Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiane ( Louisiana Creole ) | |
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CODOFIL) | |
• Spoken language | As of 2010[7] |
CDT) | |
USPS abbreviation | LA |
ISO 3166 code | US-LA |
Traditional abbreviation | La. |
Latitude | 28° 56′ N to 33° 01′ N |
Longitude | 88° 49′ W to 94° 03′ W |
Website | louisiana |
Diatonic accordion | |
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State route marker | |
State quarter | |
Released in 2002 | |
Lists of United States state symbols |
Louisiana
Much of Louisiana's lands were formed from
Louisiana is situated at the confluence of the Mississippi river system and the Gulf of Mexico. Its location and biodiversity attracted various indigenous groups thousands of years before Europeans arrived in the 17th century. Louisiana has eighteen Native American tribes—the most of any southern state—of which four are federally recognized and ten are state recognized.[12] The French claimed the territory in 1682, and it became the political, commercial, and population center of the larger colony of New France. After a brief period of Spanish rule, Louisiana was returned to France in 1801 before being purchased by the U.S. in 1803; it was admitted to the Union in 1812 as the 18th state.
Following statehood, Louisiana saw an influx of settlers from the eastern U.S. as well as immigrants from the West Indies, Germany, and Ireland. It experienced an agricultural boom, particularly in cotton and sugarcane, which were cultivated primarily by slaves imported from Africa. As a slave state, Louisiana was one of the original seven members of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.
Louisiana's unique French heritage is reflected in its toponyms, dialects, customs, demographics, and legal system. Relative to the rest of the southern U.S., Louisiana is
Based on national averages, Louisiana frequently ranks low among U.S. states in terms of health,
Etymology
Louisiana was named after
History
Pre–colonial history
The area of Louisiana is the place of origin of the
Nearly 2,000 years later, Poverty Point was built; it is the largest and best-known Late Archaic site in the state. The city of modern–day Epps developed near it. The Poverty Point culture may have reached its peak around 1500 BC, making it the first complex culture, and possibly the first tribal culture in North America.[29] It lasted until approximately 700 BC.
The Poverty Point culture was followed by the
These cultures were contemporaneous with the
By 400 the
The Mississippian period in Louisiana was when the Plaquemine and the Caddoan Mississippian cultures developed, and the peoples adopted extensive maize agriculture, cultivating different strains of the plant by saving seeds, selecting for certain characteristics, etc. The Plaquemine culture in the lower Mississippi River Valley in western Mississippi and eastern Louisiana began in 1200 and continued to about 1600. Examples in Louisiana include the Medora site, the archaeological type site for the culture in West Baton Rouge Parish whose characteristics helped define the culture,[38] the Atchafalaya Basin Mounds in St. Mary Parish,[39] the Fitzhugh Mounds in Madison Parish,[40] the Scott Place Mounds in Union Parish,[41] and the Sims site in St. Charles Parish.[42]
Plaquemine culture was contemporaneous with the Middle Mississippian culture that is represented by its largest settlement, the
By 1000 in the northwestern part of the state, the Fourche Maline culture had evolved into the Caddoan Mississippian culture. The Caddoan Mississippians occupied a large territory, including what is now eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeast
Many current place names in Louisiana, including
Exploration and colonization by Europeans
The first European explorers to visit Louisiana came in 1528 when a Spanish expedition led by
In the late 17th century, French and French Canadian expeditions, which included sovereign, religious and commercial aims, established a foothold on the Mississippi River and Gulf Coast. With its first settlements, France laid claim to a vast region of North America and set out to establish a commercial empire and French nation stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada.
In 1682, the French explorer
A royal ordinance of 1722—following the Crown's transfer of the
The settlement of Natchitoches (along the Red River in present-day northwest Louisiana) was established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis,[49] making it the oldest permanent European settlement in the modern state of Louisiana. The French settlement had two purposes: to establish trade with the Spanish in Texas via the Old San Antonio Road, and to deter Spanish advances into Louisiana. The settlement soon became a flourishing river port and crossroads, giving rise to vast cotton kingdoms along the river that were worked by imported African slaves. Over time, planters developed large plantations and built fine homes in a growing town. This became a pattern repeated in New Orleans and other places, although the commodity crop in the south was primarily sugar cane.
Louisiana's French settlements contributed to further exploration and outposts, concentrated along the banks of the Mississippi and its major tributaries, from Louisiana to as far north as the region called the
Initially, Mobile and then Biloxi served as the capital of La Louisiane.[50][51] Recognizing the importance of the Mississippi River to trade and military interests, and wanting to protect the capital from severe coastal storms, France developed New Orleans from 1722 as the seat of civilian and military authority south of the Great Lakes. From then until the United States acquired the territory in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, France and Spain jockeyed for control of New Orleans and the lands west of the Mississippi.
In the 1720s, German immigrants settled along the Mississippi River, in a region referred to as the German Coast.
France ceded most of its territory east of the Mississippi to
In 1765, during Spanish rule, several thousand
Spanish Canary Islanders, called
Expansion of slavery
Starting in 1719, traders began to import slaves in higher numbers; two French ships, the Du Maine and the Aurore, arrived in New Orleans carrying more than 500 black slaves coming from Africa. Previous slaves in Louisiana had been transported from French colonies in the West Indies. By the end of 1721, New Orleans counted 1,256 inhabitants, of whom about half were slaves.
In 1724, the French government issued a law called the Code Noir ("Black Code" in English) which regulated the interaction of whites (blancs) and blacks (noirs) in its colony of Louisiana (which was much larger than the current state of Louisiana).[56] The law consisted of 57 articles, which regulated religion in the colony, outlawed "interracial" marriages (those between people of different skin color, the varying shades of which were also defined by law), restricted manumission, outlined legal punishment of slaves for various offenses, and defined some obligations of owners to their slaves. The main intent of the French government was to assert control over the slave system of agriculture in Louisiana and to impose restrictions on slaveowners there. In practice, the Code Noir was exceedingly difficult to enforce from afar. Some priests continued to perform interracial marriage ceremonies, for example, and some slaveholders continued to manumit slaves without permission while others punished slaves brutally.
Article II of the Code Noir of 1724 required owners to provide their slaves with religious education in the state religion, Roman Catholicism. Sunday was to be a day of rest for slaves. On days off, slaves were expected to feed and take care of themselves. During the 1740s economic crisis in the colony, owners had trouble feeding their slaves and themselves. Giving them time off also effectively gave more power to slaves, who started cultivating their own gardens and crafting items for sale as their own property. They began to participate in the economic development of the colony while at the same time increasing independence and self-subsistence.
Article VI of the Code Noir forbade mixed marriages; however, the Code did little to protect slave women from rape by their owners, overseers or other slaves. On balance, the code benefitted the owners but had more protections and flexibility than did the institution of slavery in the southern Thirteen Colonies.
The Louisiana Black Code of 1806 made the cruel punishment of slaves a crime, but owners and overseers were seldom prosecuted for such acts.[57]
Fugitive slaves, called maroons, could easily hide in the backcountry of the bayous and survive in small settlements.[58] The word "maroon" comes from the Spanish "cimarron", meaning "fugitive cattle".[59]
In the late 18th century, the last Spanish governor of the Louisiana territory wrote:
Truly, it is impossible for lower Louisiana to get along without slaves and with the use of slaves, the colony had been making great strides toward prosperity and wealth.[60]
When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, it was soon accepted that enslaved Africans could be brought to Louisiana as easily as they were brought to neighboring Mississippi, though it violated U.S. law to do so.[60] Despite demands by United States Rep. James Hillhouse and by the pamphleteer Thomas Paine to enforce existing federal law against slavery in the newly acquired territory,[60] slavery prevailed because it was the source of great profits and the lowest-cost labor.
At the start of the 19th century, Louisiana was a small producer of sugar with a relatively small number of slaves, compared to Saint-Domingue and the West Indies. It soon thereafter became a major sugar producer as new settlers arrived to develop plantations. William C. C. Claiborne, Louisiana's first United States governor, said African slave labor was needed because white laborers "cannot be had in this unhealthy climate."[61] Hugh Thomas wrote that Claiborne was unable to enforce the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, which the U.S. and Great Britain enacted in 1807. The United States continued to protect the domestic slave trade, including the coastwise trade—the transport of slaves by ship along the Atlantic Coast and to New Orleans and other Gulf ports.
By 1840, New Orleans had the biggest slave market in the United States, which contributed greatly to the economy of the city and of the state. New Orleans had become one of the wealthiest cities, and the third largest city, in the nation.[62] The ban on the African slave trade and importation of slaves had increased demand in the domestic market. During the decades after the American Revolutionary War, more than one million enslaved African Americans underwent forced migration from the Upper South to the Deep South, two thirds of them in the slave trade. Others were transported by their owners as slaveholders moved west for new lands.[63][64]
With changing agriculture in the Upper South as planters shifted from tobacco to less labor-intensive mixed agriculture, planters had excess laborers. Many sold slaves to traders to take to the Deep South. Slaves were driven by traders overland from the Upper South or transported to New Orleans and other coastal markets by ship in the coastwise slave trade. After sales in New Orleans, steamboats operating on the Mississippi transported slaves upstream to markets or plantation destinations at Natchez and Memphis.
Interestingly, for a slave-state, Louisiana harbored escaped Filipino slaves from the
Asylum and influence of Creoles from Saint-Domingue
Spanish occupation of Louisiana lasted from 1769 to 1800.
Purchase by the United States
When the United States won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, one of its major concerns was having a European power on its western boundary, and the need for unrestricted access to the Mississippi River. As American settlers pushed west, they found that the Appalachian Mountains provided a barrier to shipping goods eastward. The easiest way to ship produce was to use a flatboat to float it down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to the port of New Orleans, where goods could be put on ocean-going vessels. The problem with this route was that the Spanish owned both sides of the Mississippi below Natchez.
Napoleon's ambitions in Louisiana involved the creation of a new empire centered on the
An official transfer of Louisiana to French ownership had not yet taken place, and Napoleon's deal with the Spanish was a poorly kept secret on the frontier. On October 18, 1802, however, Juan Ventura Morales, acting intendant of Louisiana, made public the intention of Spain to revoke the right of deposit at New Orleans for all cargo from the United States. The closure of this vital port to the United States caused anger and consternation. Commerce in the west was virtually blockaded. Historians believe the revocation of the right of deposit was prompted by abuses by the Americans, particularly smuggling, and not by French intrigues as was believed at the time. President Jefferson ignored public pressure for war with France, and appointed James Monroe a special envoy to Napoleon, to assist in obtaining New Orleans for the United States. Jefferson also raised the authorized expenditure to $10 million.[80]
However, on April 11, 1803, French foreign minister
Part of this sum, $3.5 million, was used to forgive debts owed by France to the United States.[81] The payment was made in United States bonds, which Napoleon sold at face value to the Dutch firm of Hope and Company, and the British banking house of Baring, at a discount of 87+1⁄2 per each $100 unit. As a result, France received only $8,831,250 in cash for Louisiana. English banker Alexander Baring conferred with Marbois in Paris, shuttled to the United States to pick up the bonds, took them to Britain, and returned to France with the money—which Napoleon used to wage war against Baring's own country.
When news of the purchase reached the United States, Jefferson was surprised. He had authorized the expenditure of $10 million for a port city, and instead received treaties committing the government to spend $15 million on a land package which would double the size of the country. Jefferson's political opponents in the
By statute enacted on October 31, 1803, President Thomas Jefferson was authorized to take possession of the territories ceded by France and provide for initial governance.
Shortly after the United States took possession, the area was divided into two territories along the 33rd parallel north on March 26, 1804, thereby organizing the Territory of Orleans to the south and the District of Louisiana (subsequently formed as the Louisiana Territory) to the north.[84]
Statehood
Louisiana became the eighteenth U.S. state on April 30, 1812; the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana and the Louisiana Territory was simultaneously renamed the Missouri Territory.[85]
At its creation, the state of Louisiana did not include the area north and east of the Mississippi River known as the Florida Parishes. On April 14, 1812, Congress had authorized Louisiana to expand its borders to include the Florida Parishes,[86][87] but the border change required approval of the state legislature, which it did not give until August 4.[88] For the roughly three months in between, the northern border of eastern Louisiana was the course of Bayou Manchac and the middle of Lake Maurepas and Lake Pontchartrain.[89]
From 1824 to 1861, Louisiana moved from a political system based on personality and ethnicity to a distinct two-party system, with Democrats competing first against Whigs, then Know Nothings, and finally only other Democrats.[90]
Secession and the Civil War
According to the 1860 census, 331,726 people were enslaved, nearly 47% of the state's total population of 708,002.[91] The strong economic interest of elite whites in maintaining the slave society contributed to Louisiana's decision to secede from the Union on January 26, 1861.[92] It followed other U.S. states in seceding after the election of Abraham Lincoln as president of the United States. Louisiana's secession was announced on January 26, 1861, and it became part of the Confederate States of America.
The state was quickly defeated in the Civil War, a result of Union strategy to cut the Confederacy in two by controlling the Mississippi River. Federal troops captured New Orleans on April 25, 1862. Because a large part of the population had Union sympathies (or compatible commercial interests), the federal government took the unusual step of designating the areas of Louisiana under federal control as a state within the Union, with its own elected representatives to the U.S. Congress.[93][94]
Post–Civil War to mid–20th century
Following the American Civil War and emancipation of slaves, violence rose in the southern U.S. as the war was carried on by insurgent private and paramilitary groups. During the initial period after the war, there was a massive rise in black participation in terms of voting and
Following the
African Americans began to live as citizens with some measure of equality before the law. Both freedmen and people of color who had been free before the war began to make more advances in education, family stability and jobs. At the same time, there was tremendous social volatility in the aftermath of war, with many whites actively resisting defeat and the free labor market. White
By 1877, when federal forces were withdrawn, white Democrats in Louisiana and other states had regained control of state legislatures, often by paramilitary groups such as the
The state population in 1900 was 47% African American: a total of 652,013 citizens. Many in New Orleans were descendants of Creoles of color, the sizeable population of free people of color before the Civil War.
In the early decades of the 20th century, thousands of African Americans left Louisiana in the
In 1920 the state had no continuous paved roads running east to west or north to south which traversed the entire state.[100]
During some of the Great Depression, Louisiana was led by Governor Huey Long. He was elected to office on populist appeal. His public works projects provided thousands of jobs to people in need, and he supported education and increased suffrage for poor whites, but Long was criticized for his allegedly demagogic and autocratic style. He extended patronage control through every branch of Louisiana's state government. Especially controversial were his plans for wealth redistribution in the state. Long's rule ended abruptly when he was assassinated in the state capitol in 1935.[101]
Mid–20th century to present
Mobilization for World War II created jobs in the state. But thousands of other workers, black and white alike, migrated to California for better jobs in its burgeoning defense industry. Many African Americans left the state in the Second Great Migration, from the 1940s through the 1960s to escape social oppression and seek better jobs. The mechanization of agriculture in the 1930s had sharply cut the need for laborers. They sought skilled jobs in the defense industry in California, better education for their children, and living in communities where they could vote.[102]
On November 26, 1958, at
In the 1950s the state created new requirements for a citizenship test for voter registration. Despite opposition by the
Despite this, gradually black voter registration and turnout increased to 20% and more, and it was 32% by 1964, when the first national civil rights legislation of the era was passed.
Violent attacks on civil rights activists in two mill towns were catalysts to the founding of the first two chapters of the Deacons for Defense and Justice in late 1964 and early 1965, in Jonesboro and Bogalusa, respectively. Made up of veterans of World War II and the Korean War, they were armed self-defense groups established to protect activists and their families. Continued violent white resistance in Bogalusa to blacks trying to use public facilities in 1965, following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, caused the federal government to order local police to protect the activists.[107] Other chapters were formed in Mississippi and Alabama.
By 1960 the proportion of African Americans in Louisiana had dropped to 32%. The 1,039,207 black citizens were still suppressed by segregation and disfranchisement.[108] African Americans continued to suffer disproportionate discriminatory application of the state's voter registration rules. Because of better opportunities elsewhere, from 1965 to 1970, blacks continued to migrate out of Louisiana, for a net loss of more than 37,000 people. Based on official census figures, the African American population in 1970 stood at 1,085,109, a net gain of more than 46,000 people compared to 1960. During the latter period, some people began to migrate to cities of the New South for opportunities.[109] Since that period, blacks entered the political system and began to be elected to office, as well as having other opportunities.
On May 21, 1919, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving women full rights to vote, was passed at a national level, and was made the law throughout the United States on August 18, 1920. Louisiana finally ratified the amendment on June 11, 1970.[110]
Due to its location on the Gulf Coast, Louisiana has regularly suffered the effects of tropical storms and damaging hurricanes. On August 29, 2005, New Orleans and many other low-lying parts of the state along the Gulf of Mexico were hit by the catastrophic Hurricane Katrina.[111] It caused widespread damage due to breaching of levees and large-scale flooding of more than 80% of the city. Officials had issued warnings to evacuate the city and nearby areas, but tens of thousands of people, mostly African Americans, stayed behind, many of them stranded. Many people died and survivors suffered through the damage of the widespread floodwaters.
In July 2016 the
The first case of COVID-19 in Louisiana was announced on March 9, 2020.[120] As of October 27, 2020, there had been 180,069 confirmed cases; 5,854 people have died of COVID-19.[121][needs update]
Geography
Louisiana is bordered to the west by
The breadth of the alluvial region along the Mississippi is 10–60 miles (15–100 km), and along the other rivers, the alluvial region averages about 10 miles (15 km) across. The Mississippi River flows along a ridge formed by its natural deposits (known as a levee), from which the lands decline toward a river beyond at an average fall of six feet per mile (3 m/km). The alluvial lands along other streams present similar features.
The higher and contiguous hill lands of the north and northwestern part of the state have an area of more than 25,000 square miles (65,000 km2). They consist of prairie and woodlands. The elevations above sea level range from 10 feet (3 m) at the coast and swamp lands to 50–60 feet (15–18 m) at the prairie and alluvial lands. In the uplands and hills, the elevations rise to
Besides the waterways named, there are the
The state also has political jurisdiction over the approximately 3-mile (4.8 km)-wide portion of
The southern coast of Louisiana in the United States is among the fastest-disappearing areas in the world. This has largely resulted from human mismanagement of the coast (see Wetlands of Louisiana). At one time, the land was added to when spring floods from the Mississippi River added sediment and stimulated marsh growth; the land is now shrinking. There are multiple causes.[125][126]
Artificial levees block spring flood water that would bring fresh water and sediment to marshes. Swamps have been extensively logged, leaving canals and ditches that allow salt water to move inland. Canals dug for the oil and gas industry also allow storms to move sea water inland, where it damages swamps and marshes. Rising sea waters have exacerbated the problem. Some researchers estimate that the state is losing a landmass equivalent to 30 football fields every day. There are many proposals to save coastal areas by reducing human damage, including restoring natural floods from the Mississippi. Without such restoration, coastal communities will continue to disappear.
The
Geology
The oldest rocks in Louisiana are exposed in the north, in areas such as the
Between the tertiary rocks of the north, and the relatively new sediments along the coast, is a vast belt known as the Pleistocene Terraces. Their age and distribution can be largely related to the rise and fall of sea levels during past ice ages. The northern terraces have had sufficient time for rivers to cut deep channels, while the newer terraces tend to be much flatter.[132]
Flora and fauna
Climate
Louisiana has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild winters. The subtropical characteristics of the state are due to its low latitude, low lying topography, and the influence of the Gulf of Mexico, which at its farthest point is no more than 200 mi (320 km) away.
Rain is frequent throughout the year, although from April to September is slightly wetter than the rest of the year, which is the state's wet season. There is a dip in precipitation in October. In summer, thunderstorms build during the heat of the day and bring intense but brief, tropical downpours. In winter, rainfall is more frontal and less intense.
Summers in southern Louisiana have high temperatures from June through September averaging 90 °F (32 °C) or more, and overnight lows averaging above 70 °F (21 °C). At times, temperatures in the 90s °F (32–37 °C), combined with
Temperatures are generally warm in the winter in the southern part of the state, with highs around New Orleans, Baton Rouge, the rest of southern Louisiana, and the Gulf of Mexico averaging 66 °F (19 °C). The northern part of the state is mildly cool in the winter, with highs averaging 59 °F (15 °C). The overnight lows in the winter average well above freezing throughout the state, with 46 °F (8 °C) the average near the Gulf and an average low of 37 °F (3 °C) in the winter in the northern part of the state.
On occasion, cold fronts from low-pressure centers to the north, reach Louisiana in winter. Low temperatures near 20 °F (−7 °C) occur on occasion in the northern part of the state but rarely do so in the southern part of the state. Snow is rare near the Gulf of Mexico, although residents in the northern parts of the state might receive a dusting of snow a few times each decade.[135][136][137][138] Louisiana's highest recorded temperature is 114 °F (46 °C) in Plain Dealing on August 10, 1936, while the coldest recorded temperature is −16 °F (−27 °C) at Minden on February 13, 1899.
Louisiana is often affected by tropical cyclones and is very vulnerable to strikes by major hurricanes, particularly the lowlands around and in the New Orleans area. The unique geography of the region, with the many bayous, marshes and inlets, can result in water damage across a wide area from major hurricanes. The area is also prone to frequent thunderstorms, especially in the summer.[139]
The entire state averages over 60 days of thunderstorms a year, more than any other state except Florida. Louisiana averages 27 tornadoes annually. The entire state is vulnerable to a tornado strike, with the extreme southern portion of the state slightly less so than the rest of the state. Tornadoes are more common from January to March in the southern part of the state, and from February through March in the northern part of the state.[139] Louisiana is partially within the area of tornado activity called Dixie Alley, and the state has tornadoes which tend to be unpredictable but localized.[140]
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annual | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shreveport[141] | 47.0/8.3 | 50.8/10.4 | 58.1/14.5 | 65.5/18.6 | 73.4/23.0 | 80.0/26.7 | 83.2/28.4 | 83.3/28.5 | 77.1/25.1 | 66.6/19.2 | 56.6/13.7 | 48.3/9.1 | 65.9/18.8 |
Monroe[141] | 46.3/7.9 | 50.3/10.2 | 57.8/14.3 | 65.6/18.7 | 73.9/23.3 | 80.4/26.9 | 82.8/28.2 | 82.5/28.1 | 76.5/24.7 | 66.0/18.9 | 56.3/13.5 | 48.0/8.9 | 65.5/18.6 |
Alexandria[141] | 48.5/9.2 | 52.1/11.2 | 59.3/15.2 | 66.4/19.1 | 74.5/23.6 | 80.7/27.1 | 83.2/28.4 | 83.2/28.4 | 78.0/25.6 | 68.0/20.0 | 58.6/14.8 | 50.2/10.1 | 66.9/19.4 |
Lake Charles[142] | 51.8/11.0 | 55.0/12.8 | 61.4/16.3 | 68.1/20.1 | 75.6/24.2 | 81.1/27.3 | 82.9/28.3 | 83.0/28.3 | 78.7/25.9 | 70.1/21.2 | 61.1/16.2 | 53.8/12.1 | 68.6/20.3 |
Lafayette[142] | 51.8/11.0 | 55.2/12.9 | 61.5/16.4 | 68.3/20.2 | 75.9/24.4 | 81.0/27.2 | 82.8/28.2 | 82.9/28.3 | 78.5/25.8 | 69.7/20.9 | 61.0/16.1 | 53.7/12.1 | 68.5/20.3 |
Baton Rouge[143] | 51.3/10.7 | 54.6/12.6 | 61.1/16.2 | 67.6/19.8 | 75.2/24.0 | 80.7/27.1 | 82.5/28.1 | 82.5/28.1 | 78.1/25.6 | 68.9/20.5 | 60.0/15.6 | 52.9/11.6 | 68.0/20.0 |
New Orleans[143] | 54.3/12.4 | 57.6/14.2 | 63.6/17.6 | 70.1/21.2 | 77.5/25.3 | 82.4/28.0 | 84.0/28.9 | 84.1/28.9 | 80.2/26.8 | 72.2/22.3 | 63.5/17.5 | 56.2/13.4 | 70.3/21.3 |
Publicly owned land
Owing to its location and geology, the state has high biological diversity. Some vital areas, such as southwestern prairie, have experienced a loss in excess of 98 percent. The pine flatwoods are also at great risk, mostly from fire suppression and urban sprawl. There is not yet a properly organized system of natural areas to represent and protect Louisiana's biological diversity. Such a system would consist of a protected system of core areas linked by biological corridors, such as Florida is planning.[144]
Louisiana contains a number of areas which, to varying degrees, prevent people from using them.
One of Louisiana's largest government-owned areas is Kisatchie National Forest. It is some 600,000 acres in area, more than half of which is
National Park Service
Historic or scenic areas managed, protected, or recognized by the National Park Service include:
- Atchafalaya National Heritage Area in Ascension Parish;
- Cane River National Heritage Area near Natchitoches;
- Cane River Creole National Historical Park near Natchitoches;
- Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve, headquartered in New Orleans, with units in St. Bernard Parish, Barataria (Crown Point), and Acadiana (Lafayette);
- Poverty Point National Monumentat Delhi, Louisiana; and
- Winn Parishin northern Louisiana.
U.S. Forest Service
- Kisatchie National Forest is Louisiana's only national forest. It includes more than 600,000 acres in central and northern Louisiana with large areas of flatwoods and longleaf pine forest.[147][148]
Major cities
Louisiana contains 308 incorporated municipalities, consisting of four
.Rank | Name
|
Parish
|
Pop. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | New Orleans |
Orleans |
383,997 | Shreveport Lafayette | |||||
2 | Baton Rouge | East Baton Rouge | 227,470 | ||||||
3 | Shreveport | Caddo | 187,593 | ||||||
4 | Lafayette | Lafayette | 121,374 | ||||||
5 | Lake Charles | Calcasieu | 84,872 | ||||||
6 | Kenner | Jefferson | 66,448 | ||||||
7 | Bossier City | Bossier | 62,701 | ||||||
8 | Monroe | Ouachita | 47,702 | ||||||
9 | Alexandria | Rapides | 45,275 | ||||||
10 | Houma | Terrebonne | 33,406 |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1810 | 76,556 | — | |
1820 | 153,407 | 100.4% | |
1830 | 215,739 | 40.6% | |
1840 | 352,411 | 63.4% | |
1850 | 517,762 | 46.9% | |
1860 | 708,002 | 36.7% | |
1870 | 726,915 | 2.7% | |
1880 | 939,946 | 29.3% | |
1890 | 1,118,588 | 19.0% | |
1900 | 1,381,625 | 23.5% | |
1910 | 1,656,388 | 19.9% | |
1920 | 1,798,509 | 8.6% | |
1930 | 2,101,593 | 16.9% | |
1940 | 2,363,516 | 12.5% | |
1950 | 2,683,516 | 13.5% | |
1960 | 3,257,022 | 21.4% | |
1970 | 3,641,306 | 11.8% | |
1980 | 4,205,900 | 15.5% | |
1990 | 4,219,973 | 0.3% | |
2000 | 4,468,976 | 5.9% | |
2010 | 4,533,372 | 1.4% | |
2020 | 4,657,757 | 2.7% | |
2023 (est.) | 4,573,749 | −1.8% | |
Sources: 1910–2020[152] |
The majority of the state's population lives in southern Louisiana, spread throughout Greater New Orleans, the Florida Parishes, and Acadiana,[153][154][155] while Central and North Louisiana have been stagnating and losing population.[156] From the 2020 U.S. census, Louisiana had an apportioned population of 4,661,468.[157][158][159] Its resident population was 4,657,757 as of 2020.[160] In 2010, the state of Louisiana had a population of 4,533,372, up from 76,556 in 1810.
Despite historically positive trends of population growth leading up to the 2020 census, Louisiana began to experience population decline and stagnation since 2021, with Southwest Louisiana's Calcasieu and Cameron parishes losing more than 5% of their populations individually.[161] Experiencing decline due to deaths and emigration to other states outpacing births and in-migration,[162][163][164][165] Louisiana's 2022 census-estimated population was 4,590,241.[166]
According to immigration statistics in 2019, approximately 4.2% of Louisianians were immigrants, while 2% were native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent. The majority of Louisianian immigrants came from Honduras (18.8%), Mexico (13.6%), Vietnam (11.3%), Cuba (5.8%), and India (4.4%); an estimated 29.4% were undocumented immigrants.[167] Its documented and undocumented population collectively paid $1.2 billion in taxes.[167] New Orleans has been defined as a sanctuary city.[168][169][170]
The population density of the state is 104.9 people per square mile.[171] The center of population of Louisiana is located in Pointe Coupee Parish, in the city of New Roads.[172] According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 7,373 homeless people in Louisiana.[173][174]
Race and ethnicity
Race and ethnicity[175] | Alone | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic)
|
55.8% | 58.7% | ||
African American (non-Hispanic) | 31.2% | 32.6% | ||
Hispanic or Latino[c] | — | 6.9% | ||
Asian | 1.8% | 2.3% | ||
Native American | 0.6% | 1.9% | ||
Pacific Islander | 0.04% | 0.1% | ||
Other | 0.4% | 1.1% |
Non-Hispanic White 40–50%50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%90%+Black or African American 40–50%50–60%60–70%70–80%
Several American Indian tribes such as the Atakapa and Caddo inhabited Louisiana before European colonization, concentrated along the Red River and Gulf of Mexico.[176][177][178][179] At the beginning of French and Spanish colonization of Louisiana, white and black Americans began to move into the area.[180][181] From French and Spanish rule in Louisiana, they were joined by Filipinos, Germans and Spaniards both slave and free, who settled in enclaves within the Greater New Orleans region and Acadiana;[182][183][184][185] some of the Spanish-descended communities became the Isleños of St. Bernard Parish.[53]
By the 19th and 20th centuries, the state's most-populous racial and ethnic group fluctuated between white and black Americans; 47% of the population was black or African American in 1900.[186] The black Louisianian population declined following migration to states including New York and California in efforts to flee Jim Crow regulations.[187]
At the end of the 20th century, Louisiana's population has experienced diversification again, and its
At the 2019 American Community Survey, the largest ancestry groups of Louisiana were African American (31.4%), French (9.6%), German (6.2%), English (4.6%), Italian (4.2%), and Scottish (0.9%).[191] African American and French heritage have been dominant since colonial Louisiana. As of 2011, 49.0% of Louisiana's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[192]
Religion
As an ethnically and culturally diverse state, pre-colonial, colonial and present-day Louisianians have adhered to a variety of religions and spiritual traditions; pre-colonial and colonial Louisianian peoples practiced various Native American religions alongside Christianity through the establishment of Spanish and French missions;[194] and other faiths including Haitian Vodou and Louisiana Voodoo were introduced to the state and are practiced to the present day.[195] In the colonial and present-day U.S. state of Louisiana, Christianity grew to become its predominant religion, representing 84% of the adult population in 2014 and 76.5% in 2020,[196][197] during two separate studies by the Pew Research Center and Public Religion Research Institute.
Among its Christian population—and in common with other southern U.S. states—the majority, particularly in the north of the state, belong to various Protestant denominations. Protestantism was introduced to the state in the 1800s, with Baptists establishing two churches in 1812, followed by Methodists; Episcopalians first entered the state by 1805.[198] Protestant Christians made up 57% of the state's adult population at the 2014 Pew Research Center study, and 53% at the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's study. Protestants are concentrated in North Louisiana, Central Louisiana, and the northern tier of the Florida Parishes.
Because of French and Spanish heritage, and their descendants the Creoles, and later Irish, Italian, Portuguese and German immigrants, southern Louisiana and Greater New Orleans are predominantly Catholic in contrast; according to the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute study, 22% of the adult population were Catholic.[197] Since Creoles were the first settlers, planters and leaders of the territory, they have traditionally been well represented in politics; for instance, most of the early governors were Creole Catholics, instead of Protestants.[194] As Catholics continue to constitute a significant fraction of Louisiana's population, they have continued to be influential in state politics. The high proportion and influence of the Catholic population makes Louisiana distinct among southern states.[d] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans, Diocese of Baton Rouge, and Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana are the largest Catholic jurisdictions in the state, located within the Greater New Orleans, Greater Baton Rouge, and Lafayette metropolitan statistical areas.
Louisiana was among the southern states with a significant Jewish population before the 20th century; Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia also had influential Jewish populations in some of their major cities from the 18th and 19th centuries. The earliest Jewish colonists were Sephardic Jews who immigrated to the Thirteen Colonies. Later in the 19th century, German Jews began to immigrate, followed by those from eastern Europe and the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jewish communities have been established in the state's larger cities, notably New Orleans and Baton Rouge.[199][200] The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area. In 2000, before the 2005 Hurricane Katrina, its population was about 12,000. Dominant Jewish movements in the state include Orthodox and Reform Judaism; Reform Judaism was the largest Jewish tradition in the state according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, representing some 5,891 Jews.[201] Prominent Jews in Louisiana's political leadership have included Whig (later Democrat)
Other non-Christian and non-Jewish religions with a continuous, historical presence in the state have been Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism. In the Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area, Muslims made up an estimated 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population as of 2014.[203] In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were 24,732 Muslims living in the state.[201] The largest Islamic denominations in the major metropolises of Louisiana were Sunni Islam, non-denominational Islam and Quranism, Shia Islam, and the Nation of Islam.[204]
Among Louisiana's irreligious community, 2% affiliated with atheism and 13% claimed no religion as of 2014; an estimated 10% of the state's population practiced nothing in particular at the 2014 study. According to the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020, 19% were religiously unaffiliated.[197]
Economy
Louisiana's population,
The
From 2010 to 2020, Louisiana's
Louisiana has three personal income tax brackets, ranging from 2% to 6%. The state sales tax rate is 4.45%, and parishes can levy additional sales tax on top of this. The state also has a use tax, which includes 4% to be distributed to local governments. Property taxes are assessed and collected at the local level. Louisiana is a subsidized state, and Louisiana taxpayers receive more federal funding per dollar of federal taxes paid compared to the average state.[223] Per dollar of federal tax collected in 2005, Louisiana citizens received approximately $1.78 in the way of federal spending. This ranks the state fourth highest nationally and represents a rise from 1995 when Louisiana received $1.35 per dollar of taxes in federal spending (ranked seventh nationally). Neighboring states and the amount of federal spending received per dollar of federal tax collected were: Texas ($0.94), Arkansas ($1.41), and Mississippi ($2.02). Federal spending in 2005 and subsequent years since has been exceptionally high due to the recovery from Hurricane Katrina.
Culture
Louisiana is home to many cultures; especially notable are the distinct cultures of the
African culture
The French colony of La Louisiane struggled for decades to survive. Conditions were harsh, the climate and soil were unsuitable for certain crops the colonists knew, and they suffered from regional tropical diseases. Both colonists and the slaves they imported had high mortality rates. The settlers kept importing slaves, which resulted in a high proportion of native Africans from West Africa, who continued to practice their culture in new surroundings. As described by historian Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, they developed a marked Afro-Creole culture in the colonial era.[224][225]
At the turn of the 18th century and in the early 1800s, New Orleans received a major influx of White and mixed-race refugees fleeing the violence of the Haitian Revolution, many of whom brought their slaves with them.[226] This added another infusion of African culture to the city, as more slaves in Saint-Domingue were from Africa than in the United States. They strongly influenced the African-American culture of the city in terms of dance, music and religious practices.
Creole culture
Creole culture is an amalgamation of French, African, Spanish (and other European), and Native American cultures.[227] Creole comes from the Portuguese word crioulo; originally it referred to a colonist of European (specifically French) descent who was born in the New World, in comparison to immigrants from France.[228] The oldest Louisiana manuscript to use the word "Creole", from 1782, applied it to a slave born in the French colony.[229] But originally it referred more generally to the French colonists born in Louisiana.
Over time, there developed in the French colony a relatively large group of
Wealthy French Creoles generally maintained town houses in New Orleans as well as houses on their large sugar plantations outside town along the Mississippi River. New Orleans had the largest population of free people of color in the region; they could find work there and created their own culture, marrying among themselves for decades.
Acadian culture
The ancestors of
Other Acadians covertly remained in British North America or moved to New Spain. Many Acadians settled in southern Louisiana in the region around Lafayette and the LaFourche Bayou country. They developed a distinct rural culture there, different from the French Creole colonists of New Orleans. Intermarrying with others in the area, they developed what was called Cajun music, cuisine and culture.
Isleño culture
A third distinct culture in Louisiana is that of the Isleños. Its members are descendants of colonists from the
In Louisiana, the Isleños originally settled in four communities which included Galveztown, Valenzuela, Barataria, and San Bernardo. The large migration of
Through the centuries, the various Isleño communities of Louisiana have kept alive different elements of their Canary Islander heritage while also adopting and building upon the customs and traditions of the communities that surround them. Today two heritage associates exist for the communities: Los Isleños Heritage and Cultural Society of St. Bernard as well as the Canary Islanders Heritage Society of Louisiana. The Fiesta de los Isleños is celebrated annually in St. Bernard Parish which features heritage performances from local groups and the Canary Islands.[233]
Education
Despite ranking as the third-least educated state as of 2023, preceded by Mississippi and West Virginia,[19] Louisiana is home to over 40 public and private colleges and universities including: Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge; Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in Lafayette; and Tulane University in New Orleans. Louisiana State University is the largest and most comprehensive university in Louisiana;[234] Louisiana Tech University is one the most well regarded universities in Louisiana;[235][236][237] the University of Louisiana at Lafayette is the second largest by enrollment. The University of Louisiana at Lafayette became an R1 university in December 2021.[238] Tulane University is a major private research university and the wealthiest university in Louisiana with an endowment over $1.1 billion.[239] Tulane is also highly regarded for its academics nationwide, consistently ranked in the top 50 on U.S. News & World Report's list of best national universities.[240]
Louisiana's two oldest and largest
Of note among the education system, the Louisiana Science Education Act was a controversial law passed by the Louisiana Legislature on June 11, 2008, and signed into law by Governor Bobby Jindal on June 25.[242] The act allowed public school teachers to use supplemental materials in the science classroom which are critical of established science on such topics as the theory of evolution and global warming.[243][244]
In 2000, of all of the states, Louisiana had the highest percentage of students in private schools. Danielle Dreilinger of
Louisiana's school voucher program is known as the Louisiana Scholarship Program. It was available in the New Orleans area beginning in 2008 and in the rest of the state beginning in 2012.
Transportation
The
, floodplain management, port facilities, commercial vehicles, and aviation which includes 69 airports.Roads
Interstate highways |
United States highways
|
In 2011, Louisiana ranked among the five deadliest states for debris/litter-caused vehicle accidents per total number of registered vehicles and population size.[citation needed]
Rail
Louisiana passenger rail | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Six
Mass transit
Predominantly serving New Orleans, the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority is the largest transit agency in the state. Other transit organizations are St. Bernard Urban Rapid Transit, Jefferson Transit, Capital Area Transit System, Lafayette Transit System, Shreveport Area Transit System, and Monroe Transit, among others.
The Louisiana Transportation Authority (under the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development) was created in 2001 to "promote, plan, finance, develop, construct, control, regulate, operate and maintain any tollway or transitway to be constructed within its jurisdiction. Development, construction, improvement, expansion, and maintenance of an efficient, safe, and well-maintained intermodal transportation system is essential to promote Louisiana's economic growth and the ability of Louisiana's business and industry to compete in regional, national, and global markets and to provide a high quality of life for the people of Louisiana."[249]
Air
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (MSY) is the busiest airport in Louisiana by an order of magnitude. It is also the second lowest-lying international airport in the world, at just 4.5 feet (1.4 m) above sea level. There are six other primary airports in the state: Baton Rouge Metropolitan, Shreveport Regional, Lafayette Regional, Alexandria International, Monroe Regional, and Lake Charles Regional. A total of 69 public-use airports exist in Louisiana.[250]
Waterways
The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway is an important means of transporting commercial goods such as petroleum and petroleum products, agricultural produce, building materials and manufactured goods. In 2018, the state sued the federal government to repair erosion along the waterway.[251]
Law and government
In 1849, the state moved the capital from New Orleans to
The current Louisiana governor is
In a 2020 study, Louisiana was ranked as the 24th hardest state for citizens to vote in.[252]
The
Administrative divisions
Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes (the equivalent of counties in most other states).[254]
- List of parishes in Louisiana
- Louisiana census statistical areas
Most parishes have an elected government known as the Police Jury,[255] dating from the colonial days. It is the legislative and executive government of the parish, and is elected by the voters. Its members are called Jurors, and together they elect a president as their chairman.
A more limited number of parishes operate under home rule charters, electing various forms of government. This include mayor–council, council–manager (in which the council hires a professional operating manager for the parish), and others.
Civil law
The Louisiana political and legal structure has maintained several elements from the times of French and Spanish governance. One is the use of the term "
Louisiana's civil law system is what the majority of sovereign states in the world use, especially in Europe and its former colonies, excluding those that derive their legal systems from the British Empire. However, it is incorrect to equate the Louisiana Civil Code with the Napoleonic Code. Although the Napoleonic Code and Louisiana law draw from common legal roots, the Napoleonic Code was never in force in Louisiana, as it was enacted in 1804, after the United States had purchased and annexed Louisiana in 1803.[257]
The Louisiana Civil Code is the controlling authority on civil matters in the state and has been continuously revised and updated since its enactment in 1808. While some of the differences between the legal systems have been bridged due to the strong influence of common law tradition,[258] the civil law tradition is still deeply rooted in most aspects of Louisiana private law.[citation needed] Thus property, contractual, business entities structure, much of civil procedure, and family law, as well as some aspects of criminal law, are based mostly on traditional Roman legal thinking.[citation needed]
Marriage
In 1997, Louisiana became the first state to offer the option of a traditional marriage or a covenant marriage.[259] In a covenant marriage, the couple waives their right to a "no-fault" divorce after six months of separation, which is available in a traditional marriage. To divorce under a covenant marriage, a couple must demonstrate cause. Marriages between ascendants and descendants, and marriages between collaterals within the fourth degree (i.e., siblings, aunt and nephew, uncle and niece, first cousins) are prohibited.[260] Same-sex marriages were prohibited by statute,[261][262] but the U.S. Supreme Court declared such bans unconstitutional in 2015 in Obergefell v. Hodges. Same-sex marriages are now performed statewide. Louisiana is a community property state.[263]
Elections
Year | Republican / Whig | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 1,255,776 | 58.46% | 856,034 | 39.85% | 36,252 | 1.69% |
2016 | 1,178,638 | 58.09% | 780,154 | 38.45% | 70,240 | 3.46% |
2012 | 1,152,262 | 57.78% | 809,141 | 40.58% | 32,662 | 1.64% |
2008 | 1,148,275 | 58.56% | 782,989 | 39.93% | 29,497 | 1.50% |
2004 | 1,102,169 | 56.72% | 820,299 | 42.22% | 20,638 | 1.06% |
2000 | 927,871 | 52.55% | 792,344 | 44.88% | 45,441 | 2.57% |
1996 | 712,586 | 39.94% | 927,837 | 52.01% | 143,536 | 8.05% |
1992 | 733,386 | 40.97% | 815,971 | 45.58% | 240,660 | 13.44% |
1988 | 883,702 | 54.27% | 717,460 | 44.06% | 27,040 | 1.66% |
1984 | 1,037,299 | 60.77% | 651,586 | 38.18% | 17,937 | 1.05% |
1980 | 792,853 | 51.20% | 708,453 | 45.75% | 47,285 | 3.05% |
1976 | 587,446 | 45.95% | 661,365 | 51.73% | 29,628 | 2.32% |
1972 | 686,852 | 65.32% | 298,142 | 28.35% | 66,497 | 6.32% |
1968 | 257,535 | 23.47% | 309,615 | 28.21% | 530,300 | 48.32% |
1964 | 509,225 | 56.81% | 387,068 | 43.19% | 0 | 0.00% |
1960 | 230,980 | 28.59% | 407,339 | 50.42% | 169,572 | 20.99% |
1956 | 329,047 | 53.28% | 243,977 | 39.51% | 44,520 | 7.21% |
1952 | 306,925 | 47.08% | 345,027 | 52.92% | 0 | 0.00% |
1948 | 72,657 | 17.45% | 136,344 | 32.75% | 207,335 | 49.80% |
1944 | 67,750 | 19.39% | 281,564 | 80.59% | 69 | 0.02% |
1940 | 52,446 | 14.09% | 319,751 | 85.88% | 108 | 0.03% |
1936 | 36,791 | 11.16% | 292,894 | 88.82% | 93 | 0.03% |
1932 | 18,853 | 7.01% | 249,418 | 92.79% | 533 | 0.20% |
1928 | 51,160 | 23.70% | 164,655 | 76.29% | 18 | 0.01% |
1924 | 24,670 | 20.23% | 93,218 | 76.44% | 4,063 | 3.33% |
1920 | 38,538 | 30.49% | 87,519 | 69.24% | 339 | 0.27% |
1916 | 6,466 | 6.95% | 79,875 | 85.90% | 6,641 | 7.14% |
1912 | 3,833 | 4.84% | 60,871 | 76.81% | 14,544 | 18.35% |
1908 | 8,958 | 11.93% | 63,568 | 84.63% | 2,591 | 3.45% |
1904 | 5,205 | 9.66% | 47,708 | 88.50% | 995 | 1.85% |
1900 | 14,234 | 20.96% | 53,668 | 79.03% | 4 | 0.01% |
1896 | 22,037 | 21.81% | 77,175 | 76.38% | 1,834 | 1.82% |
1892 | 26,963 | 23.47% | 87,926 | 76.53% | 0 | 0.00% |
1888 | 30,660 | 26.46% | 85,032 | 73.37% | 199 | 0.17% |
1884 | 46,347 | 42.37% | 62,594 | 57.22% | 458 | 0.42% |
1880 | 38,978 | 37.31% | 65,047 | 62.27% | 437 | 0.42% |
1876 | 75,315 | 51.65% | 70,508 | 48.35% | 0 | 0.00% |
1872 | 71,663 | 55.69% | 57,029 | 44.31% | 0 | 0.00% |
1868 | 33,263 | 29.31% | 80,225 | 70.69% | 0 | 0.00% |
1860 | 0 | 0.00% | 7,625 | 15.10% | 42,885 | 84.90% |
1856 | 0 | 0.00% | 22,164 | 51.70% | 20,709 | 48.30% |
1852 | 17,255 | 48.06% | 18,647 | 51.94% | 0 | 0.00% |
1848 | 18,487 | 54.59% | 15,379 | 45.41% | 0 | 0.00% |
1844 | 13,083 | 48.70% | 13,782 | 51.30% | 0 | 0.00% |
1840 | 11,296 | 59.73% | 7,616 | 40.27% | 0 | 0.00% |
1836 | 3,583 | 48.26% | 3,842 | 51.74% | 0 | 0.00% |
From 1898 to 1965, a period when Louisiana had effectively
Since the 1960s, when civil rights legislation was passed under President
Louisiana is unique among U.S. states in using a system for its state and local elections similar to that of modern France. All candidates, regardless of party affiliation, run in a nonpartisan blanket primary (or "jungle primary") on Election Day.[268] If no candidate has more than 50% of the vote, the two candidates with the highest vote totals compete in a runoff election approximately one month later. This run-off method does not take into account party identification; therefore, it is not uncommon for a Democrat to be in a runoff with a fellow Democrat or a Republican to be in a runoff with a fellow Republican.
Congressional races have also been held under the jungle primary system. All other states (except
Louisiana has six seats in the
Louisiana's party registration as of April 1, 2024[269] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Total voters | Percentage | |||
Democratic | 1,136,932 | 38.15% | |||
Republican | 1,019,288 | 34.21% | |||
Other | 823,487 | 27.64% | |||
Total | 2,979,707 | 100.00% |
Law enforcement
Louisiana's statewide police force is the Louisiana State Police. In 1988, the Criminal Investigation Bureau was reorganized.[270] Its troopers have statewide jurisdiction with power to enforce all laws of the state, including city and parish ordinances. Each year, they patrol over 12 million miles (20 million km) of roadway and arrest about 10,000 impaired drivers. The State Police are primarily a traffic enforcement agency, with other sections that delve into trucking safety, narcotics enforcement, and gaming oversight.
The elected sheriff in each parish is its chief law enforcement officer. They are the keepers of the local parish prisons, which house felony and misdemeanor prisoners. They are the primary criminal patrol and first responder agency in all matters criminal and civil. They are also the official tax collectors in each parish. The sheriffs are responsible for general law enforcement in their respective parishes, with the exception of Orleans Parish where this falls to the New Orleans Police Department. Before 2010, Orleans Parish was the only parish to have two sheriff's offices, with a different elected sheriff overseeing civil and criminal matters. In 2006, a bill was passed which eventually consolidated the two sheriff's departments into one parish sheriff responsible for both.[271]
In 2015, Louisiana had a higher murder rate (10.3 per 100,000) than any other state in the country for the 27th straight year. Louisiana is the only state with an annual average murder rate (13.6 per 100,000) at least twice as high as the U.S. annual average (6.6 per 100,000) during that period, according to Bureau of Justice Statistics from FBI Uniform Crime Reports. In a different kind of criminal activity, the Chicago Tribune reports that Louisiana is the most corrupt state in the United States.[272]
According to a 2012 article in
The New Orleans Police Department began a sanctuary policy to "no longer cooperate with federal immigration enforcement" beginning on February 28, 2016.[275]
Judiciary
The judiciary of Louisiana is defined under the constitution and law of Louisiana and comprises the Louisiana Supreme Court, the Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal, the district courts, the Justice of the Peace courts, the mayor's courts, the city courts, and the parish courts. The chief justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court is the chief administrator of the judiciary. Its administration is aided by the Judiciary Commission of Louisiana, the Louisiana Attorney Disciplinary Board, and the Judicial Council of the Supreme Court of Louisiana.
National Guard
Louisiana has more than 9,000 soldiers in the
Training sites in the state include
Sports
Louisiana is the least populous state with more than one major professional sports league franchise: the National Basketball Association's New Orleans Pelicans and the National Football League's New Orleans Saints.
Louisiana has 12 collegiate
Each year New Orleans plays host to the
The
As of 2016, Louisiana was the birthplace of the most
Notable people
- Phil Anselmo, singer, songwriter, best known for being member of the metal band Pantera[284]
- Terry Bradshaw, former NFL quarterback and sports personality[285]
- James Carville, political strategist known for his success with Bill Clinton's presidential campaign[286]
- Patricia Clarkson, actress
- Ellen DeGeneres, comedian, television host, actress, writer, and producer[287]
- Armand Duplantis, pole vaulter. IAAF male World Athlete of the Year 2020[288]
- Mannie Fresh; DJ, producer, and rapper[289]
- Kevin Gates; rapper, singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur[290]
- DJ Khaled; American DJ, record executive and media personality[291]
- Angela Kinsey, actress[292]
- Ali Landry, actress and Miss USA 1996[293]
- Jared Leto, actor and musician[294]
- Jerry Lee Lewis; singer and piano-player[295]
- Huey Long, politician[296]
- Peyton Manning, former American football quarterback[297]
- Tim McGraw, singer, actor and record producer[298]
- Tyler Perry, actor, director, producer, and screenwriter[299]
- Dustin Poirier; American mixed martial artist, currently signed to the UFC
- Zachary Richard; Cajun singer, songwriter and poet[300]
- Fred L. Smith Jr., founder of Competitive Enterprise Institute[301]
- Ian Somerhalder, actor, model and director[302]
- Britney Spears; singer, songwriter, dancer and actress[303]
- Jamie Lynn Spears, singer and actress[304]
- Lil Wayne; rapper, singer, songwriter, record executive, entrepreneur, and actor[305]
- Shane West, actor, singer and songwriter[306]
- Reese Witherspoon, actress[307]
- YoungBoy Never Broke Again; rapper, singer, and songwriter[308]
- $uicideboy$; singer, rapper and producer[309]
See also
- Index of Louisiana-related articles
- Outline of Louisiana
- USS Louisiana, 5 ships
- USRC Louisiana
- Louisiana portal
- United States portal
Notes
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ Also spelt Lwizyann or Lalwizyann.[9]
- ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
- Florida's Panhandleand much of Texas) the historic role of Catholicism in Louisiana is unparalleled and unique. Among the states of the Union, Louisiana's unique use of the term parish (French la parouche or "la paroisse") for county is rooted in the pre-statehood role of Catholic church parishes in the administration of government.
Pronunciation
References
- ^ "New Orleans a 'ghost town' after thousands flee Gustav: mayor", AFP, August 31, 2008, archived from the original on May 16, 2013
- ^ "Expert: N.O. population at 273,000". WWL-TV. August 7, 2007. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2007.
- ^ "Relocation". Baton rouge. Connecting U.S. Cities. May 3, 2007. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014.
- ^ "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ "Median Household Income in Louisiana". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
- ^ "United States". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on December 1, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
- ^ "Louisiana". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ "Louisiana Creole (Kouri-Vini) Dictionary » Lwizyann".
- ^ Jessica Williams. (12 December 2021). "Census 2020: Who lives in the New Orleans metro now? Data show more diverse population". nola.com website Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "Louisiana (LA) State Information". The Time Now. August 3, 2015. Archived from the original on August 13, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
- ^ "Louisiana Indians in the 21st Century" Archived December 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Louisiana Folklife Program, 2013
- ^ a b Louisiana Official Site on Languages Archived June 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, accessed August 22, 2016
- S2CID 45544109. Archived from the original(PDF) on May 10, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
- ^ Woodruff, Emily (April 8, 2021). "Why is Louisiana unhealthy? New state database aims to connect environment, behavior to health". NOLA.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
- ^ "Louisiana Educational attainment – persons 25 years and over – percent high school graduate or higher by County". www.indexmundi.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
- ^ "United States – Educational attainment – persons 25 years and over – percent high school graduate or higher by State". www.indexmundi.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
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Bibliography
- The Sugar Masters: Planters and Slaves in Louisiana's Cane World, 1820–1860 by Richard Follett, Louisiana State University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8071-3247-0
- The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 by Hugh Thomas. 1997: Simon and Schuster. p. 548.
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- The standard history of the state, though only through the Civil War, is Charles Gayarré's History of Louisiana (various editions, culminating in 1866, 4 vols., with a posthumous and further expanded edition in 1885).
- A number of accounts by 17th- and 18th-century French explorers: Jean-Bernard Bossu, François-Marie Perrin du Lac, Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, Dumont (as published by Fr. Mascrier), Fr. Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratzmay be the first historian of Louisiana with his Histoire de la Louisiane (3 vols., Paris, 1758; 2 vols., London, 1763)
- François Xavier Martin's History of Louisiana (2 vols., New Orleans, 1827–1829, later ed. by J. F. Condon, continued to 1861, New Orleans, 1882) is the first scholarly treatment of the subject, along with François Barbé-Marbois' Histoire de la Louisiane et de la cession de colonie par la France aux Etats-Unis (Paris, 1829; in English, Philadelphia, 1830).
- Alcée Fortier's A History of Louisiana (N.Y., 4 vols., 1904) is the most recent of the large-scale scholarly histories of the state.
- The official works of Albert Phelps and Grace King, the publications of the Louisiana Historical Society and several works on the history of New Orleans (q.v.), among them those by Henry Rightor and John Smith Kendall provide background.
External links
- Louisiana at Curlie
- Louisiana Geographic Information Center
- Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities
- Louisiana Weather and Tides Archived October 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine