Los Zetas
State of México
Rest of North America: South America: DEA |
Los Zetas (pronounced
They were at one point Mexico's largest and most expansive drug cartel in terms of geographical presence, overtaking their rivals, the Sinaloa Cartel, in physical territory.[29] However, in recent times Los Zetas has become fragmented and seen its influence diminish.[30] As of March 2016, Grupo Bravo (Bravo Group) and Zetas Vieja Escuela (Old School Zetas) have formed an alliance with the Gulf Cartel against Cartel Del Noreste (Cartel of the Northeast).[31] In March 2019, Texas Republican congressman Chip Roy introduced a bill that would list the Cartel Del Noreste faction of Los Zetas, Jalisco New Generation Cartel and Gulf Cartel as foreign terrorist organizations. Former United States President Donald Trump had also expressed interest in designating cartels as terrorist organizations.[32] However such plans were halted at the request of Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.[33]
History
Etymology
Los Zetas was named after its first commander,
Foundation
After
Once Guillén consolidated his power, he expanded the responsibilities of Los Zetas, which began to organize
The Zetas' membership ranges from
Los Zetas was partially responsible for a qualitative increase in the brutality of the violence seen during the
Split from the Gulf Cartel
Following the capture and extradition of Cárdenas, Los Zetas became so powerful that they outnumbered and outclassed the Gulf Cartel in revenue, membership, and influence by 2010.
Reports vary as to who triggered the formal split and why. Some sources claim that Guillén, brother of Cárdenas and one of the successors of the Gulf Cartel, was addicted to gambling, sex, and drugs, leading Los Zetas to perceive his leadership as a threat to the organization.
When the hostilities began, the Cartel joined forces with its former rivals, the Sinaloa Cartel and La Familia Michoacana, aiming to take out Los Zetas.[69][70] Consequently, Los Zetas allied with the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel, the Juárez Cartel, and the Tijuana Cartel.[71][72]
Los Zetas infighting
In early 2010, Miguel Treviño Morales, the former second-in-command of Los Zetas, had reportedly taken the leadership of the Zetas and displaced Lazcano.[73][74] Lazcano was initially content to have Morales in his ranks, but reportedly gave Morales too much power and underestimated his violent nature.[75] Morales' active leadership gained him the loyalty and respect of many in Los Zetas, leading many to eventually stop paying their tributes to Lazcano.[76] Los Zetas are inherently an unstable organized crime group with a long history of brutal violence, and with the possibility of more if the infighting continues and if they fight on without a central command.[77]
Attacks
Los Zetas have also carried out multiple massacres and attacks on civilians and rival cartels, such as:
- the 2010 San Fernando massacre (24 August), where 72 migrants were found dead;[78]
- the 2011 San Fernando massacre (6 April – 7 June), where 193 people were killed;[79]
- the massacre of 27 farmers in Guatemala (discovered on 15 May 2011);[80]
- the 2011 Monterrey casino attack (25 August), where 52 people were killed;[81]
- the Altamira prison brawl (4 January 2012), where 31 Gulf cartel inmates were killed;[82]
- the Apodaca prison riot (19 February 2012), where 44 Gulf cartel inmates were killed and 37 Zetas escaped from prison;[83][84]
In addition, sources reveal that Los Zetas may also be responsible for:
- the 2010 Puebla oil pipeline explosion, which killed 28 people, injured 52, and damaged over 115 homes.[85]
- the 2011 massacre at Allende, Coahuila where an estimated 300–500 civilians were killed after the Zetas accused two local men of betraying the organization.[86]
- The BPM Festival shootings (16 January 2017), which killed five people (two Mexicans, one American, one Canadian, and one Italian)[87] and injured 15[88] at the Blue Parrot nightclub in Playa del Carmen. A large hand-painted sign was hung in the town which contained specific references to BPM and its co-founder and was signed by "El Fayo Z".[89]
Current status
By 2011, only 10 of the original 34 zetas remained fugitives,[90] and to this day most of them have either been killed or captured by the Mexican law enforcement and military forces.[91][92][93]
As of 2012, Los Zetas had control over 11 states in Mexico, making it the
By the beginning of 2012, Mexico's government escalated its offensive against the Zetas with the announcement that five new military bases will be installed in the group's primary areas of operation.[96]
On 9 October 2012, the Mexican Navy confirmed that Los Zetas leader Heriberto Lazcano had been killed in a firefight with Mexican marines in a
In a May 2013 interview with the International Crisis Group, researcher Daniel Haering stated, "The old networks were disrupted by the Zetas, and now the Zetas have disintegrated into Zetillas. They are splinter groups ('grupúsculos'), not big operators."[98]
On 14 July 2013, it was reported that the Mexican Marine Corps captured the Zetas leader Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales, also known as "Z-40" in
On 12 October 2013, Mexican authorities captured alleged top Zetas operative Gerardo Jaramillo, alias "El Yanqui".[101] His arrest ultimately resulted in the discovery and seizure of a large Zetas weapons cache and supply stash, including "assault rifles, several grenade launchers, magazines, 2,000 rounds of ammunition of various calibres, bullet-proof vests and balaclavas".[98]
On 9 May 2014, one of the founding members, Galindo Mellado Cruz, and four other armed men were killed in a shootout after Mexican security forces raided Cruz's hideout in the city of Reynosa.[102]
On 3 March 2015, Mexican security forces arrested the last known leader of the remaining Zetas structure, Omar Treviño Morales (alias "Z-42") in a suburb in Monterrey, Nuevo León.[103]
On 23 March 2015, Ramiro Pérez Moreno (alias "El Rana"), a potential successor of "Z-42" was captured, along with 4 other men, carrying 6 kilos of cocaine and marijuana, rifles and one hand grenade.[104]
On 9 February 2018, Mexican authorities arrested the new leader José María Guízar Valencia alias "Z-43" in Mexico City in Roma neighbourhood. US offered $5m reward for his capture, he is responsible for importing thousands of kilograms of cocaine and methamphetamine to the US every year and murdered an untold number of Guatemalan civilians during the systematic takeover of the Guatemalan border region.[105]
On 9 April 2019,[106] José Roberto Stolberg Becerra, also known as "La Barbie", was arrested in Jalisco.[107] He was reported to have been the leader of the cartel's Los Zetas la Vieja Escuela (Old School Zetas) faction.[106][107]
On 26 May 2019, an operative for Los Zetas in the Veracruz municipalities of Las Choapas and Agua Dulce was arrested by the Mexican Navy.[108]
In early July 2019, Los Zetas leaders Jorge Antonio "El Yorch" Gloria Palacios, the second-in-command of the Cartel Del Noreste (CDN) faction of Los Zetas, and Hugo "El Ganso" Sanchez Garcia, who served as head of Los Zetas in San Fernando, were detained by Mexican authorities.[109][110]
In January 2020, Los Zetas regional leader José Carmen N., also known as "El Comandante Reyes", was arrested in Oaxaca.[111] He was believed to be in charge of the gang's operations in 12 municipalities in Veracruz, including Acayucan, Minatitlán and Coatzacoalcos, known as the state's most violent towns.[111] The same month, Verónica Hernández Giadáns, the Attorney General of Veracruz, admitted that her cousin Guadalupe "La Jefa" Hernández Hervis was in fact chief of operations for Los Zetas and also a close association of former Los Zetas leader Hernán "El Comandante H" Martínez Zavaleta, who was arrested in 2017.[112]
In March 2020, senior Los Zetas operative Hugo Alejandro Salcido Cisneros, also known as "El Porras" or "Comandante Pinpon", was killed in a gun battle with police in Nuevo Laredo.[113] Salcido Cisneros was the leader of the "Tropa del Infierno", a group of hitmen under the direction of the Cartel Del Noreste (CDN) fraction of Los Zetas.[113] Several other Tropa del Infierno gunmen was injured in the clashes as well.[113]
In May 2020, Moisés Escamilla, a leader of the "Old School Zetas" died in prison after contracting COVID-19.[114]
Tamaulipas state corruption
Political corruption
The drug violence and political corruption that has plagued Tamaulipas, the home state of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas, has fueled fears of it becoming a "failed state" and a haven for drug traffickers and criminals.[115] The massacre of 72 migrants and the discovery of mass graves in San Fernando,[116][117] the assassination of the gubernatorial candidate Rodolfo Torre Cantú,[118] the increasing violence between cartels, and the state's inability to ensure safety have led some analysts to conclude that "neither the regional nor federal government have control over the territory of Tamaulipas."[119]
Although drug-related violence had existed long before the Mexican Drug War, it often happened in low-profile levels, with the government "looking the other way" in exchange for bribes while drug traffickers went about their business – as long as there was no violence.[120] During the 71-year rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the Mexican government would conduct customary arrests and allow cartel business to continue.[121]
After the PRI lost power to the
In addition, there are formal charges that three former governors of Tamaulipas – Manuel Cavazos Lerma (1993–1999), Tomás Yarrington (1999–2005), and Eugenio Hernández Flores (2005–2010) – have had close ties with the Gulf-Zeta organization.[127] On 30 January 2012, the Attorney General of Mexico issued a communiqué ordering the governors and their families to remain in the country as they are being investigated for possible collaboration with cartels.[128][129] In 2012, Yarrington was further accused of money laundering for Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel.[130][131]
In
Prison breaks
On 25 March 2010, forty inmates escaped from a federal prison in the city of Matamoros.
A confrontation inside a maximum security prison in Nuevo Laredo on 15 July 2011 left 7 inmates dead and 59 escaped.[144] Five on-duty guards have not been found.[145] The governor of Tamaulipas then acknowledged his inability to secure federal prisoners and prisons.[146] Consequently, the federal government assigned the Mexican Army and the Federal Police to guard some prisons until further notice; they were also left in charge of searching for the fugitives.[147] It has been reported that more than 400 prison inmates escaped from several Tamaulipas prisons from January 2010 to March 2011 due to corruption.[148]
On 17 September 2012 in Piedras Negras, Coahuila, more than 130 inmates from Los Zetas organized a massive prison break in broad daylight by walking directly from the front gate to several trucks outside the prison.[149][150]
Police corruption
Tamaulipas police forces are the worst paid in Mexico despite being one of the states hardest hit by drug violence;[151] in Aguascalientes, a state where violence levels are much lower, policemen are paid five times more than in Tamaulipas.[152] As a result, most police forces in Tamaulipas are believed to be susceptible to corruption due to their low wages, and accept bribes from organized crime groups.[153] The National Public Security System (SNSP) has condemned the low police salaries, and demanded that state and municipal authorities create better payment programs for policemen so they can have a fair wage for themselves and their families.[154]
Although the
Organizational structure and training
Los Zetas have set up camps to train recruits as well as corrupt ex-federal, state, and local police officers.
Los Zetas members may also possess a "Los Zetas Commando Medallion" for their service to the organization.[162]
It is reported that Los Zetas also uses women within their organizational structure. There is a female unit known as the Panteras, or panthers. These women use seduction to negotiate with military, law enforcement, and political personnel to help Los Zetas' goals. In the event that they are unable to obtain the desired outcome, they may kill their targets. The initial leader of this group was Ashly "La Comandante Bombón" Narro López; she was captured in 2009 in connection to the murder of General Tello Quiñones. Women also work within the cartel as plaza bosses, administrators, mediators, and shooters.[163]
List of initial members
Arturo Guzman was initially tasked by Cardenas to recruit 20 men to murder his rival Rolando Lopez Salinas. Guzman and Lazcano were eventually able to convince 34 GAFE operators to leave the Mexican Army and form the core of Los Zetas. The first 14 members became known as the "Group of 14" (Grupo de los Catorce) or simply "The 14" (Los 14).[164]
- Z-1 - GAFE
- Z-2 - GAFE
- Replaced by Rogelio González Pizaña - Federal Judicial Police Helicopter Pilot
- Z-3 - GAFE
- Z-4 - GAFE
- Z-5 - GAFE
- Replaced by Braulio Arellano Domínguez - Mexican Army Infantry Forces
- Z-6 - GAFE
- Z-7 - GAFE
- Z-8 - GAFE
- Z-9 - GAFE
- Replaced by Galindo Mellado Cruz
- Z-10 - GAFE
- Replaced by GAFE
- Replaced by
- Z-11 - GAFE
- Z-12 - GAFE
- Z-13 - GAFE
- Z-14 - Efraín Teodoro Torres - Mexican Army Non-Commissioned Officer Infantry Forces
- Z-15 - Gustavo González Castro - Mexican Air Force Infantry Forces
- Z-16 - GAFE
- Z-17 - GAFE
- Replaced by GAFE
- Replaced by
- Z-18 - GAFE
- Z-19 - GAFE
- Z-20 - Nabor Vargas García - Mexican Army Presidential Guard
- Z-22 - GAFE
- Z-23 - GAFE
- Z-24 - GAFE
- Z-25 - Germán Torres Jiménez - Mexican Army Infantry Forces
- Z-27 - GAFE
- Z-37 - GAFE
- Z-44 - Sergio Enrique Ruiz-Tlapanco - Mexican Army Federal Judicial Police
Territory
In the early 2010s, analysts indicated that Los Zetas were the largest
They are also active in several states in the United States, including Texas.[167][168] The cartel also has important areas of operation in Guatemala,[169] where their operations are reported to have begun as early as 2008.[98] They are active in Europe, specifically in Italy with the 'Ndrangheta.[170]
Early in 2012 it was reported that 'Los Zetas' are operating in the northern Venezuela–Colombia border, and have teamed up with the Colombian outfit called Los Rastrojos.[171] Together they control the drug trafficking routes in the Colombian La Guajira and the Venezuelan state of Zulia, Colombia as the producing country and Venezuela as the main port route toward the U.S. and Europe.[171]
Rivalries
Indications of the broken alliance between the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas began in September 2009. On 24 February 2010, gunmen onboard hundreds of trucks marked C.D.G, XXX, and M3 – the insignias of the Cartel – clashed with Zetas gunmen in the northern cities of Tamaulipas.[172] The clash between these two groups started in Reynosa, and then expanded to Nuevo Laredo and Matamoros.[173] The war then spread out through eleven municipalities of Tamaulipas, nine of them bordering Texas.[174] Soon, the war reached Tamaulipas' neighboring states of Nuevo León and Veracruz.[175][176] Their conflict also spread to U.S. soil, where Cartel hit men killed two Zeta members in Brownsville, Texas on 5 October 2010.[177]
Confrontations between the two groups temporarily paralyzed entire cities in broad daylight.[178] Many of the municipalities throughout Tamaulipas were described by witnesses as "war zones", with many businesses and homes burned down.[179] In the midst of violence and panic, local authorities and media tried to minimize the situation and claimed that "nothing was occurring", but the facts were impossible to cover up.[180][181]
For many years, there were long-fought battles between the Gulf and Sinaloa Cartels, that eventually led the two to reevaluate the situation and decide whether or not this combat was in either organization's best interests.[182] The complexity and territorial advantage of Los Zetas forced the Gulf Cartel to seek an alliance with the Sinaloa Cartel and La Familia Michoacana.[183]
Alliances
Following the conflict with the Gulf Cartel, Los Zetas joined forces with the
United States
In a 2010 report, it was noted
Venezuela
On 13 February 2017, Venezuelan vice president
Law enforcement raids
Due to the high level
In October 2008, the FBI warned that a Zetas' cell in Texas would engage law enforcement with a full tactical response, should law enforcement attempt to intervene in their operations.[194] The cell leader was identified as Jaime González Durán (The Hummer), who was later arrested on 7 November 2008, in the border city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas.[195]
In February 2009, Texas Governor Rick Perry announced a program called "Operation Border Star Contingency Plan" to safeguard the border if the Zetas carried out their threats to attack U.S. security officers. This project included the use of tanks, airplanes and the National Guard "as a preventive measure upon the possible collapse of the Mexican State" to protect the border from a Zetas attack and receive an eventual exodus of Mexicans fleeing from the violence.[196][197]
In 2012 the
Also in 2012, the United States posted a $5,000,000 reward for information leading to the successful capture of Miguel Treviño Morales. Trevino-Morales is known in Los Zetas as "Z-40"[199] On 12 June 2012, "Z-40" and two of his brothers were arrested and indicted on charges in Texas after raids and dozens of arrests in New Mexico, Texas and Oklahoma.[200]
There is a great lack of funding being sent to Mexico by the United States to combat Los Zetas, although they address Mexico in the media as their biggest concern.[201] The Mérida Initiative that was put in place by the Bush administration in the United States suggested that $1.4 billion in funds was to be sent to Mexico over a three-year period to combat narco trafficking from the U.S.-Mexico border to Panama, but few of these funds have yet to be received in Mexico.[201] In addition, the Obama administration made a very modest effort by way of support for the struggling country although "former drug czar Barry McCaffrey told Congress that Merida, was 'a drop in the bucket'", and that the United States "cannot afford to have a narco-state as [their] neighbour".[201] Thus far, of the resources promised by the United States government regarding Mexico and their ongoing drug combat, little has been received, principally because Mexico's 2012–18 PRI government failed to honor the clause of improving and upholding human rights in the Mexican Federal Republic.
Anonymous' Operation Cartel
The operation to expose information of people who work with Los Zetas, dubbed "Operation Cartel", was reportedly started as a result of an
Influence outside of Mexico
Los Zetas have caused terror throughout Mexico for the past two decades. But they also present a threat to all nations in the Western Hemisphere. As of 2017, 40% of Mexico's oil market is under the control of the Zetas[citation needed]. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Mexico is responsible for 10% of all of United States petroleum imports and plays an even larger role in exporting to nations in South America.[205] In the oil industry alone, the influence of Los Zetas has the potential to cause economic instability in every nation Mexico partners with, and many of these nations may not have the economy to be able to withstand this instability.
The Zetas also play a role in transporting humans and drugs across borders, providing security to these operations. These drug trades are responsible for providing countries from Colombia to the United States with narcotics and other harmful substances. Mexico serves as a central location for these organizations to conduct their business and thus gets affected the most, but the effects are seen all along the trade route. In addition to the more common drugs like marijuana and cocaine, the DEA has reported Los Zetas have also provided support in the fentanyl trade. These harder drugs are shipped to the cartels through partnerships with China and other Asian countries, before being distributed out across the Americas. The constant supply of drugs to all countries in the west can be directly contributed to the Zetas and other major cartels in Mexico, and it will continue to corrupt Mexico's neighbors.
The last method Los Zetas use to influence western nations is through criminal rule in prison systems. Los Zetas members have long been known to create a system of criminal governance within prison systems through
In popular culture
- In the 2011 short Keep Your Enemies Closer, the head of Los Zetas is a dangerous drug lord named Jimmy "The King" Agilar (played by Manny Pérez).
- In the 2010 film Predators, one of the main characters, Cuchillo (played by Danny Trejo) is a ruthless and infamous enforcer for the Los Zetas.
- Los Zetas are the main focus of the sicariofrom Los Zetas known for becoming a Los Zetas sicario in his teens).
- The Netflix/Univision television series El Chapo depicts "Los Emes" as a semi-fictionalized version of Los Zetas that maintains an alliance with the Gulf Cartel and eventually wages a bloody gun battle with the Sinaloa Cartel for control of Nuevo Laredo.
Criminal group summary
Los Zetas pose a great humanitarian risk to the regional communities and to those in which its activities extend, including several countries in Central America and across the largest cities in the United States. Since the group has committed torture, executions, and mass murder, it is seemingly identified as a terrorist organization. Despite this, Los Zetas is characterized as an organized criminal group because it has an expansive membership, has existed over a period of time, and commits serious crimes for the purpose of financial gain.
Los Zetas' original 31 members were soldiers in Mexico's most elite special forces unit, the Grupos Aeromóviles de Fuerzas Especiales (GAFE). Since the group's inception as a drug trafficking organization, it has recruited soldiers from the Mexican military that train cartel members and lead operations. The cartel's success is attributed to their military professionalism and extreme use of violence.[207]
At the height of the Los Zetas operation, it was the largest cartel in terms of territorial control. It was able to gain and maintain its territory across Mexico because of the organization's hierarchical structure—this reflects organized crime's theoretical perspective of the bureaucracy model. Los Zetas divides its roles and responsibilities along strategic, operational, and tactical lines which allow them to effectively combat rival cartels and engage in illicit activities.[208]
Although Los Zetas does not have control over Mexico's political institutions, it has breached Mexico's law enforcement institutions. The cartel has corrupted hundreds of local and state security officials by offering them bribes and threatening them with death. As a result, Los Zetas has been able to freely engage in illicit activities without being impeded by police in those areas.[209]
In the last decade, however, Mexico has received money from the United States to better resource their military. Since then, the government has made great steps to destabilize and fragment the Los Zetas.
See also
- Illegal drug trade
- Mérida Initiative
- Mexican Drug War
- Narco tank, improvised fighting vehicles used by Los Zetas
- War on Drugs
- List of gangs in Mexico
- List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords
References
- ^ Vulliamy, Ed (14 November 2009). "The Zetas: gangster kings of their own brutal narco-state". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ "4 de los carteles mexicanos operan en Panamá: Autoridades". Insight Crime. 27 March 2017.
- ^ Grillo, Ioan (31 July 2013). "The Mexican Drug Cartels' Other Business: Sex Trafficking". Time.
- ^ a b c "Zetas". 4 April 2012.
- ^ Booth, William (29 May 2011). "Drug cartels muscle in to piracy business" – via The Washington Post.
- ^ Allen, Nick (16 July 2013). "Mexico's 'most sadistic' drug kingpin's reign ends without a shot fired". Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 – via The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ Tuckman, Jo (4 September 2010). "Tortured Mexican kidnap victim says: 'I would sit there wondering how people could be that bad'". The Guardian.
- ^ "Pay de Limón, the Dog that Survived the Torture of the Los Zetas Cartel". Vallarta Daily News. 13 May 2020.
- ^ "Zetas and MS-13 Join Forces in Guatemala". Foxnews.com. 7 April 2012.
- ^ "Organized Crime Exploits China's Growing Links to Latin America". Jamestown.org. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ "Coked Up: How Hezbollah is fundraising with Mexican drug cartels - The Commentator". Thecommentator.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ "The secret backstory of how Obama let Hezbollah off the hook". Politico. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ "Iran and Hezbollah's Presence Around the World". Lawfare. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ "Analysis: Hezbollah's presence in Donald Trump's backyard". Al Arabiya English. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "The Business Relationship Between Italy's Mafia and Mexico's Drug Cartels". Insightcrime.org. 27 March 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ISBN 978-1408824337.
- ^ Ware, Michael (6 August 2009). "Los Zetas called Mexico's most dangerous drug cartel". CNN. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
- ^ "Narco Terms". Borderland Beat. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
- ^ Pachico, Elyssa (27 March 2017). "Why Kidnapping, Extortion Boomed in Mexico".
- ^ Crime, InSight (27 March 2017). "Zetas".
- ^ Robbins, Seth (27 March 2017). "Murder Spotlights Zetas Extortion at Mexico University".
- ^ a b Stastna, Kazi (28 August 2011). "The cartels behind Mexico's drug war". CBS News. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ "A Profile of Los Zetas: Mexico's Second Most Powerful Drug Cartel – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ McCAUL, MICHAEL T. "A Line in the Sand: Confronting the Threat at the Southwest Border" (PDF). HOUSE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
- ^ "Dissecting a Mexican Cartel Bombing in Monterrey". Stratfor. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
- ^ Grant, Will (11 September 2012). "Mexico's Zetas drug gang split raises bloodshed fears". BBC News. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
- ^ "Weekend shootouts in northeastern Mexico kill at least 9". CNN News. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
- ^ "El origen de 'Los Zetas': brazo armado del cártel del Golfo". CNN México. 5 July 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013.
- ^ "Zetas Now Mexico's Biggest Cartel, Report Says". Fox News Channel. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ "The Rise and Fall of Los Zetas". 13 October 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ "Proceso: Fracción de Los Zetas, ahora Cártel del Noreste, advierte masacre por extradiciones". Proceso. Revista Proceso. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
- ^ "Rep. Chip Roy Releases Bill Asking Sec. Pompeo to Designate Cartels Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)". 12 March 2019.
- ^ "Trump halts plan to treat cartels as terrorists". BBC News. 7 December 2019.
- ^ Los Zetas: Evolution of a Criminal Organization – 11 March 2009
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-34819-5.
- ^ a b c Weak bilateral law enforcement presence at the U.S.Mexico border. Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. November 2005.
- ISBN 978-0-292-71675-9.
- ^ "Cártel de 'Los Zetas'". Mundo Narco. 15 January 2011. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011.
- NCJ 256412.
- ISBN 978-1-4128-1151-4.
- ^ "¿Quienes son los Zetas?". Blog del Narco. 7 March 2010. Archived from the original on 29 July 2011.
- ^ "Los Zetas and Mexico's Transnational Drug War". Borderland Beat. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
- ISBN 9781412846172
- ^ Schiller, Dane. "Narco gangster reveals the underworld". Houston Chronicle.
- ^ "The Mexican Drug War and the Thirty Years' War". Bellum: The Stanford Review. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
- ^ "Army troops capture a Zetas cartel boss in northern Mexico". Fox News Latino. 15 February 2011.
- ^ a b Grayson, George. "Los Zetas: the Ruthless Army Spawned by a Mexican Drug Cartel". U.S. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ Rodríguez Martínez, Marco A. (2006). "El Poder de Los Zetas". Monografías. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ "Zeta recalls his life, warns against it". The Brownsville Herald. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
- ^ "¿Qué es el Cartel de Sinaloa?". Perfil.com. 24 August 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
- ^ Sánchez, Alex (4 June 2007). "Mexico's Drug War: Soldiers versus Narco-Soldiers". New American Media | La Prensa San Diego | News Analysis. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012.
- ^ "Drug Trafficking Organizations". National Drug Intelligence Center. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
- ^ Rodriguez, Olga R. (13 April 2010). "Cartels gang up against gunmen". San Antonio News.
- ^ "FBI — Former U.S. Army Officer Hitman Sentenced in Murder-for-Hire Plot". FBI. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Desarrollo de Medios (2 August 2013). "La Jornada: Cárteles mexicanos contratan soldados de EU como sicarios y capacitadores". Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Fischer, Edward F. (11 October 2010). "Guatemala and the Face of the New Sustainable Narco-State" (PDF). Department of Anthropology: Vanderbilt University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2012.
- ^ "The Evolution of 'Los Zetas,' a Mexican Crime Organization". mexidata.info. Archived from the original on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ Sampaio, Antônio, Criminal ambushes in Jalisco – a hyper-violent wave of cartel brutality, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 16 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2020
- ^ "Law and Order in Mexico". GrimesandWarwick. June 2010. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Mexico's Cartels Declare War on the Zetas". Geopolitical Monitor. 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012.
- ^ "Gulf Cartel split with Zetas made public". Borderland Beat. 10 March 2010.
- ^ "Otro Cárdenas Guillén hereda la organización". Vanguardia. 8 November 2010.
- ^ "Authorities: Gulf Cartel, Zetas gang up on each other as arrangement dies". The Monitor. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012.
- ^ "War between Gulf Cartel, Zetas marks year anniversary". The Brownsville Herald: Valley Morning Star. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
- ^ Longmire, Sylvia. "TCO 101: The Gulf Cartel". Mexico's drug war. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
- ^ "Ejecución de "El Concorde" detonó guerra en Tamaulipas". El Universal. 7 March 2010.
- ^ "The Gulf-Zeta Split and the Praetorian Revolt". ISN. 7 April 2010.
- ^ "México: Los Zetas rompen con el Cartel del Golfo". BBC Mundo | Semana.com. 26 February 2010.
- ^ Hernández, Jaime (4 March 2010). "EU: alarma guerra "Zetas"-El Golfo". El Universal.
- ^ "El cártel de los Zetas tiende acuerdos de "no agresión y colaboración"". Infobae. 8 March 2011. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ "Gulf Cartel lieutenant's associates enter plea agreement". The Monitor. 13 December 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ Castillo, E. Eduardo (24 August 2012). "Even more brutal leader takes over Mexico's Zetas". El Paso Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ Pachico, Elyssa; Dudley, Steven (24 August 2012). "Why a Zetas Split is Inevitable". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
- ^ Castillo, E. Eduardo; Stevenson, Mark (24 August 2012). "Even more brutal leader takes over Mexico's Zetas". Bloomberg Businessweek. p. 2. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
- ^ Stevenson, Mark (24 August 2012). "Miguel Angel Trevino, Mexico Assassin, Rises In Zetas Cartel". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ "Feared Mexican Zetas leader Z-40 now top target". The Monitor. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ "Zetas ejecutaron por la espalda a los 72 migrantes; no pudieron pagar rescate". La Jornada | UNAM. 26 August 2010.
- ^ Flores, Xavier (7 June 2011). "Localizan 7 nuevas narcofosas en San Fernando, suman 193 víctimas". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
- ^ "Policía encuentra 27 cadáveres en Guatemala; vincula a Los Zetas". CNN Mexico. 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Presentan a los Zetas que incendiaron el Casino Royale en Monterrey NL México". Multimedios TV. 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 12 July 2013.
- ^ Klerigan, Efrain (4 January 2012). "Mexico Prison Fight: 31 Killed in Altamira". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ "Dozens killed in Mexico prison fight". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
- ^ "Del penal de Apodaca se fugaron 37 reos, no 29, corrigen las autoridades". Animal Politico (in Spanish). 16 March 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ "Thieves blamed in Mexico pipeline blast that kills;28". The Seattle Times. 19 December 2010. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011.
- ^ "Victims of Mexico's drug war: Tracing the missing". The Economist. 14 June 2014.
- ^ "Mexico town fears nightclub shooting means drug war has come". 17 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
- ^ "At least 5 dead, 15 hurt in shooting at Mexico's BPM music festival". Reuters. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
- ^ "Mexican cartel demanded payment from BPM festival ahead of nightclub killings: source". CBC News. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ "El Universal – - Diez ms, prfugos: indagatorias". 23 June 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "Zetas boss Heriberto Lazcano's death confirmed". 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ "Detienen a lugarteniente de Los Zetas". Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Milenio Digital (5 December 2014). "Confirma Rubido muerte de 'El Z-9'". Milenio. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Vega, Aurora. "Los Zetas son la organización delictiva que controla el mayor territorio". Excélsior (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "Los Zetas" dominan más territorios que "El Chapo". Milenio Noticias (in Spanish). 1 January 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Nueva ofensiva contra Los Zetas; instalarán cuarteles en frontera norte. Excélsior". Excelsior.com.mx. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ "Zetas cartel leader Heriberto Lazcano's corpse stolen by gunmen after dying in firefight | World". National Post. 9 October 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ a b c International Crisis Group. "Corridor of Violence: The Guatemala-Honduras Border". CrisisGroup.org. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ CBS News. "Mexican army captures Zetas drug lord Miguel Angel Trevino Morales". CBS News. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
- ^ "Omar Treviño, el Z 42, se perfila como cabecilla Zeta". Univision (in Spanish). 16 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
- ^ Wells, Miriam. "Zetas' Top Guatemala Operative Captured in Mexico". "InSightCrime.org". 15 October 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ "Mexican troops 'kill Zetas cartel founder Mellado'". BBC News. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- Fox News Channel. 4 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ "Declara 'El Rama', sucesor de Treviño Morales | Azteca Noticias". aztecanoticias.com.mx. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
- ^ "Mexico: Zetas drugs cartel leader caught". BBC. 9 February 2018.
- ^ Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Federal forces capture two cartel chieftains in Jalisco". 10 April 2019.
- ^ "Los Zetas cartel operator arrested in Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz". 27 May 2019.
- ^ "Detienen a Jorge Antonio "El Yorch" Gloria Palacios del CDN en Nuevo León". Mexicocodigorojo.com.mx. 1 July 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ "Detienen a "El Ganso", jefe de plaza de Los Zetas en San Fernando, Tamaulipas". MVS Noticias. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Presumed Veracruz Zetas chief captured in Oaxaca". 31 January 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ "Veracruz attorney general confirms cousin is Los Zetas chief". 22 January 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ a b c Rodriguez, César (30 March 2020). "Cartel leader dies following Nuevo Laredo gun battle". Laredo Morning Times. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ "Feared gang leader dies with Covid-19 in prison". Bbc.com. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ Nájar, Alberto (13 April 2011). "Tamaulipas, ¿en camino de convertirse en un estado fallido?". BBC Mundo. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ "Migrantes, 72 muertos de fosa en Tamaulipas". El Universal. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ Sánchez López, Daniel (9 April 2011). "Sin resolver origen de narcofosas en Tamaulipas". Sexenio. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ "Asesinan a Rodolfo Torre Cantú, candidato al gobierno de Tamaulipas". Milenio Noticias. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ Miglierini, Julian (13 April 2011). "Tamaulipas: 'Failed state' in Mexico's war on drugs". BBC News, Mexico City. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ Longmire, Sylvia. "Mexico's PRI Names Presidential Candidate". Mexico's Drug War. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ProQuest 200744185.
- ^ "Mexico's drug war: A pax narcotica?". The Economist. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- OCLC 1059215056.
- ^ "Hay pruebas sobre nexos de priistas con narco: PAN". El Universal. 21 October 2004. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ "Narcopolítica en Tamaulipas". El Universal. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ Salas, Alejandro (February 2010). "Blindaje contra narcopolíticos en Tamaulipas". Milenio. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ Moreno, Martín (10 April 2011). "Tamaulipas: gobierno fallido". Excélsior. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ "Busca PGR contra 3 ex gobernadores de Tamaulipas". El Siglo de Torreón. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
- ^ "PGR emitió alerta migratoria contra tres ex gobernadores de Tamaulipas". Univision. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
- ^ "Mexican cartels paid $4.5 million in political bribes". Kuwait Times. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
- ^ Chapa, Sergio (10 February 2012). "Former Tamaulipas governor named in Texas money laundering case". KRGV News. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
- ^ "Arrestan nuevamente a Óscar Pérez Inguanzo, ex alcalde de Tampico". Milenio. 12 November 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Ciudadana graba evidencias de balaceras en Tamaulipas". El Universal. 2 March 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "La violencia nos rebasó, acepta Eugenio Hernández". Milenio. 28 August 2010. Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "Alcalde admite psicosis por violencia en Reynosa". El Universal. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ "Se fugan 40 reos de penal en Matamoros". El Universal. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Se fugan 40 reos de Penal de Matamoros". El Economista. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "40 reos se fugan de penal de Matamoros". CNN Mexico. 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Un comando libera a trece prisioneros de un penal de Reynosa". CNN Mexico. 5 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "85 reos escaparon del penal de Reynosa, precisa el gobierno". CNN México. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Al menos 71 reos se fugan de un penal de Reynosa, en Tamaulipas". CNN México. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Al menos 148 presos se escapan de una cárcel de Tamaulipas". CNNMéxico. 17 December 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Tamaulipas cesa a directivos de penal por la fuga de los 141 reos". CNN México. 17 December 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Al menos siete muertos y 59 reos fugados en una cárcel de Nuevo Laredo". CNN México. 15 July 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Se fugan 59 reos en Nuevo Laredo". El Universal. 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Tras las fugas de reos en Tamaulipas, el gobierno federal se defiende". CNN Mexico. 7 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Se fugan 59 reos en Nuevo Laredo tras enfrentamiento". Terra Noticias. 15 July 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Más de 400 reos se fugaron de cárceles de Tamaulipas en 14 meses". CNN México. 15 July 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ Pone, Alyssa (20 September 2012). "Zetas Drug Cartel Arranged Prison Break, Say Officials". ABC News. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ "Se fugan al menos 130 presos del Cereso de Piedras Negras". Milenio (in Spanish). 17 September 2012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ^ "Policías de Tamaulipas ganan 3 mil 618 pesos". Excelsior. 25 September 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Policías de Tamaulipas, los peores pagados de México; ganan menos de 4 mil pesos al mes". Animal Politico. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Policías de Tamaulipas aun no son confiables: Lomelí". Hoy Tamaulipas. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Acusan a estados de incumplir homologación salarial policiaca". El Universal. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "México enviará más Fuerzas Armadas a Nuevo León y Tamaulipas". CNN Mexico. 24 November 2011. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Sedena desarma a policías de Tamaulipas". TV Milenio. 9 May 2011.[dead YouTube link]
- ^ "El gobierno de México desplegará 2,790 militares en Tamaulipas". CNN Mexico. 24 June 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ Castillo, Mariano (26 June 2011). "Tropas mexicanas reemplazan a los policías en la mitad de Tamaulipas". CNN Mexico. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Batallones son parte de la estrategia de seguridad". El Diario de Ciudad Victoria. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ "Expulsan a mil 650 policías de Tamaulipas por pérdida de confianza". Excelsior. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ^ a b Cook, Colleen W., ed. (16 October 2007). "Mexico's Drug Cartels" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service. p. 10. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
- ^ "2011 National Gang Threat Assessment – Emerging Trends". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
- ^ Grayson, George (1 April 2014). "The Evolution of Los Zetas in Mexico and Central America: Sadism as an Instrument of Cartel Warfare". Monographs, Books, & Publications.
- Penguin Press(2011) p. 280.
- ^ "Zetas Now Mexico's Biggest Cartel, Report Says". Fox News Channel. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ^ Alejandro Gutierrez, "Narcotráfico: El gran desafío de Calderón". Mexico City: Lilaneta, 2007, Chapters 1 and 5.
- ^ "Brutal Mexican drug gang crosses into U.S." The Washington Times. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
- ^ "Los Zetas: the Ruthless Army Spawned by a Mexican Drug Cartel" (in Spanish). 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012.
- ^ "Guatemala levanta el estado de sitio motivado por 'Los Zetas' en 2010". CNN Mexico. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
- ^ Anderson, Curt. "talia – 'Violencia' se escribe con ZETA: Los zetas toman el control por la forza. Nicola Gratteri, zar antimafia de Reggio Calabria". Retrieved 14 July 2009.
- ^ a b "Pick your poison: Drug gangs now dominate where guerrillas once reigned". The Economist. 28 April 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
- ^ "Gulf Cartel vs. Los Zetas... One year later". Borderland Beat. 26 February 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Penhaul, Kent (21 June 2010). "La ley del silencio en Reynosa sólo la rompe... Twitter". CNN Mexico. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "La guerra Golfo-zetas, en 11 municipios tamaulipecos; nueve son fronterizos con EU". La Jornada. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "Los Zetas y el cártel del Golfo se pelean por Monterrey". Univision. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "La batalla del cártel del Golfo y "Los Zetas" por la Huasteca". Proceso. 31 December 2011. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "Two Zetas executed in Brownsville, Texas". Borderland Beat. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "Enfrentamientos entre el cártel del Golfo y Los Zetas paralizaron Nuevo Laredo". La Jornada. 20 May 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "The Missing in Tamaulipas". Borderland Beat. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "La guerra del cártel del Golfo y Los Zetas, mañana 24 de febrero se cumple un año". Mundo Narco. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "All Tamaulipas, a War Zone". Borderland Beat. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Grayson, George W. (2012). Executinoer's Men: Los Zetas, Rogue Soldiers, Criminal Entrepreneurs and the Shadow State they Created. Piscataway: Transaction. p. 17.
- ^ "DEA: acuerdan 3 cárteles alianza contra Los Zetas". Milenio. 5 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "Sicarios de los Beltrán Leyva y Zetas atacan a gente del Chapo en Sonora". Milenio. 2 July 2010. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ Grayson, George W. (2012). Executioner's Men: Los Zetas, Rogue Soldiers, Criminal Entrepreneurs and the Shadow State they Created. Piscataway: Transaction. pp. 1–24.
- ^ ROEBUCK, JEREMY (9 March 2010). "Violence the result of fractured arrangement between Zetas and Gulf Cartel, authorities say". The Brownsville Herald. Archived from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ^ "FBI — 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment". Fbi.gov. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ S2CID 143327189.
- ^ Logan, Samuel (February 2012). "A Profile of Los Zetas: Mexico's Second Most Powerful Drug Cartel".
- ^ Lynch; Sevastopulo; Schipani (14 February 2017). "US labels Venezuelan vice-president a drug kingpin". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
- ^ Herrero, Ana Vanessa; Casey, Nicholas (13 February 2017). "U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Venezuela's Vice President, Calling Him a Drug 'Kingpin'". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
- ^ "El Ejército decomisa el mayor arsenal hallado en la historia de México" (in Spanish). Union Radio. 7 November 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Lacey, Marc (7 November 2008). "In Drug War, Mexico Fights Cartel and Itself". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
- ^ Carter, Sara A. (26 October 2008). "FBI warns of drug cartel arming". The Washington Times. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
- ^ Roebuck, Jeremy; Ana Ley (7 November 2008). "Top Gulf Cartel leader arrested in Reynosa". The Monitor. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
- ^ Explorando Mexico Editorial Team. "The Zetas". Explorando Mexico. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ Juarez, Geraldine (31 October 2011). "Mexico: Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt over Anonymous' #OpCartel". GlobalVoices. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ Cohen, David. "Combating Transnational Organized Crime". United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
- ^ "Narcotics Rewards Program – Target Information". State.gov. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ^ "FEDERAL GRAND JURY INDICTS LOS ZETAS LEADER IN MONEY LAUNDERING SCHEME" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ S2CID 155083605.
- ^ Stewart, Scott. "Anonymous vs. Zetas Amid Mexico's Cartel Violence". Stratfor. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ Beaubien, Jason. "Drug Violence Swamps A Once Peaceful Mexican City". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ Cave, Damien (November 2011). "After a Kidnapping, Hackers Take On a Ruthless Mexican Crime Syndicate". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
- ^ "Mexico Week: U.S. is Mexico's primary energy trade partner amid shifting trade dynamics". Eia.gov. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "mex200313.e_092020.pdf | Department of Justice". Justice.gov. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ Logan, Samuel. 2017a. "A Profile of Los Zetas: Mexico's Second Most Powerful Drug Cartel". Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 15 November 2017.
- S2CID 144025296.
- ^ "World Politics Review | Analysis of international affairs and global trends". Worldpoliticsreview.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
External links
- Deibert, Michael (16 May 2011). "Cartel Wars". Truthdig.com.
- Zetas, InSight Crime
- The Evolution of 'Los Zetas,' a Mexican Crime Organization
- NarcoNews.com – Zetas Burn Media's Script in War on Drugs
- FBI Assistant Director's Statement to the U.S. House of Representatives on Zetas
- Equine Crime – A Horse Farm of a Different Color
- "Ex Troops Aiding Drug Traffickers". The Washington Times. 2005