyearbyen has an over-average share of its population between 25 and 44 years old, but nearly no residents over 66. The number of children in relation to the population is at the national average, but Longyearbyen has significantly fewer teenagers than the national average.^[28]

As of 2014, Thai people, numbering 120, were the second largest group of residents after Norwegians;^[30] there were 60 in 2006. Thais first came to Svalbard when men brought their wives from Thailand during the 1970s.^[31] In 2006, most of the Thai residents worked as cleaners,^[31] and as of 2011 most stay for terms of two to three years to save funds.^{[citation needed]} In 2007, 10 students at the Longyearbyen School were Thai.^[32] The Thai community is active in numerous cultural events annually and motivated the establishment of a Thai supermarket.^[30]

Longyearbyen experiences a very high

70% of households consist of a single person, compared to 41% on the mainland, giving an average 1.6 people per household. The difference is largely caused by persons working on Svalbard while their family remains on the mainland. Longyearbyen's population is more highly educated than the national average: 54% compared to 43% have upper secondary education and 30% compared to 26% have tertiary education. Among women, 40% have higher education.[28]

Politics and government

No care or nursing services and welfare payments are available. Norwegian residents retain pension and medical rights through their mainland municipalities.^[35] The University Hospital of North Norway operates a clinic, Longyearbyen Hospital.^[9] Other public offices with a presence on Longyearbyen are the Norwegian Directorate of Mining, the Norwegian Polar Institute, the Norwegian Tax Administration and the Church of Norway.^[36] Longyearbyen is subordinate to Nord-Troms District Court and Hålogaland Court of Appeal, both in Tromsø.^[37]

The

value added tax. The treaty has resulted in Longyearbyen being a demilitarized zone^[41] and it is not part of the European Economic Area nor of the Schengen Area like the rest of Norway.^[43]

Starting with the 2023 Norwegian local elections, voters for the Longyearbyen community council must have previously resided in mainland Norway for at least 3 years.^[44][45] Previously, foreign citizens who had lived in Longyearbyen itself for 3 years had also been allowed to vote, with the rule change disenfranchising a significant percentage of the settlement's population.

Unique laws

Because of the town's remoteness, there are laws that are found in few, if any, other places in the world. Notable examples of such laws include a ban on cats, a restriction on how much alcohol an individual can purchase on a monthly basis, and a requirement that any individuals venturing outside carry a rifle for protection against polar bears.

1918 flu pandemic had not begun to decompose. Today, scientists fear that the corpses, having been preserved by the permafrost in which they were buried, may still contain live strains of that same virus that killed between 1% and 6% of the world's population in the early 20th century.^[48]

Culture

The community council runs a number of cultural activities, such as a cinema, a youth club, a library and a gallery.

half-timber.^[4]: 126 There are two museums in town, Svalbard Museum^[50] and the Spitsbergen Airship Museum.^[51] Solfestuka ("Sun Festival Week") takes place each year during the week surrounding 8 March, the date sunlight is first visible in most of the town after the polar night that began the previous October (the first official sunrise is usually 16 February, but most of the town is still in shadow due to the surrounding mountains).^[52] Dark Season Blues has been held annually in October since 2003.^[53] Polarjazz has been held in late January/early February since 1998.^[54] Twenty residents of the town are members of the Liverbirds Svalbard and regularly meet in the Svalbar on match days during the winter months. Arctic Film Festival is a film festival which held annually in the city's screening venue, Kulturhuset.^[55][56]

Sports

The town's sole known organised sports club is

handball or three badminton courts, a shooting range, a climbing wall and a 25-meter (82 ft) swimming pool.^[4]

^: 155

The town has no outdoor sports fields, and there are no known cases of a senior team in any indoor or outdoor sport participating in a national Norwegian competition (e.g.

Norwegian Cup). An under-16 boys futsal team representing Svalbard Turn, played in the small 2-day Per Bredesen Cup in Horten in March 2020.^[57]

Beyond the walls of Svalbardhallen, the websites of Svalbard Turn claim they host the Spitsbergen Marathon, the Svalbard Skimaraton (42.0km freestyle, though many participants use classic style),[58] and an annual orienteering race.

Media

Svalbardposten is a weekly newspaper published on Friday. Printing takes place in Tromsø and the majority of subscribers live on the mainland. Icepeople, an alternative newspaper in English, is also published weekly.^[4]: 133

For television, an edited feed of NRK1 began airing in 1969 on a 2-week delay; the broadcasts did not accomplish live broadcasting until 22 December 1984,^[59] which in turn resulted in Svalbard being added to the national newscasts' weather reports. Allente pay-TV satellite signals have effectively been receivable since the Canal Digital signals became publicly available in mainland Norway.^[60]

For radio,

DAB radio broadcasting began in August or September 2016,^[64] followed by FM radio shutting down in December 2017. Only the NRK DAB network with 13 stations was planned to be set up as of February 2016;^[65] the status for the commercial stations' DAB network (incl. P4 and Radio Norge) is unclear. Longyearbyen is claimed to be served by Arctic Outpost Radio on AM 1270 from "77° north",^[66] but there are no known indications about its masts, or even that it'd actually broadcast on AM or DAB at all, and it is believed to purely be an internet station

.

Fiber broadband is provided by the Svalbard Undersea Cable System.

Economy

Coal production peaked in 2007 at 4.1 million tonnes, and reduced to 1.1 million tonnes in 2015.

coal-fueled power station.^[68][67][69] The power station was scheduled for a NOK 60 million maintenance work, and the local authorities decided a NOK 40 million upgrade of the diesel power plant instead.^[70]

Most of Store Norske's production was done at Sveagruva, on Van Mijenfjorden, 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of Longyearbyen. No roads connect the communities;^[71] instead, workers lived in dormitories in Svea until it closed in 2017.^[72] Seventy per cent commute home to the mainland while thirty per cent commute to Longyearbyen. Mining has not been profitable and Store Norske relies on state subsidies to retain production.^[73]

Svalbard fisheries have witnessed an unforeseen consequence of global warming: Atlantic cod, mackerel, and snow crabs, fleeing warmer waters to the south, are heading north to Svalbard, swelling the local catch. In the decade of the 2020s, Norway values its Svalbard fishing trade at about US$94 million annually.^[19]

The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) has 350 students and a permanent faculty of 40 professors and assistants and 120 guest lecturers. UNIS does not offer degrees, but instead offers semester courses in biology, physics and geology. Student housing is at Nybyen. The college is part of the 12,000 m² (130,000 sq ft) Svalbard Science Centre, which also features the Norwegian Polar Institute, EISCAT and Svalbard Science Forum.^[74] In 2006, about 9,000 research days were spent in Longyearbyen, most of which were by Norwegians. This made Longyearbyen the second-largest research outpost on Svalbard, marginally below Ny-Ålesund. In contrast, Longyearbyen has almost only Norwegian research, while Ny-Ålesund is roughly evenly split between Norwegian and foreign.^[75]

Global Crop Diversity Trust, is a secure underground facility capable of storing millions of crop seeds. The facility has been designed to protect against natural and human disasters, including global warming, floods and fires and nuclear holocaust. The site was chosen for a number of factors including its remoteness, sound geology and the ambient temperature of the permafrost.^[77]

Longyearbyen is the centre of tourism on the archipelago, although most tourism is generated based on natural experiences rather than visiting the town itself. However, Longyearbyen does provide supplies (including Svalbardbutikken, the area's only grocery store), accommodation and several museums. In 2008, Longyearbyen experienced 89,000 guest-nights, up from 30,000 in 1995. The average guest stayed 2.2 nights and 60 per cent of the capacity was used by tourists. About 40,000 tourists flew into Longyearbyen. Two-thirds of the tourists come from Norway. In 2007, the tourism industry had a revenue of NOK 291 million and produced 200-man-years.^[78] The Svalbard society received NOK 380 million in public funding in 2008, which increased to 650 million in 2015.^[67]

Education

Longyearbyen School serves ages 6–18. It is the northernmost primary and secondary school in the world.^[79] Once pupils reach ages 16 or 17 many families move to mainland Norway. There is a non-degree-offering tertiary educational institution in Longyearbyen,^[32] University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), co-located with the Norwegian Polar Institute, Svalbard Museum, Svalbard Science Forum.^[80]

The Czech Arctic Research Station is also based in Longyearbyen and provides facilities for researchers and students not only from the Czech Republic but from all over the world.^[81]

Transport

Longyearbyen has a road network stretching 50 kilometers (30 mi),^[82] but the network does not extend to any other communities.^{[83]: 63–67} In 2008 there were 1,481 registered road vehicles and 49 per cent of all households had a car.^[82] Cars are registered with ZN registration plates.^[4]: 70 There is a single dealer who sells Toyotas, Svalbard Auto, which is also one of two businesses providing repairs.^[84]

Off-road motorised transport is prohibited on bare ground, but snowmobiles are used extensively during winter—both for commercial and recreational activities. Transport from Longyearbyen to Barentsburg (45 km or 28 mi) and Pyramiden (100 km or 62 mi) is possible by snowmobile in winter, or by ship year round.^[83]

^: 63–67

Svalbard Airport, Longyear is at Hotellneset, 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) northwest of town. It has a 2,483-meter (8,146 ft) long runway and is the only airport that is permitted to serve aircraft from the archipelago.^[85][86] Scandinavian Airlines operates daily flights to Oslo and Tromsø,^[87] and there are irregular flights to Russia. Lufttransport operates regular charter services to Svea Airport and Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben. Arktikugol operates helicopters to Barentsburg and Pyramiden.^[86] There are two quays in Longyearbyen, one for the export of coal and one for general goods.^[88] From 1907 to 1987, the mining companies operated a network of aerial tramways to transport coal from the mines to the port.^[4]: 148 In the years 1907–1908 the then worldwide leading German wire ropeways company, Adolf Bleichert & Co.

from Lipsia, built a material cableway from mine 1 to the ship's loading station, which was later supplemented by a cableway to mine 2. The remains of these wire ropeways and later successors to other mines are still visible today.

See also

• List of northernmost settlements

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Further reading

• ISBN 82-90653-06-9
  .
• Stange, Rolf (2012). Spitsbergen – Svalbard. A complete guide around the arctic archipelago. Rolf Stange.
  ISBN 978-3-937903-14-9
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Longyearbyen.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Longyearbyen.

• Longyearbyen Community Council (in Norwegian)

78°13′N 15°39′E / 78.22°N 15.65°E / 78.22; 15.65