Louis II's campaign against Bari (866–871)
Capture of Bari | |||||||
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Louis at the capture of Bari in 871 (19th-century lithograph) | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Frankish Empire
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Emirate of Bari
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Louis II | Sawdān (POW) |
The
The city fell and the emir was taken captive, bringing the emirate to an end, but a Saracen presence remained at Taranto. Louis himself was betrayed by his Lombard allies six months after his victory and had to leave southern Italy.
Military actions of 866–867
Louis II was sent by his father, Lothair I, to southern Italy to counteract Saracen raids in 848–849.[1] He launched an unsuccessful attack on Bari in 852,[1] and again in 855 and 857.[2] In 865, he began planning a campaign to completely oust the Saracens from southern Italy. In that year he issued a capitulary[a] in northern Italy summoning an army to gather at Lucera in the spring of 866.[4] The capitulary calls for more than an offensive action, it also ordered the construction of castles (castella) with palisades, outworks, moats and ramparts. These were places for the people to take refuge and it was probably hoped that they would deter raids.[2]
No source describes the campaign, if any, that the army that gathered at Lucera undertook. In June 866, Louis II deposed the bishop and count of Capua,
Louis spent the winter of 866–867 in Benevento. Marching from there in the spring, he captured Matera and Oria, towns that lay between Bari and Taranto. Matera he razed, and he may have cut off or severely impeded communication between Bari and Taranto.[5] The different treatment of Oria and Matera may be due to the strategic position of Matera, requiring that it be denied to the enemy in the future, or perhaps to the assistance of the inhabitants of Oria, which is implied by the 11th-century chronicler Ahimaaz ben Paltiel to have suffered a decline under Saracen rule.[6] Louis also established a garrison in Canosa, a town on the Lombard–Saracen frontier. It is unlikely that Louis used the army summoned for 866 in this campaign, since the capitulary had specified only one year of service.[5]
Failed joint attack of 869
In March 868, Louis was at Benevento. According to the
Louis was in Benevento, preparing for the attack, in June 869.
Successful siege of 870–871
In 869, according to the Annals of Saint-Bertin, after the departure of the Byzantine fleet, the emir of Bari sent raiders into the Gargano. The shrine of Saint Michael the Archangel was plundered. In response, in 870 Louis raided deep into Apulia. Several towns were taken.[13] Following this successful raid, Louis invested Bari itself, with an army containing both Franks and Lombards.[13] He had naval assistance, certainly a Croatian fleet[e] and possibly a Byzantine one.[2][13] The Chronicle of Salerno mentions neither, while On Administering the Empire mentions a Byzantine fleet. There is no other evidence for Byzantine involvement in the campaign of 870–871.[12] Two Byzantine sources, On Administering the Empire and the Life of Basil the Emperor, refer to a Slavic contingent brought to the siege by the fleet of Ragusa.[14]
According to
Aftermath
Louis II's letter to Basil I was composed between February and August 871, probably with the help of
The conflict between Louis II and Sawdān did not end with the fall of Bari and the latter's captivity. All the sources present the captive emir as being popular in Benevento and receiving many visitors. Louis's continued presence in Benevento became an irritation to the Lombards, however, and on 13 August 871 he, his wife
The arrest appears to have been accompanied by some violence.
Following Louis's death, the Byzantines occupied Bari, establishing the theme of Longobardia.[1]
Notes
- ^ The capitulary, titled Constitutio de expeditione Beneventana, is dated to 866 in the Chronicles of Saint Benedict of Monte Cassino, but this source contains numerous errors of dating.[3]
- ^ Evidence for his preoccupation with Bari is found in the fact that his brother, Lothair II, had to come to Benevento to confer with him and Louis's wife, Engelberga, rather than Louis accompanied Lothair to his meeting with the pope.[8]
- ^ Anastasius Bibliothecarius, who attended the Fourth Council of Constantinople in late 869, apparently attempted while in Constantinople to re-open marriage negotiations between Louis and Basil, but without success.[11]
- ^ This letter survives only because it was copied into the Chronicle of Salerno.[12]
- ^ Louis in his letter refers to "our Sclaveni with their ships".[12] Pryor and Jeffreys place a Byzantine fleet at Bari in 869, but only a Croatian fleet there in 871.[1]
- ^ He in fact returned in 872.[23]
References
- ^ a b c d e Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 49.
- ^ a b c Purton 2009, p. 99.
- ^ Kreutz 1996, p. 171.
- ^ a b Kreutz 1996, p. 40.
- ^ a b Kreutz 1996, p. 41.
- ^ Kreutz 1996, p. 172.
- ^ Kreutz 1996, p. 42.
- ^ a b c d Kreutz 1996, p. 43.
- ^ Curta 2010, p. 276.
- ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 64.
- ^ a b Kreutz 1996, p. 44.
- ^ a b c Kreutz 1996, p. 173.
- ^ a b c d Kreutz 1996, p. 45.
- ^ Stevović 2001, p. 169.
- ^ a b Bondioli 2018, p. 487.
- ^ Kreutz 1996, p. 57.
- ^ Kreutz 1996, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Fanning 1994, p. 6.
- ^ Bondioli 2018, p. 488.
- ^ a b c Kreutz 1996, pp. 46–47, 174n.
- ^ Heath 2015, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Musca 1964, p. 127.
- ^ a b Wickham 1981, pp. 62–63.
Bibliography
- Bondioli, Lorenzo M. (2018). "Islamic Bari between the Aghlabids and the Two Empires". In Glaire D. Anderson; Corisande Fenwick; Mariam Rosser-Owen (eds.). The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa. Brill. pp. 470–490.
- Curta, Florin (2010). "A Note on Trade and Trade Centers in the Eastern and Northern Adriatic Region Between the Eighth and the Ninth Century" (PDF). Hortus artium medievalium. 16: 267–276.[dead link]
- Fanning, Steven (1994). "Imperial Diplomacy Between Francia and Byzantium: The Letter of Louis II to Basil I in 871". Cithara. 34 (1): 3–17.
- Gay, Jules (1904). L'Italie méridionale et l'empire byzantin depuis l'avènement de Basile Ier jusqu'à la prise de Bari par les Normands (867–1071). Albert Fontemoing.
- Granier, Thomas (2007). "La captivité de l'empereur Louis II à Bénévent (13 août–17 septembre 871) dans les sources des IXe–Xe siècles: l'écriture de l'histoire, de la fausse nouvelle au récit exemplaire". Faire l'événement au Moyen Âge. Presses universitaires de Provence. .
- Heath, Christopher (2015). "Third/Ninth-Century Violence: 'Saracens' and Sawdān in Erchempert's Historia". Al-Masāq. 27 (1): 24–40. .
- Kislinger, Ewald (2013). "Erster und zweiter Sieger. Zum byzantinisch-karolingischem Bündnis bezüglich Bari 870–871" [First and second victor: On the Byzantine–Carolingian alliance regarding Bari, 870–871]. Зборник радова Византолошког института (in German). L: 245–258. .
- Kreutz, Barbara (1996). Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Moravscik, Gyula; Jenkins, R. J. H., eds. (1967). Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio. Dumbarton Oaks.
- Musca, Giosuè (1964). L'emirato di Bari, 847–871. Edizioni Dedalo.
- Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006). The Age of the Δρομων: The Byzantine Navy, ca 500–1204. Brill.
- Purton, Peter Fraser (2009). A History of the Early Medieval Siege, c. 450–1220. Boydell Press.
- Stevović, Ivan D. (2001). "Byzantium, Byzantine Italy and Cities on the Eastern Coast of the Adriatic: The Case of Kotor and Dubrovnik" (PDF). Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta. 39: 165–182.
- Wickham, Chris (1981). Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000. Macmillan.