Lophotrochozoa

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Lophotrochozoa
Temporal range: 536–0 
Ma[1]
Caribbean reef squid or Sepioteuthis sepioidea is a complex lophotrochozoan
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
(unranked): Protostomia
(unranked): Spiralia
Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Halanych et al., 1995
Phyla

Lophotrochozoa (/ləˌfɒtroʊkoʊˈzoʊə/, "crest/wheel animals") is a clade of protostome animals within the Spiralia. The taxon was established as a monophyletic group based on molecular evidence.[2][3] The clade includes animals like annelids, molluscs, bryozoans, and brachiopods.[4]

Groups

See also:
List of bilaterial animal orders

Lophotrochozoa was defined in 1995 as the "last common ancestor of the three traditional

Cycliophora
could be a gnathiferan or a lophotrochozoan phylum. One of the candidate hypotheses is presented below.

The Lophotrochozoa has basal

Cycliophora and Mollusca groups, and more derived Lophophorate, Nemertea and Annelida groups.[6][7]

With the introduction of

Rouphozoa, one candidate phylogeny is pictured below – though other studies recover a range of alternative possibilities:[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

In the most recent research, the three phyla Cycliophora, Entoprocta and Bryozoa makes up a single clade and are the first to branch off from the other lophotrochozoans. The second split is the molluscs, and the third consists of two sister phyla, annelids and nemerteans. Lastly remains the clade that consist of the phoronids and the brachiopods.[16][17]

Protostomes

Ecdysozoa

Spiralia

Gnathifera

Platytrochozoa
Rouphozoa

Gastrotricha

Platyhelminthes

Mesozoa

Lophotrochozoa

Another study recovers Lophotrochozoa as equivalent to Platytrochozoa, forming a sister group with Gnathifera at the base of Spiralia.[18]

 
Protostomia
 

Ecdysozoa

 
(s.l.)
 /

Gnathifera



 Lophotrochozoa / 
 Tetraneuralia 

 
 

Gastrotricha

 Lophophorata 
 
 

Ectoprocta

Phoronida

Brachiopoda

Annelida

 Parenchymia 
 

Platyhelminthes

Nemertea

 
(s.s.)
 
Gnathospiralia
 


A number of fossil taxa can be identified as early Lophotrochozoans, even if their precise affinity remains contested. However, relevant Cambrian fossils are debated.

Characteristics

The clade Lophotrochozoa is named after the two distinct characteristics of its members; the

annelids have trochophore larvae, although some may have none.[19][20]

References

  1. PMID 26598735
    .
  2. S2CID 12196991
    .
  3. PMID 15703236
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-12-800426-5
    , retrieved 2021-02-14
  5. S2CID 12196991
    . Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  6. PMID 24238092
    .
  7. PMID 26212884
    .
  8. PMID 19602542
    .
  9. PMID 17411434
    .
  10. PMID 17921486
    .
  11. PMID 24748651
    .
  12. ^ "cycliophorans". Encyclopedia of Life.
  13. PMID 28560048
    .
  14. PMID 28760135
    .
  15. PMID 29203924
    .
  16. ^ Polyzoa is back: The effect of complete gene sets on the placement of Ectoprocta and Entoprocta
  17. ^ Phyla of Tiny Filter Feeders Find a New Spot on the Tree of Life
  18. PMID 30639106
    .
  19. OCLC 1015202568
    .
  20. ISBN 978-0-321-77565-8
    .

Further reading
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