Lopo Homem
Lopo Homem | |
---|---|
Born | c. 1497 |
Died | c. 1572 |
Nationality | Portuguese |
Occupation | Cartographer |
Years active | 1520 - c. 1555 |
Lopo Homem (c. 1497 - c. 1572) was a 16th-century Portuguese
Biography
Homem is estimated to have been born c. 1497, possibly into a noble family.
Homem's earliest known work is a world map, which was discovered in London in 1930.[citation needed] His best-known work is the Miller Atlas, dated 1519, which is thought to be a joint work with Pedro Reinel, Reinel's son Jorge, and António de Holanda. There is, however, some disagreement in the academic community, with others arguing that Homem and de Holanda were the only two who worked on it.[9][10] The Miller Atlas consists of eight maps over six sheets painted on both sides.[11] It was created using information both from Homem's imagination and from known land masses dating back to Ptolemy.[11][1] Because of its "luxurious" work and detail, it is thought that King Manuel I of Portugal commissioned it as a state gift for Francis I of France.[12][5] Homem and the Reineles were the only known cartographers in Lisbon at this time, allowing them to entirely corner the market.[2] In the mid-16th century, Homem criticized inaccurate maps, both for "damag[ing] the geopolitical interests of the Crown... [which] could cause significant territorial losses" and for increasing the probability of shipwrecks and sailor deaths.[13]
In 1531, Lopo Homem was given a lifetime pension of 20,000
Works
Homem's known works, dated between 1557 and 1578, include 11 or 12 charts and 12 atlases; 7 of the atlases were of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea and 5 were of the world.[9] These include:
- Unnamed map (1519), a map featuring data from recent voyages combined with existing beliefs dating back to Sinus Magnus (Great Gulf).[1][14] Homem's map shows the Mundus Novus Brasil in the West joined to the Mundus Novus Terra Incognita in the South and Malaca in the East, all enclosing the Oceanus Meridionalis and Indicum Mare (Atlantic and Indian Oceans). This is apparently an adaptation of Ptolemy’s enclosed Indian Ocean, enlarged following the discovery of a sea route south of Africa by Bartolomeu Dias (1488) and Vasco da Gama (1497). This revised concept was explained by Duarte Pacheco Pereira in Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis (1508) and expressed on Homem’s map. Pereira said: "the Ocean does not surround the earth as the philosophers have declared, but rather the earth surrounds the sea, and it lies in its hollow and centre. And from this I conclude that the Ocean is nothing other than an enormous lake in the hollow of the earth and that the earth and the sea together make up a single roundness".[15] A similar concept is shown in the world map in the c.1553 manuscript of al-Qazwini (see Kujata).
- National Library of France since 1897.[11]Others who worked on this atlas include Pedro and Jorge Reinel and António de Holanda.
- "Terra Brasilis" - Southwestern Atlantic Ocean with Brazil. It describes Brazilwood.[17] Coats of arms over present-day Guyana and Argentina show areas of Portuguese and Spanish colonization.[citation needed]
- China Sea with the Moluccas. One side shows the Moluccas and also features rhumb lines.[18]
- Northern Indian Ocean with Insulindia on the Left, and Madagascar on the Right. One side shows the Insulindia and Madagascar.[19]
- Circular World Map of the Portuguese Hemisphere and Title Page. The cover page includes Catherine de' Medici's coat of arms and Latin text, which in English translates to: "This is the map of the entire world known up to this day, which I myself, Lopo Homem the cartographer, drew with great skill and careful work in the very famous city of Lisbon in the year of our Lord 1519 under the rule of the honored Emanuel King of Lusitania, having collated many other maps both ancient and recent."[20] Gilded four winds are in the corners of the map; and Africa is divided into Libia, Guine, and Ethiopia and is connected to the Arabian Peninsula by a much greater land mass than what exists.[21]
- The Mediterranean Sea. This map shows European coasts spanning from Euphrates Rivers.[22]
- Central Atlantic Ocean with the Azores. One side of the map includes northern Europe, including the Lyon, France, and Worms, Germany. The other side features the Atlantic Ocean, Azores, and Greenland ("Insula Viridis").[23]
- North Atlantic Ocean. This map shows European coasts from Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico ("Terra Bimenes"); and Yucatán and Cuba to the South American New World.[24]
- "Terra Brasilis" - Southwestern Atlantic Ocean with Brazil. It describes
- Unnamed nautical chart (1550). Currently at the Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal.[25][26] It belonged to King Carlos I of Portugal.[5]
- Unnamed world map (1554). The first map in history to show Argentina.Florence, Italy.[28]
Family
He had at least 4 sons: Diogo and André, both cartographers; Thomas; and António.[29][9][1][30]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Alegria, Maria Fernanda; Daveau, Suzanne; Garcia, João Carlos; Relaño, Francesc (2007). "Portuguese Cartography in the Renaissance". In Woodward, David (ed.). Cartography in the European Renaissance (Volume 3, Part 1). University of Chicago Press. pp. 975–1068.
- ^ JSTOR 1150099. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ a b "Lopo Homem". Museo Galileo. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- JSTOR 1783981. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ a b c d "Reinel, Homem and Teixeira Albernaz: the families that made the Portuguese the best cartographers in the world" (in Portuguese). Observador. 2019-04-13. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ Stimson, Alan. The Mariner's Astrolabe: A Survey of Known, Surviving Sea Astrolabes. p. 582.
- ^ Chalmers, William D. On the Origin of the Species homo touristicus: The Evolution of Travel from Greek Spas to Space Tourism. p. 47.
- ^ Suaresz, Thomas. Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions between China and India.
- ^ a b c "THE REINEL AND HOMEM FAMILIES OF CARTOGRAPHERS THE HISTORY RE-ASSESSED AND THEIR CHARTS QUESTIONED". Cartography Unchained. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- JSTOR 1787974. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ a b c d "Nautical Atlas of the World, Folio 5 Recto, Southwestern Atlantic Ocean with Brazil". Library of Congress. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ Thomaz, Luís Filipe F. R. (n.d.). "Atlas Miller: Cartographic secrets and the Magellan expedition". M. Moleiro. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- S2CID 189984455. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ Lopo Homem, [Atlas nautique du Monde, dit atlas Miller: hémisphère portugais et page de titre], 1519.[1]
- ^ Raphael Eduardo de Azaveda Basta, Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis, por Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Lisboa, Impresa Nacional, 1892, p.7; W.G.L. Randles, Geography, Cartography and Nautical Science in the Renaissance: The Impact of the Great Discoveries, London, Routledge, Variorum Collected Studies, 2022, pp.63-64; Robert J. King, “The Depiction of the Ocean on the 1519 World Map of Lopo Homem”, The Globe, no.92, 2022, pp.13-25.
- ^ Hacke, Daniela; Musselwhite, Paul. Empire of the Senses: Sensory Practices of Colonialism in Early America. p. 146.
- ^ a b Eliana, Gola. A joia: história e design.
- ^ "Nautical Atlas of the World, Folio 4 Recto, Magnus Sinus and Folio 4 Verso, China Sea with the Moluccas". Library of Congress. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ "Nautical Atlas of the World, Folio 3 Recto, Northern Indian Ocean with Arabia and India and Folio 3 Verso, Southern Indian Ocean with Insulindia on the Left, and Madagascar on the Right". Library of Congress. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ "Nautical Atlas of the World, Circular World Map of the Portuguese Hemisphere and Title Page". Library of Congress. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ "Atlas nautique du Monde, dit atlas Miller". Bibliothèque nationale de France. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ "Nautical Atlas of the World, Folio 6 Verso, The Mediterranean Sea". Library of Congress. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ "Nautical Atlas of the World, Folio 2 Recto, Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Northern Europe and Folio 2 Verso, Central Atlantic Ocean with the Azores". Library of Congress. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ "Nautical Atlas of the World, Folio 6 Recto, North Atlantic Ocean". Library of Congress. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- JSTOR 1786154. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ "Maps and Plans". National Library of Portugal. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ "Planisphere (facsimile)". Museo Galileo. n.d. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ "Maps in History" (PDF). The Brussels Map Circle. 2017. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
- ^ de Faria Costa, José Francisco; da Cruz Coelho, Maria Helena (eds.). A Universidade de Coimbra: o tangível e o intangível: o tangível e o intangível. p. 319.
- ^ Borudon, Léon. André Homem, cartographe portugais en France (1560-1586). p. 9.